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Collins
CONCISE REVISION COURSE
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Anne lindale
Collins
CONCISE REVISION COURSE
®
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Anne lindale
Collins
HarperColiins Publishers Ltd
The News Building
I London Bridge Street
London SE I 9GF
First edition 2016
1098765432
© HarperColiins Publishers limited 2016
ISBN 978-0-00-815788-3
Collins® is a registered trademark of HarperCollins Publishers limited
Concise Revision Course: CSEC® Chemistry is an independent publication and has not been authorised, sponsored
or otherwise approved by CXC®,
CSEC®is a registered trade mark of the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC).
www.collins.co.uklcaribbeanschools
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Typeset by QBS
Printed in Italy by Grafica Veneta S.p.A.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in
writing of the Publisher. This book is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be
lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the Publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover
other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the
subsequent purchaser.
If any copyright holders have been omitted. please contact the Publisher who will make the necessary arrangements
at the first opportunity.
Author:Anne Tindale
Publisher: Elaine Higgleton
Commissioning Editor: Peter Dennis
Managing Editor: Sarah Thomas
Copy Editor: Delphine Phin
Editor:Aidan Gill
Proofreader:Tim Jackson
Artwork: QBS
Cover: Kevin Robbins and Gordon MacGilp
Acknowledgements
The publishers would like to thank the following for permission to use their photos in this book:
p72:Anne Tindale; p89:Anne Tindale; pi 03:Andre Nitsievsky/Shutterstock; p 134: Photo smileJShutterstock;
p I461:Toa55/Shutterstock; p 146r: Lodimup/Shutterstock; p 1671: PChStudiosJShutterstock; p 167r: Mark Sykes/Science
Photo library; p 178: Mikadun/Shutterstock; p I 841:ThamKC/Shutterstock; p 184r: Mexrix/Shutterstock; p 186:Anne
Tindale; p 187:Anne Tindale
Contents
The pathway to success
v
1 The states of matter
1
The particulate theory of matter
Evidence to support the particulate
theory of matter
Uses of osmosis
Types of particles that make up matter
The three states of matter
Changing state
Revision questions
1
Reversible reactions
Revision questions
50
50
8 The mole concept
51
Relative atomic, molecular and formula masses 51
The mole
52
The mole and mass
52
The mole and number of particles
53
The mole, mass and number of particles
54
The mole and volumes of gases
55
The mole, mass, number of particles and
gas volume
55
Revision questions
56
The mole and chemical formulae
56
Percentage composition
58
The mole and solutions
58
Revision questions
59
The mole and chemical reactions
60
Revision quest-ions
63
3
3
4
4
6
2 Pure substances, mixtures and
separations
7
Pure substances
7
9
9
11
12
16
17
Mixtures
Solutions, suspensions and colloids
Solubility
Separating the components of mixtures
The extraction of sucrose from sugar cane
Revision questions
3 Atomic structure
Subatomic particles
The arrangement of subatomic particles
in an atom
Isotopes
Revision questions
4
5 Structure and bonding
7
18
19
20
23
The periodic table and periodicity 24
The historical development of
the periodic table
The modern periodic table
Trends in Group 11- the alkaline earth metals
Trends in Group VII - the halogens
Trends in Period 3
Revision questions
6
18
24
24
26
27
28
29
30
Chemical formulae
Ionic bonding
Covalent bonding
Drawing dot and cross bonding diagrams
Metallic bonding
The structure and properties of solids
Revision questions
30
32
36
37
39
39
43
Chemica l equations
44
Writing balanced equations
Ionic equations
Revision questions
47
48
Types of chemical reaction
49
Synthesis reactions
Decomposition reactions
Single displacement reactions
Ionic precipitation reactions
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Neutralisation reactions
49
49
49
49
50
50
44
9
Acids, baS1?S and salts
64
Acids
Bases
Distinguishing between acids and alkalis
The strength of acids and alkalis
Amphoteric oxides and hydroxides
Classification of oxides
Revision questions
Salts
Methods used to prepare salts
Salts in everyday life
Neutralisation reactions
Volumetric analysis
Revision questions
64
67
68
68
69
70
70
71
10 Oxidation-reduction reactions
Oxidation-reduction reactions in
terms of electrons
Oxidation number or oxidation state
Oxidation-reduction reactions in
terms of oxidation number
Using oxidation numbers to recognise redox
reactions
Oxidising and reducing agents
Tests for oxidising and reducing agents
Oxidation-reduction reactions in
everyday activities
Revision question s
11 Electrochemistry
72
76
77
78
81
82
82
82
84
85
86
88
89
90
91
Predicting reactions using the electrochemical
series of metals
Predicting reactions using the electrochemical
series of non-metals
Electrical conduction
Electrolysis
Electrolysis of molten electrolytes
Electrolysis of aqueous electrolytes
Revision questions
Contents
91
92
92
93
95
95
99
iii
Quantitative electrolysis
Industrial applications of electrolysis
Revision questions
12 Rates of reaction
Measuring rates of reaction
The collision theory for chemical reactions
Rate curves for reactions
Factors that affect rates of reaction
The effect of changing different factors
on rate curves
Revision questions
13 Energetics
100
102
105
106
106
106
107
107
109
110
111
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Breaking and forming bonds during reactions
Enthalpy changes during reactions
Energy profile diagrams
Calculating enthalpy changes
Revision questions
111
111
111
112
113
116
Exam-style questions - Chapters 1 to 13
117
14 Organic chemistry - an introduction 123
Bonding in organic compounds
The structure of organic molecules
Formulae of organic compounds
Homologous series
Structural isomerism
The alkanes: CnH2n+2
The alkenes: CnHzn
Alcohols: CoH'o>,OH or R- OH
Alkanoic acids: CoH' o.,COOH or R-COOH
Revision questions
123
124
124
125
126
128
129
131
132
132
15 Sources of hydrocarbon compounds 134
Natural sources of hydrocarbons
Fractional distillation of crude oil
Cracking hydrocarbons
Revision questions
134
134
135
n6
16 Reactions of carbon compounds
137
The alkanes: C n H2n +2
The alkenes: CoH,o
Distinguishing between an alkane
and an alkene
Uses of alkanes and alkenes
Revision questions
Alcohols: CoH'o>,OH or R-OH
Alkanoic acids: C" H,,,., COOH or R- COOH
Esters: CnHzn+1COOCxH2x+l or R-COO-R'
Soapy and soapless detergents
Revision questions
137
138
17 Po lymers
139
140
141
141
143
143
145
147
148
148
150
Formation of polymers
Uses of polymers
Impact of synthetic polymers (plastics)
on the environment
,
Revision questions
150
151
Exam-style questions - Chapters 14 to 17
152
Contents
18 Characteristics of metals
Physical properties of metals
Chemical properties of metals
Reactions of metal compounds
Revision questions
19 The reactivity, extraction and
uses of metals
The reactivity series of metals
The extraction of metals from their ores
Extraction of aluminium
Extraction of iron
Uses of metals
Alloys and uses of alloys
Revision questions
20 Impact of metals on living
systems and the environment
Corrosion of metals
The importance of metals and
their compounds
in living organisms
Harmful effects of metals and
their compounds
Revision questions
21 Non-metals
Physical properties of non-metals
Chemical properties of non-metals
Behaviour of non-metals as oxidising and
reducing agents
Laboratory prepa·ration of gases
Uses of carbon dioxide and oxygen
Uses of non-metals and their compounds
Harmful effects of non-metals and
their compounds
Revision questions
22 Water
The unique properties of water
Consequences of water's solvent properties
Treatment of water for domestic use
Revision questions
23 Green Chemistry
The twelve principles of Green Chemistry
Revision questions
24 Qualitative analysis
155
155
155
156
157
158
158
159
160
160
162
162
164
165
165
165
166
167
168
168
169
170
170
172
173
176
178
179
179
180
181
182
183
183
184
185
Identifying cations
Identifying anions
Identifying gases
Revision questions
185
188
190
191
Exam-style questions - Chapters 18 to 24
193
Appendix - The Periodic Table
196
Index
197
The pathway to success
About this book
This book has been written primarily as a revision course for students studying for the
CSEC· Chemistry examination. The facts are presented concisely using a variety of
fo rmats which makes them easy to understand and learn. Key words are highlighted
in bold type and important definitions which must be learnt are written in italics
and highlighted in colour. Annotated diagrams and tables have been used wherever
possible and worked examples have been included where appropriate. Questions
to help test knowledge and understanding, and provide practice for the actual
examination, are included throughout the book.
Th e following sections provide valuable information on the format of the CSEC·
examination, how to revise successfully, successful examination technique, key terms
used on examination papers and School-Based Assessment.
The CSEC® Chemistry syllabus and this book
The CSEC· Chemistry syllabus is available online at http://cxc-store.com. You are
strongly advised to read through this syllabus carefully since it provides detailed
information on the specific objectives of each topic of the course, School-Based
Assessment (SBA) and the format of the CSEC· Examination. Each chapter in this book
covers a particular topic in the syllabus.
• Chapters 1 to 13 cover topics in Section A, Principles of Chemistry
• Chapters 14 to 17 cover topics in Section B, Organic Chemistry
• Chapters 18 to 24 cover topics in Section C, Inorganic Chemistry
At the end of each chapter, or section within a chapter, you will find a selection of
revision questions. These questions test your knowledge and understanding of the topic
covered in the chapter or section. At the end Chapters 13, 17 and 24 you will find a
selection of exam-style questions which also test how you apply the knowledge you
have gained and help prepare you to answer the different styles of questions that
you will encounter in your CSEC· examination. You will find the answers to all these
questions online at www.collins.co.uk/caribbeanschools.
The format of the CSEC® Chemistry examination
The examination consists of two papers and your performance is evaluated using the
following three profiles:
• Knowledge and comprehension
• Use of knowledge
• Experimental skills
The pathway to success
V