SUMMARY
1. Evolution of Computing
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Mechanical computer age traced back to the abacus in 500 B.C.
Improvement seen in 1642 with Blaise Pascal's enhancements.
Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine in 1823 marked early mechanical
computer system.
2. Emergence of Electronic Computing
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Konrad Zuse's electronic calculating machine during World War II.
Z3 used in German war efforts for aircraft and missile design.
First electronic computer using vacuum tubes operational in 1943 for breaking
German codes.
3. Advancements in Electronic Computers
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Alan Turing's invention of Colossus, the first electronic computer system.
Development of ENIAC in 1946, the first general-purpose, programmable
electronic computer.
Introduction of high-level programming language FLOWMATIC by Grace
Hopper leading to languages like FORTRAN and COBOL.
4. Microprocessor Evolution
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Intel 4004, the first microprocessor, introduced.
Evolution from 4-bit to 64-bit microprocessors such as 8086/8088, 80286,
80386, 80486, Pentium series, and Core2 processors.
Advancements in architecture from 16 bits to 32 bits and eventually to 64 bits
with Itanium.
5. Memory Systems
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DOS-based and Windows-based personal computers with differing memory
systems.
Segmentation of memory into TPA, system area, and extended memory.
Addressing capabilities ranging from 1M byte to 1T byte.
6. Operating Systems
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Transition from MSDOS/PCDOS to Microsoft Windows as the dominant
operating system.
Role of the operating system in controlling computer functions and I/O
devices.
7. Microprocessor Functionality
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Microprocessor's role in data transfer, arithmetic and logic operations, and
decision-making.
Execution of programs stored in memory for complex operations.
8. Bus Structure
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Three buses (address, data, and control) control memory and I/O functions.
Each bus serves specific purposes in requesting, transferring, and controlling
data.
9. Number Systems and Conversion
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Weighted conversion from any base to decimal.
Decimal to other base conversion by division or multiplication.
Representation of hexadecimal data using BCH and ASCII codes for
alphanumeric storage.
10. Data Representation
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Use of BCD for decimal data storage.
Storage of binary data in byte, word, or doubleword formats.
Representation of signed data using two's complement and little endian
format.
11. Floating-Point Data
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Utilization of floating-point data for storing whole, mixed, and fractional
numbers.
Components include sign, mantissa, and exponent.
Assembler directives for defining byte, word, doubleword, and quadword data
types.