PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS FERDINAND MARCOS CORY AQUINO FIDEL RAMOS JOSEPH ESTRADA GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO BENIGNO AQUINO III RODRIGO DUTERTE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PROJECTS Established the Philippine Science High School and initiated various science and technology programs. ECONOMIC POLICIES INFRASTRUCTURE Implemented the "Masagana 99" agricultural program aimed at increasing rice production. Started major infrastructure projects like the North Luzon Expressway and San Juanico Bridge. Focused on restoring democratic institutions rather than specific science and technology projects. Established the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and promoted science and technology education. Did not have significant initiatives in science and technology during his presidency. Implemented agrarian reform to address land inequality and promote rural development. Pursued deregulation and privatization to attract foreign investments and boost economic growth. Launched initiatives to promote information and communications technology (ICT) and research and development. Invested in disaster risk reduction and management technologies and promoted STEM education. Implemented fiscal reforms and pursued infrastructure development to stimulate economic growth. Prioritized rebuilding the country's economy and infrastructure after the Marcos regime. Initiated projects like the construction of the SubicClark Economic Corridor and improved transportation networks. Continued some infrastructure projects initiated by previous administrations but faced limitations due to financial constraints. Pushed for projects like the North Luzon ExpresswaySouth Luzon Expressway Linkage Project and the Cyber Corridor. Initiated various infrastructure projects under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) program. Focused on utilizing technology for crime prevention and law enforcement rather than specific science and technology initiatives. Focused on poverty alleviation programs but faced challenges due to corruption allegations and political instability. Pursued good governance and transparency measures to attract foreign investments and spur economic growth. Implemented the "Build, Build, Build" program to boost infrastructure development and attract investments. Prioritized major infrastructure projects such as bridges, roads, and airports to improve connectivity across the country. SETBACKS OF THE PRESIDENT His regime was marked by allegations of corruption, human rights abuses, and authoritarian rule. Struggled with various coup attempts and faced challenges in implementing comprehensive reforms. Faced economic challenges such as the Asian financial crisis and criticism for not addressing poverty effectively. Ousted from power due to corruption allegations and faced an impeachment trial. Faced accusations of electoral fraud and corruption scandals during her administration. Criticized for his handling of certain crises such as the Mamasapano clash and faced challenges in addressing income inequality. Criticized for his controversial war on drugs and human rights violations, as well as facing challenges in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRECOLONIAL PHILIPPINES (PRESPANISH ERA) 1. Agriculture: They had advanced farming techniques like terrace farming, crop rotation, and irrigation systems to grow crops like rice, corn, and root crops. 2. Architecture: Indigenous communities built impressive structures like the Ifugao's rice terraces and the stilt houses of the Tagalogs and Visayans using locally available materials. 3. Navigation: Filipino seafarers used celestial navigation and natural signs like stars, currents, and wind patterns to navigate the seas, enabling them to trade with neighboring islands and even other countries. 4. Weaving: Indigenous people were skilled weavers, creating intricate textiles using various materials like abaca, cotton, and pineapple fibers. 5. Medicine: Traditional healers used medicinal plants and herbs to treat various illnesses and injuries, passing down knowledge through oral traditions. 6. Metalwork: Indigenous communities had metallurgical skills, crafting tools, weapons, and jewelry from metals like gold, copper, and bronze. INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLONIAL PHILIPPINES 1. Adaptation and Integration: Indigenous communities adapted to new technologies introduced by the Spanish, such as new crops, animals, and construction methods, while integrating them with their traditional practices. 2. Architecture: Despite the introduction of Spanish architectural styles, indigenous communities continued to use their traditional building techniques, materials, and designs in constructing homes, churches, and other structures. 3. Agriculture: Indigenous farming methods persisted alongside Spanish agricultural practices, with communities still employing techniques like terrace farming, crop rotation, and irrigation systems to sustain themselves. 4. Craftsmanship: Indigenous artisans continued their craftsmanship in various fields such as weaving, pottery, metalwork, and woodworking, producing goods for both local consumption and trade with the Spanish. 5. Medicine: Traditional healing practices remained prevalent, with indigenous healers continuing to use herbal remedies and spiritual rituals to treat illnesses and maintain community health. 6. Navigation and Maritime Skills: Indigenous navigators continued to utilize their knowledge of the seas and celestial navigation techniques, contributing to maritime trade and exploration during the colonial period. INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POSTCOLONIAL PHILIPPINES 1. Cultural Preservation: Indigenous communities focused on preserving their traditional knowledge and practices, including agricultural techniques, craftsmanship, and medicinal healing methods. 2. Environmental Conservation: Indigenous groups became key advocates for environmental conservation and sustainable resource management, drawing upon their traditional ecological knowledge to protect natural habitats and biodiversity. 3. Community Development: Indigenous communities initiated community-based projects and enterprises that incorporated traditional practices, such as ecotourism initiatives, artisanal crafts production, and organic farming cooperatives. 4. Education and Advocacy: Indigenous leaders and organizations worked to promote indigenous knowledge systems in formal education and raise awareness about indigenous rights, cultural heritage, and environmental stewardship. 5. Collaboration and Networking: Indigenous groups formed alliances and networks at the local, national, and international levels to share knowledge, resources, and experiences, strengthening their capacity for advocacy and collective action. 6. Innovation and Adaptation: Indigenous communities continued to innovate and adapt their traditional technologies to meet contemporary needs and challenges, such as developing sustainable agricultural practices, renewable energy solutions, and disaster resilience strategies.
