Lesson 1.1
Definition and Purposes of a
Discourse
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Learning Competency
This lesson serves as a prerequisite lesson for the following
DepEd competency:
● The learner describes a written text as connected
discourse (EN11/12RWS-IIIa-1)
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
● Identify the nature and purpose of a discourse.
● Differentiate the types of discourses.
You have
probably read or
seen a recipe, a
literary critique,
or a diary entry
before.
These are all
different types of
texts, but they are
all examples of
discourse.
Essential Question
What is the importance of knowing the nature and
purposes of a discourse?
Try it!
Warm-Up
Procedure
1. With a partner, go to the library and read about discourse.
2. Focus on the nature and purposes of a discourse. You have
exactly 25 minutes to conduct a short research and take
down notes.
3. Write your notes in the left column of the given sample
table. Read your notes again and sum them up in the right
column. Do not forget to cite your source(s).
4. Present your work in front of the class.
Try it!
Warm-Up
Sample Note Table
Notes
Summary
Guide Questions
1. What is the most interesting thing you learned about
discourse from your research?
2. What misconceptions about discourse do you have in the
past and have now been corrected through your research?
Unlocking of Difficulty
1. propel (verb) – cause to move to a particular direction
Let your passion propel you to the fulfillment of your goals.
2. provoke (verb) – bring about or cause the occurrence of a
feeling or an action
The speaker’s great storytelling was able to provoke strong
feelings among the audience.
Unlocking of Difficulty
3. comprehensive (adjective) – complete and includes
everything that is necessary
The students will be having a comprehensive exam by the
end of the year.
4. subjective (adjective) – modified or affected by personal
views, experience, or background
The essay part will definitely have varied answers since the
given question calls for a subjective response.
Unlocking of Difficulty
5. distinct (adjective) – having a distinguishing or unique
characteristic
The second candidate is very memorable since he has a
distinct voice.
Learn about It!
Definition of Discourse
● comes from the word discursus
○ in medieval Latin - “argument”
○ in late Latin - “conversation”
● formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic, where
concepts and insights are arranged in an organized and
logical manner
Learn about It!
Definition of Discourse
● often associated with speech but may also be a written
text
● the way that language is used to convey meanings or to
propel action or provoke a specific response
Learn about It!
Examples of Discourse
Critique
● states a writer’s opinion about the good and the bad
parts of another piece of writing or a work of art
● uses formal language
● contains ideas that are arranged in an organized and
logical manner
Learn about It!
Examples of Discourse
Diary
● a daily record of someone’s personal experiences and
thoughts
● gives readers a sense of the writer’s character or values
Learn about It!
Purposes of Discourse
To inform
● provides a descriptive and comprehensive discussion
on the topic
● points out what one should know about a topic or
subject
Learn about It!
Purposes of Discourse
To persuade
● tries to convince the readers that the proposed claim
or solution is better than any other proposal
● tries to convince the readers to believe in or do
something
Learn about It!
Purposes of Discourse
To entertain
● aims to amuse its readers
● provides a source of entertainment for its readers
Learn about It!
Analyzing Discourse
● Consider several factors that may have influenced the
writer to make certain claims.
● Those factors explain the author’s biases, philosophy,
and educational and professional backgrounds, among
others.
Learn about It!
Analyzing Discourse
Culture
● The beliefs, customs, attitudes, language, and other
things that define culture may influence the author’s
perspective on several issues.
● Knowing about the author’s culture may help the
reader understand his or her biases.
Learn about It!
Analyzing Discourse
Social Environment
● The author’s physical surroundings and social
relationships, as well as the culture of the time, may have
influenced his or her writing.
● For instance, during the early decades of the 20th century,
most writers produced works that were classified as
“modern” because of a distinct feature: stream of
consciousness.
Learn about It!
Analyzing Discourse
Experiences
● Personal accounts or firsthand experience of events,
though subjective, establish credibility and reliability of
information presented in any discourse.
Learn about It!
Read the text and answer the questions that
follow.
7 Questions to Ask Before Hiring Your Wedding
Photographer
Learn about It!
Guide Questions
1. What is the purpose of the text? Cite evidence to
support your answer.
2. For whom was this text written? Justify your answer.
3. Who could have possibly written this text? Explain.
4. Could this text be helpful for brides and grooms? Use
your knowledge of identifying the purpose of discourse
to justify your answer.
Key Points
● Discourse refers to the way how language is used to
convey meanings or to propel action or provoke a specific
response.
● Discourse may be both formal and informal.
Key Points
● The three main purposes of discourse is to inform, to
persuade, and to entertain.
● Discourse should be analyzed within a certain context.
● Factors that may influence the analysis of discourse
include culture, social environment, and experiences.
Analysis
Read the text and answer the questions that
follow.
Forget that Facelift - “Wrap” Your Face into Shape
Analysis
Guide Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the purpose of the text?
Who do you think could have written the text?
For whom is this text written?
State how the text caters to the said audience.
Is the text appropriate for the audience and its purpose?
Values Integration
You engage in discourse every day, be it through
conversations or by writing. How do you think you can
ensure that your input in these discourses is meaningful
and well-thought-out?
Synthesis
1. The class will be divided into three, and each division will be
assigned one of the following purposes:
a. to inform
b. to persuade
c. to entertain
2. Work with a partner from your respective division.
3. With your partner, write a paragraph about the topic “The
Philippines as a Tourist Destination.” Make sure that the
paragraph you write fulfills the purpose assigned to your
division.
Synthesis
4. You have 20 minutes to write your paragraph.
5. Present your work to the class.
6. After the activity, answer the following questions:
a. Were you able to carry out the task well? Why or why
not?
b. How has this activity helped you understand the concept
of discourse?
Assignment
Reread the essay used in the discussion, “7 Questions You
Should Ask Before Hiring Your Wedding Photographer.”
Critique the piece using the following questions:
1. Does it fulfill its purpose?
2. What were the text’s strong points?
3. What were the points for improvement?
Assignment
4. Cite who you think wrote the text then answer this
question: How do you think the author’s culture, social
environment, and experiences influenced the writing of
the text?
5. If you were to be the writer of a text with the same
topic, how would you approach writing the text,
considering its purpose?
Photo Credits
Fig 1. Glasses Reading Book anapaula_feriani is licensed under Pixabay License via Pixabay.
Bibliography
“Discourse.” Literary Devices. 2016. Accessed August 31, 2018. http://literarydevices.net/discourse/.
“Discourse (Language).” About.com Education. 2015. Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discourseterm.htm.
Hadley, Gregory S. “Written Discourse Analysis: Investigation and Implications.” Accessed August 31,
2018.
https://web.archive.org/web/20180806081905/http://www.nuis.ac.jp/~hadley/publication/nuwritnanl
ysis/writtenanalysis.htm.
Nordquist, Richard. “Expressive Discourse (Composition).” About.com Education. 2016. Accessed August
31, 2018. http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/Expressive-Discourse.htm.
“What Is Meant by Discourse Analysis?” Universiteit Gent. 2010. Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://www.english.ugent.be/da.
Lesson 1.2
Types of Discourse
Learning Competency
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able
to compare and contrast patterns of written texts
across disciplines (EN11/12RWS-IIIbf-3.1-8).
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to
do the following:
● Identify the nature and purpose of a discourse.
● Differentiate between the types of discourses.
Essential Question
How can we differentiate one type of discourse from
another?
Try it!
Warm-Up
Quad Activity
1. Form a group with four members.
2. Read and examine the four texts that will be provided.
3. Describe each text and determine the purpose of each one.
Write your answers in a table.
4. Present your work in class.
Try it!
Warm-Up
Sample Table
Text
Description
Purpose
Try it!
Warm-Up
Text 1
A recent study confirmed that playing video games may
cause children to become violent. However, this is only true
for some children. Dr. Charlotte Cooper and Dr. Markey
Vitasa of ABC University explained that children who
manifest a combination of three personality traits―high
neuroticism, disagreeableness, and low levels of
conscientiousness―are more likely to be aggressive toward
others after playing video games.
Try it!
Warm-Up
Text 2
When I first saw my childhood friend Margarette, she was
about my younger sister Viv’s height. Her hair was curly and
dark, and her skin was pale. But what really struck me when
I first saw her was her big round blue eyes.
Try it!
Warm-Up
Text 3
Many people believe that having a more outgoing or extroverted
personality trait is advantageous for people trying to learn a second
or foreign language since language learning requires authentic
practice through social interactions. However, a number of studies
also suggest that having an introverted personality trait has several
advantages too. Language researchers emphasize a very complex
relationship between language learning and personality so it is
difficult to generalize which personality trait presents more benefits
to learners.
Try it!
Warm-Up
Text 4
I remember the time when I learned how to swim. I was only eight
years old and afraid to bathe in a pool. I envied the kids who played
with inflatable balls and animals. Whenever my family would visit the
clubhouse, I would sit beside the pool and never really jump in to join
them. A summer camp opened in our neighborhood, and my mom
thought of enrolling my brother and me in a swimming class. Two
days before the class started, my mom gave me a pep talk; that
made me realize that I did not want to miss out on the fun just
because I was afraid.
Guide Questions
1. What are the similarities and differences among the four
sample texts?
2. How were you able to identify the purpose of each text?
Review
1. What do you think are the different types of discourse?
2. How do you determine the purpose of a discourse?
Learn about It!
Argumentative Discourse
● aims to persuade the audience or readers
● should appeal to logic or reason instead of emotion
Learn about It!
Argumentative Discourse
● the act or process of making and presenting arguments
● Arguments are a series of statements for or against an
idea.
○ comes from the Latin word argumentum, which
means evidence, ground, support, or a logical
argument.
Learn about It!
Example of Argumentative Discourse
A recent study confirmed that playing video games may cause
children to become violent. However, this is only true for some
children. Dr. Charlotte Cooper and Dr. Markey Vitasa of ABC
University explained that children who manifest a combination of
three personality traits―high neuroticism, disagreeableness, and
low levels of conscientiousness―are more likely to be aggressive
toward others after playing video games.
Learn about It!
Descriptive Discourse
● Descriptive discourse is based on the main impression
of the author about the topic or subject.
● Its purpose is to transmit that impression through
concrete, colorful, and vivid language so that readers
can fully imagine the topic or subject.
Learn about It!
Example of Descriptive Discourse
When I first saw my childhood friend Margarette, she was
about my younger sister Viv’s height. Her hair was curly
and dark, and her skin was pale. But what really struck
me when I first saw her was her big round blue eyes.
Learn about It!
Expository Discourse
● Expository discourse aims to inform about, clarify,
and explain a phenomenon.
● It defines what something is and provides an in-depth
discussion about topics that are usually less explored.
Learn about It!
Example of Expository Discourse
Many people believe that having a more outgoing or extroverted
personality trait is advantageous for people trying to learn a second
or foreign language since language learning requires authentic
practice through social interactions. However, a number of studies
also suggest that having an introverted personality trait has several
advantages too. Language researchers emphasize a very complex
relationship between language learning and personality so it is
difficult to generalize which personality trait presents more benefits
to learners.
Learn about It!
Narrative Discourse
● Narrative discourse recalls events chronologically.
● The general purpose of narration is to relate a series
of events.
● A narrative discourse may have a linear or nonlinear
structure.
Learn about It!
Example of Narrative Discourse
I remember the time when I learned how to swim. I was only eight
years old and afraid to bathe in a pool. I envied the kids who played
with inflatable balls and animals. Whenever my family would visit
the clubhouse, I would sit beside the pool and never really jump in
to join them. A summer camp opened in our neighborhood, and my
mom thought of enrolling my brother and me in a swimming class.
Two days before the class started, my mom gave me a pep talk; that
made me realize that I did not want to miss out on the fun just
because I was afraid.
Key Points
● Discourse may be classified into four different types,
namely argumentative, descriptive, expository, and
narrative.
● In an argumentative discourse, the writer aims to
persuade the audience or readers.
Key Points
● The goal of descriptive discourse is to convey an author’s
impression about a topic or subject through concrete,
colorful, and vivid language.
● Expository discourse aims to inform about, clarify, and
explain a phenomenon.
● The goal of narrative discourse is to relate a series of
events.
Analysis
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
Study Refutes Link Between Strokes, Chiropractic Care
NewsUSA
Analysis
Guide Questions
1. What type of discourse is the text?
2. Based on the type of discourse you identified, what is the
purpose of the text?
3. Who do you think could have written the text?
4. For whom is the text written?
5. Was the writer able to fulfill his/her purpose in writing the
text? Why or why not?
Values Integration
If you were to write and present a speech to defend your
stand on climate change policies in the Philippines, which
type of discourse would you use? Explain why it is the text
type that would best help you achieve your purpose.
Synthesis
1. Form groups of three.
2. Each group will be assigned one of the following topics:
a. poverty
b. discrimination
c. obesity
d. selling local products
e. buying local products
f. transportation issues in the Philippines
Synthesis
3. Think of a more specific topic from the general topic and
choose a type of discourse.
4. Write a short essay on the specific topic using the type of
discourse you have chosen.
5. After the activity, answer the the following questions:
a. What do you think is the most challenging part of the
activity?
b. How did you choose the type of discourse to use to
discuss the specific topic your group agreed on?
c. What did you learn from this activity?
Assignment
1. Exchange with another group the essay that you wrote
for the Synthesis activity.
2. Critique the other group’s work using the following
questions as a guide:
a. What were the strengths of the essay?
b. What were the points for improvement?
c. Do you think the intended purpose of the text was
fulfilled? Why or why not?
Assignment
d. If you were to write an essay on the specific topic
discussed in the text, would you choose the same
type of discourse?
- Why or why not?
- If you were to choose a different type of
discourse, how would you approach writing
about the topic using that type of discourse?
Criteria
Below
expectations
1
Needs
improvement
2
Meets
expectations
3
Exceeds
expectations
4
Content (50%)
The focus on the
The focus on the
The focus on the
The focus on the
Clear and evident
topic is unclear.
topic is somewhat
topic is sufficiently
topic is very clear.
clear.
clear.
focus on the topic
Organization
The progression of
The progression of
The progression of
The progression of
(25%)
ideas is
ideas is somewhat
ideas is organized.
ideas is well
Logical progression
disorganized.
organized.
Transitions are
organized.
of details/events;
Transitions are
Transitions are
sufficiently clear,
Transitions are clear
clear transitions
unclear, making the somewhat clear,
leading to full
and effective,
between ideas
text almost
leading to vague
understanding.
leading to full and
impossible to
understanding.
understand.
easy understanding.
Criteria
Below
expectations
1
Needs
improvement
2
There are four or
There are two to
There is one
There are no
Spelling, mechanics, more language
three language
language error.
language errors.
grammar, and word errors.
errors.
Language (25%)
usage
Meets
expectations
3
Exceeds
expectations
4
Bibliography
“Discourse.” Literary Devices. 2016. Accessed August 31, 2018. http://literarydevices.net/discourse/.
“Discourse (Language).” About.com Education. 2015. Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discourseterm.htm.
Hadley, Gregory S. “Written Discourse Analysis: Investigation and Implications.” Accessed August 31,
2018. http://www.nuis.ac.jp/~hadley/publication/nuwritnanlysis/writtenanalysis.htm.
Nordquist, Richard. “Expressive Discourse (Composition).” About.com Education. 2016. Accessed August
31, 2018. http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/Expressive-Discourse.htm.
“What Is Meant by Discourse Analysis?” Universiteit Gent. 2010. Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://www.english.ugent.be/da.
Lesson 1.3
Literary Discourse
Learning Competency
This lesson serves as a prerequisite lesson for the following
DepEd competency:
● Compare and contrast patterns of written texts
across disciplines (EN11/12RWS-IIIa-1).
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
● Identify and differentiate between the types of
literary discourses.
Literary
discourse is the
first of the three
types of
discourses.
Essential Question
How does knowing the types of literary discourse
contribute to a deeper understanding of a literary
work?
Try it!
Warm-Up
Procedure
1. Form a group of three.
2. Provide an example of each of the following:
a. a poem or a short story
b. a letter or a diary entry
c. a recipe or an editorial
3. Read and examine each example. Describe each text in terms of
language and purpose. You may write your observations in a table like
the one in the next slide.
4. Present your work in class.
Try it!
Warm-Up
Sample Table
Text
Description
Purpose
Guide Questions
1. What are the similarities and differences among the three
texts you have provided?
2. How did you identify the purpose of each text?
Unlocking of Difficulty
1. ideology (noun) – set of beliefs and ideas of a social group
He is a man who upholds and rightfully fights for his
ideology.
2. explicit (adjective) – expressed clearly in a statement
The company has made it explicit that the employees are
required to submit a health clearance before returning to
work.
Unlocking of Difficulty
3. imply (verb) – express or communicate something
without stating directly
The new policies in the company imply major changes in
the day-to-day operations of the employees.
4. appealing (adjective) – attractive, interesting, or pleasing
While the job offer is appealing, I am having second
thoughts about accepting it because of the overall
reputation of the company.
Unlocking of Difficulty
5. channel (noun) – a means or a way of access for a thing, a
communication, or an idea
This new application will serve as a channel for the company
to reach customers more easily.
Learn about It!
Poetic Discourse
● commonly found in creative works like poems, novels,
short stories, and plays
● focuses on how language is used to form themes and
convey ideologies
● Meanings conveyed are implied and not explicit.
Learn about It!
Example of Poetic Discourse
The Road Not Taken (An Excerpt)
By Robert Frost
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
Learn about It!
Expressive Discourse
● commonly found in journals, letters, diaries, and blogs
● a personal narrative and is typically written in the
first-person point of view
● also sometimes referred to as creative nonfiction
Learn about It!
Example of Expressive Discourse
The Diary of a Young Girl (An Excerpt)
By Anne Frank
Sunday, 21 June 1942
Everyone at school is waiting to hear what happens next. Who will move up a
class, and who will stay down? We’re all trying to guess! I think my girlfriends and
I will be OK, though we’ll have to wait patiently to find out. Most of my teachers
like me, but old Mr Keesing gets angry with me because I often talk too much! He
made me do some extra homework and write about ‘Someone Who Talks Too
Much.’
Learn about It!
Transactional Discourse
● commonly
found
in
instructional
materials,
advertisements, and editorials
● directive in nature as it provides detailed information
on how something is done or achieved
● encourages the reader to do something or to take
action
● does not often use literary devices
Learn about It!
Example of Transactional Discourse
How to Cook Chicken Tinola
Ingredients:
1/2 kg chicken wings
1 red onion, peeled and sliced
1 clove of garlic, peeled and crushed
1 small ginger, peeled and julienned
1 small green papaya, peeled and cut into wedges
1–2 stalks of malunggay
Learn about It!
Example of Transactional Discourse
1 teaspoon of salt
1 teaspoon of pepper
3–4 cups of water
Procedure:
1. Prepare all the ingredients.
2. Heat the pan on a medium flame. Add 2–3 tablespoons of oil.
3. Sauté garlic, onion, and ginger. Add chicken wings and sauté for 3–4 minutes.
4. Pour 3–4 cups of water. Let it simmer.
Learn about It!
Example of Transactional Discourse
5. Add the papaya. Simmer until the chicken becomes tender.
6. Add the malunggay leaves.
7. Add salt and pepper to taste.
8. Serve and enjoy.
Key Points
● Literary discourse may be classified into three different
types, namely poetic discourse, expressive discourse, and
transactional discourse.
● In poetic discourse, language is used creatively to convey
themes and ideologies.
Key Points
● Expressive discourse allows a writer to communicate
his or her personal points of view.
● Transactional discourse allows a writer to interact
with readers and ask them to take action.
Analysis
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
Sharing is Caring - 5 Simple Ways to Help Area
Seniors
Analysis
Guide Questions
1. What kind of literary discourse does the text represent?
2. What are the features of the text that support your answer
in the previous question?
3. Why is this kind of literary discourse important for readers?
4. Justify the importance of the message of the text in your
own life.
5. Who do you think are the target readers of this text?
Values Integration
In your opinion, what role does poetic discourse play in
society?
Synthesis
1. The class will be divided into three groups, and each will be
assigned to one of the following:
a. poetic discourse
b. expressive discourse
c. transactional discourse
Synthesis
2. Work on the following:
a. The poetic discourse group should write a poem about
an experience that humbled, angered, or saddened
them.
b. The expressive discourse group should write a diary
entry about an experience that humbled, angered, or
saddened them.
c. The transactional discourse group should write a list of
tips or a step-by-step guide for dealing with an
experience that humbles, angers, or saddens oneself.
Synthesis
3. After 20 minutes of writing, form groups with three members
each, one from each major group.
4. Share your pieces of work with one another.
5. After the activity, answer the following questions:
a. Which type of literary discourse do you think is the easiest
for you to write? Why?
b. Which type of literary discourse do you think is the most
challenging for you to write? Why?
c. What did you learn about literary discourse from reading
your classmates’ works?
Assignment
1. Reread the poem “The Shepherd” by William Blake.
2. Write an essay about it by reflecting on the following:
a. What does the poem make you feel, and why do you
think it makes you feel that way?
b. Is there any shepherd in your life? What is his or her role,
and how does this person guide you?
c. Would you want to be a shepherd to anyone? Why or why
not?
Photo Credits
Fig 1. Books to Study Literature to Learn congerdesign is
licensed under Pixabay License via Pixabay.
Bibliography
“Discourse.” Literary Devices. Accessed August 31, 2018. http://literarydevices.net/discourse/.
“Discourse (Language).” About.com Education. Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discourseterm.htm.
Hadley, Gregory S. “Written Discourse Analysis: Investigation and Implications.” Accessed August 31,
2018. http://www.nuis.ac.jp/~hadley/publication/nuwritnanlysis/writtenanalysis.htm.
Nordquist, Richard. “Expressive Discourse (Composition).” About.com Education. Accessed August
31, 2018. http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/Expressive-Discourse.htm.
Universiteit Gent. “What Is Meant by Discourse Analysis?” What is English Studies? Accessed August 31,
2018. http://www.english.ugent.be/da.
Lesson 1.4
Academic Discourse
Learning Competency
This lesson serves as a prerequisite lesson for the following
DepEd competency:
● Compare and contrast patterns of written texts
across disciplines (EN11/12RWS-IIIa-1).
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to
do the following:
● Identify the characteristics of academic discourse.
● Analyze a text to identify the information presented
in academic discourse.
● Create an academic discourse from a given topic.
Essential Question
How can we say that a certain text is
academic?
Try it!
Warm-Up
Dyad Activity
1. Work with a partner for this activity.
2. Read, examine, and compare the two texts on the next
slides.
3. List all the features of each text.
4. Take note of the language, aim or purpose, and point of
view.
5. Present your work in class.
Try it!
Warm-Up
Text
Medea is portrayed as an empowered woman in Euripides’s play. It is a far cry
from how women were viewed and represented in Ancient Greece. Women then
were mainly portrayed as in charge of producing children, taking care of them,
and being a mistress of the household. Medea’s character defies and challenges
conformities. Her deeds, though evil in nature, stem from the strength of her
mind… Medea, although elicits pity from the audience during the first part of the
play as an abandoned wife and mother, in the end, is feared and abhorred as
she proves to be aware of how wicked her deeds are and yet would not have it
the other way around: “I understand what evil I am about to do but my wrath is
stronger even than my thoughts…” (Euripides 27).
Features
Try it!
Warm-Up
Text
The Diary of a Young Girl (An Excerpt)
By Anne Frank
Sunday, 21 June 1942
Everyone at school is waiting to hear what happens next. Who will move up a
class, and who will stay down? We’re all trying to guess! I think my girlfriends and
I will be OK, though we’ll have to wait patiently to find out. Most of my teachers
like me, but old Mr Keesing gets angry with me because I often talk too much! He
made me do some extra homework and write about ‘Someone Who Talks Too
Much.’
Features
Review
● What is literary discourse?
● What are the types of literary discourse?
● How are the types of literary discourse
different from one another?
Unlocking of Difficulty
1. expository (adjective) – used to describe a writing that is done to explain something
Informational passages are usually written in an expository manner.
2. scholarly (adjective) – concerned with a formal study or research
Scholarly articles are reviewed by experts before they are published in a journal.
3. objective (adjective) – based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or
feelings
An objective statement is free of bias.
4. conformities (noun) – behaviors that follow usual standards that are expected by a
group or a society
Following the chain of command is one of the usual conformities in an organizational setting.
5. abhor (verb) – hate something very much
Protesters abhor the atrocities of war.
Learn about It
Academic Discourse
● expository or argumentative in nature
● sometimes presents an individual’s insights regarding a
concept or method in a scholarly way
● includes academic journals and essays
Learn about It
Academic Discourse
formal and scholarly use of
language; does not use figures
of speech and idioms
maintains an objective tone
using the third-person point of
view
Literary Discourse
poetic and creative in its use
of language
features more than one point
of view
Learn about It
General Format of Academic Discourse
● Introduction – states the significance of the topic and the
issues that need to be addressed; mentions the objectives
of the discourse
● Body – discusses the methods of gathering information;
presents the findings and interpretation; contains
arguments and supports them with evidence
Learn about It
General Format of Academic Discourse
● Conclusion – reiterates the writer’s claims and asserts his
or her stand; may include insights and recommendations
for further studies
Learn about It
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
Experiments and Observations in a Heated Room (1774)
in Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775); 1775; Royal
Society, London
Charles Blagden
Learn about It
Guide Questions:
1. What is the text about?
2. What are the notable things about the experiments
conducted by Charles Blagden?
3. What tone and type of language are used in the text?
4. What point of view is used in the text?
Writing Prompts
Answer the following writing prompts.
● In your own words, differentiate literary discourse from
academic discourse.
● Recall the last fiction book you read or the last movie you
watched. Write a book or movie review about it. Make
sure your work contains at least 350 words.
Writing Prompts
● Write an academic essay about one of the following topics:
○ Violence in the media and its effect on young viewers
○ Climate change and what should be done to stop its acceleration or
reverse it
○ The use of the mother tongue as the primary language in education
○ Meditation instead of time-out as a disciplinary method in preschool
and elementary classes
○ Free vaccines nationwide in all public hospitals for all children in
marginalized communities
Writing Prompts
Criteria
Content
50%
Relevance to the
topic
Below expectations
1
There is no focus
Needs improvement
2
Meets expectations
3
There is focus on a There is evident
Exceeds expectations
4
There is a clearly
on details. Most of few details only.
focus on details.
the pieces of
Only some of the
Most of the pieces details. All the
information given
pieces of
of information
pieces of
are unrelated to
information given
given are related
information given
the topic.
are related to the
to the topic.
are clearly
topic.
evident focus on
related to the
topic.
Writing Prompts
Criteria
Organization
and Structure
25%
Inclusion of an
introduction, body,
and conclusion;
clear transitions
between ideas
Below expectations
1
Needs improvement
2
Meets expectations
3
Exceeds expectations
4
There is no clear
There is a clear
There is a
There is a clear
introduction,
attempt to create
recognizable
introduction,
body, and
an identifiable
introduction,
body, and
conclusion. There
introduction,
body, and
conclusion. Clear
are no evident
body, and
conclusion.
and logical
transitions
conclusion. A few
Transitions
transitions
between ideas.
transitions
between ideas are between ideas are
between ideas are present in most
present.
parts.
present.
Writing Prompts
Criteria
Language
Below expectations
1
use, The essay is written
Needs improvement
2
Meets expectations
3
Exceeds expectations
4
Formal language is
Mostly formal
Formal language is
Tone, and Point of mostly in informal
used only in some
language is used.
used. It is
View
and casual
parts of the essay.
Most parts of the
consistently written
25%
language.
There is a switching
essay is written from from a third-person
of point of view.
a third-person
Appropriacy
language
used
of First-person point
for of view is mostly
academic discourse
Only a few details of point of view. A big
used throughout the the essay are
portion of the essay
essay. The essay is
has an objective
rather subjective
than objective.
objective.
tone.
point of view. It
maintains an
objective tone.
Values Integration
How do you think knowing how to write using an
academic discourse can help you even outside the
academe?
Key Points
● Expository and argumentative writing are usual types of
academic discourse; they present ideas and concepts in a
formal and scholarly way.
● Literary discourse is distinct from academic discourse in
terms of language, tone, and point of view.
● An academic discourse has an introduction, a body, and a
conclusion.
Synthesis
1. Work in pairs for this activity.
2. Research on a common topic of interest that is related to
your strand.
3. Write about the topic in a four-paragraph academic essay.
4. Take turns in writing the paragraphs.
5. After 20 minutes of writing, read your essay out loud to
the class.
Synthesis
6. Answer the following questions:
a. What did you find to be the most challenging in the
activity?
b. What have you learned about writing an academic essay
from working with a partner in creating one?
Assignment
1. Go to the library or search online for an academic text.
2. Photocopy the text or print it out on a sheet of short bond
paper, and include your answers to the following questions:
a. What is the text about?
b. How does the text develop its introduction, body, and
conclusion?
c. What makes the text an academic text?
Bibliography
Diamond, Andrew. 2019. "Academic Discourse: Definition & Examples." Study.com. Accessed October 14, 2021.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/academic-discourse-definition-examples.html
Literary Devices. 2016. “Discourse.” Accessed October 14, 2021. http://literarydevices.net/discourse/
Linnaeus University. n.d. “Features of Academic Language.” Accessed October 14, 2021.
https://lnu.se/en/library/Writing-and-referencing/academic-language/
Project Gutenberg. 2018. “Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offenses.” Accessed October 14, 2021.
https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3172/pg3172-images.html
Universiteit Gent. n.d. “What Is Meant by Discourse Analysis?” Accessed October 14, 2021.
http://www.english.ugent.be/da