BRAIN &
MENTAL HEALTH
ØPhysical - constant fatigue and weight changes
are some examples.
ØCognitive - lack of focus and forgetfulness are
some examples.
ØEmotional/Behavioral - change in eating and
sleeping habits are some examples.
qThe physical health of an adolescent can be affected
by stress.
qMusculoskeletal System. When your body encounters
stress, the common reflex is for muscles to tighten up
and feel tense.
qRespiratory System. It is common for a person under
stress to experience difficulty in breathing.
qCardiovascular System. Under stress, your heart rate
increases, as well as your blood pressure and levels of
stress hormones.
qEndocrine System. The brain produces the hormone
cortisol and the adrenal glands near the kidneys produce
epinephrine as a response to stress.
qDigestive System. People under stress may experience
an increase in appetite or a loss of it.
qReproductive System. Continuous stress may harm the
male reproductive system by affecting the testosterone
and sperm production which may eventually cause
impotence or erectile dysfunction.
qStress can also affect the mental health of an adolescent.
qBecause the prefrontal cortex is not yet fully developed, the brain
cannot calm down and shut down the stress responses of the body,
which causes you to experience the stress more quickly and for
longer periods of time.
qRecent studies show that because of this, there are indeed links
between continuous exposure to stress and mental health issues in
adolescents, such as depression, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia,
substance abuse, and anxiety disorders.
-- it is the part of the brain that can calmly
assess a stressful situation, and is known for
its functions in decision-making, being able
to adapt and be flexible to new situations,
making judgments, organizing and planning,
goal-setting, and controlling impulses.
üManage your time.
üTalk it out.
üLaugh.
üRest.
üMove.
üBe positive.
üMeditate.
ØFrontal lobe -- this lobe is found at the front of the brain. It is
responsible for the higher level thinking processes like problemsolving, learning, and organizing.
ØParietal lobe -- this region integrates sensory data like touch,
pain, pressure, and temperature.
ØTemporal lobe -- its main function is to process auditory signals
and information.
ØOccipital lobe -- its job is to process visual information including
the detection and identification of colors, movement, and other
visual stimuli.
This model emphasizes the different thinking styles used by people. Moreover,
it added that some styles are more dominant as compared to others.
1. Quadrant A (Analytical Thinking). People who use this
mode of thinking like to read textbooks, collect data, listen
to informative lectures or talks, make use of criteria or
facts when evaluating ideas or situations, and apply logical
reasoning. .
2. Quadrant B (Practical Thinking). People who use this style
prefer detailed instructions, make use of time
management, follow directions easily, observe schedule
and plan and organize activities.
3. Quadrant C (Relational Thinking). People who use
this model like to find meaning in what they do. They
are cooperative, like to listen and share ideas, and
prefer win-win situations.
4. Quadrant D (Experimental Thinking). People who
use this style look at the whole picture and not at the
details.
• Amygdala. It is found in the limbic system. It is the center of emotions like
aggression and anger.
• Cerebellum. It is also known as the little brain which controls movement and
balance.
• Cerebral Cortex. It is the outer thin layer of the cerebrum.
• Cerebral dominance. It is a concept that stresses that one hemisphere plays a
dominant position in regulating intricate cognitive and behavioral processes.
• Cerebrum. It is the part of the forebrain that controls speech, reasoning,
learning, emotional control, and memory.
• Corpus callosum. It acts as the relay center or bridge between the left and
right hemisphere of the brain.
-- a mind map is an illustration or diagram
that makes use of ideas branching from a
specific concept.
-- the concept is the keyword or the subject
and the branches are the ideas related to the
keyword or the subject.
-- they are strategically placed around the
subject to explain its processes or
characteristics
1. The center is a representation of the subject or core idea.
2. The main branches symbolize the relevant information
that is coming out from the subject or core idea.
3. The branches contain labels, stages, processes or
categories that are in conjunction with the core idea.
4. Twigs are representations of sub-topics.
5. The branches create an image of an interconnected
structure.
1. Write a subject on the center of a paper. Encircle this topic
to indicate that it is the keyword or subject.
2. Draw several lines around the circle. These lines are properly
labeled with the major ideas or themes related to the
keyword
3. For each branch, draw twigs to indicate sub-topics that
should be included in the branches
4. When new data are learned, write them down in the proper
twig or branch.
vLibrary Maps
-- these are also known as reference maps. Their main
purpose is to categorize, organize, and connect information
from multiple sources about a specific topic without losing
vital information.
vProblem Solving Map
-- this mind-map is used during a single brainstorming
session with the goal of getting ideas in a fast manner.
vLateralization
-- it refers to the differences of the left
hemisphere and right hemisphere functioning.
--a human mind map typically refers to a
conceptual or visual representation of the
human mind, its functions, processes, and
elements.
-- it can be a way to illustrate the complex
nature of the human mind, including its various
cognitive functions, emotions, thoughts, and
behaviors.
-- such a mind map can serve as an educational
tool or a visual aid for understanding the
intricacies of the human mind.
Similarities Between. . .
Linear Note-Taking and Mind-mapping
-- both the linear note-taking and mind-mapping promote
new ways of mastering the material that you are studying.
-- you make use of ordinary materials like paper and pen.
-- to make the mind-map more attractive, images and other
elements can be added instead of just plain text.
Linear Note-Taking
-- they should be stated in the proper context. Short
words or phrases that effectively convey a strong and
clear message attracts readers.
-- the elements can also be added to enhance the
mind-maps. Visual presentations can make it more eyecatching, thus facilitating learning.
-- the use of different hues and shades can
separate ideas included in the mind-map.
-- they also make it easier to remember as
compared to plain text.
Presentation Map
-- this mind map is meant to tell a story or present an
argument. Its focus is on the audience. It directly informs
the audience about an argument, a case or a proposition.
Tunnel Timeline Map
-- the key phrase in this mind map is visualizing
success. It is designed to deliver a solution or
outcome.
Convergent and Divergent Thinking
-- introduced by Jay Paul Guilford.
These two distinct thinking patterns are utilized in the learning process.
Convergent Thinking
-- this thinking pattern relies heavily on facts and is rational
and is also known as critical, analytical, vertical or linear
thinking.
Divergent Thinking
-- this is also called as horizontal thinking. This thinking
pattern relies on imagination.
Mnemonic devices
-- can also be used to make memorizing easier.
Mnemonic devices are techniques that help people in
memorizing factual knowledge.
-- a mnemonic device is a learning technique used to
help someone retain or remember information.
üCategorical clustering - this is the
organization of a list of items into types.
üAcrostic - create a sentence out of an
acronym.
üInteractive Images - make interactive
images linking the words in a list.
Learning Through the Use of MindMaps
üfor brainstorming.
üfor memorization.
üto make difficult text easier.
üfor making presentations.
üfor monitoring progress.
üfor essay writing.
üfor organization.
is the state of
comprehensive physical, mental,
and social well-being of an
individual.
There are six facets or components
of psychological well-being. . .
üSelf-acceptance - refers to the level of positive
opinion and acceptance towards yourself.
üPositive relations with other people - importance of
a healthy relationship with others is emphasized.
üAutonomy - refers to your capacity to decide, pursue
and take action to personal beliefs, convictions, and
goals.
üEnvironmental mastery - refers to your ability
to be able to adapt, manage, and change your
environment effectively.
üPurpose in life - your ability to define, pursue,
and act on your life purpose is the main focus.
üPersonal growth - emphasizes on your ability to
develop and realize your potentials, passions,
and talents.
Factors that may Affect
Psychological Well-Being
Sociodemographic factors
üAge
üGender
üSocio-economic level
üHealth
üBiological factor
üPersonality factor
Mental Health Check and Dangers
According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
---mental health is the state of comprehensive physical, mental, and
social well-being of an individual. Mental health is not merely
determined by the absence of illness whether mental and/or physical.
Furthermore, mental health can be seen as:
• A state of well-being where you discover and develop your abilities;
• Capacity to cope with life’s normal stresses;
• Ability to work productively; and
• Capacity to contribute to the community.
The Risk Factors that Affect Mental
Health:
• Peer rejection - it happens when your perceived peers have
declined or accepted you or a set of your beliefs, behavior,
attitude, physical features, and/or other characteristics.
• Bullying - distinct pattern of deliberately causing harm and
humiliation towards others.
• Adverse, traumatic events in childhood.
• Conflict and post-conflict scenarios.
• Death of someone close to you.
• Socio-economic factor
Signs of Poor Mental Health:
üPersonality changes.
üEmotional changes.
üSocial withdrawal and isolation.
üLack of self-care.
üProblem with sleep.
üRisky behaviors.
üSense of hopelessness or feeling overwhelmed.
üProminent physical symptoms.
üDecline in academic performance.
ØBullying is a distinct pattern of deliberately causing harm
and humiliation towards others.
ØCyberbullying is the type of bullying that is done over digital
platforms.
ØPhysical bullying is a type of bullying that involves inflicting
physical pain or damaging possessions of a person.
ØSocial bullying is also referred to as relational bullying. As
with its name, it involves damaging or inflicting harm
towards a person’s reputation.
ØVerbal bullying is done using spoken or written words.
Coping with Mental Health Issues
Psychological Conditions
üDepression - part of mood disorders, and is clinically
known as depressive disorders.
üAnxiety disorders - feeling of fear or nervousness
about a possible outcome.
üSubstance-related and addictive disorders - pertains
to the abuse of and dependence on any substance.
Christine A. Padesky,PhD Teacher, Clinician,
Consultant, Author
Padesky’s model presents five
components of a person’s
experience :
ØThoughts - describe your experiences, emotions, and
determine actions.
ØMoods - emotions, affect, or the feelings that occur to you.
ØBehaviors - actions, or patterns of actions that you do.
ØPhysical reactions - pertains to the physiological responses
of the body.
ØEnvironment - refers to the external elements in an
experience.
ØAnxiety Disorders- This type of disorder is characterized by
intense and disproportionate anxiety pertaining to an experience
in the presence of fear and/or apprehension.
ØCognitive distortions-These are unhealthy patterns of thought
that convince a person that a certain reality or thoughts are sound
and true.
ØDepressive disorders- This is a type of disorder that is
characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and
the lack of desire to engage in activities that are enjoyable to the
individual.
ØSubstance-Related disorders- This pertains to the abuse and
dependence of any substance.