
Metabolism
I.
1.
2.
Assessment
of
digestive
and
gastrointestinal system
Made up of GI tract, live, pancreas and
gallbladder
Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum and anus, salivary gland, liver,
gallbladder and pancreas which make
digestive juices and enzymes that help the
body digest the food.
Gastrointestinal System

mouth or oral cavity
First part of the digestive
tract
Ingestion
Adapted to receive food by
Mechanical Process
ingestion, break into small
Digestion
pieces
Secretion
the boundaries of the
Absorption
mouth hold food in place
for chewing and allow to
form sounds and words
Cheeks, palate, lips
Lips and cheeks

Helps hold food in mouth and keep it in place
for chewing
Palate

Teeth

Uvula



1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Folds to cover the entrance of the larynx so
food and liquid do not enter the windpipe and
lungs
Breathing
Chewing
Digesting foods and drinks
Talking
Drinking
Swallowing
Esophagus

Muscular tube through which food passes
from the throat to the stomach 25cm(10inch)
Stomach

Roof of the mouth
Salivary glands
Lubricate the mouth
Help the swallow
Aid in digestion
Help protect teeth against harmful bacteria
Types of salivary glands: sublingual,
submandibular and parotid
Entrance of digestive and respiratory tracks.
Plays a key role in immune system
Mouth involved in several essential bodily functions:
Oral mucosa: lining all over the inside of mouth
Tongue
Flesh hanging in the back of the palate. Helps
move food from mouth to throat. Throat
includes: esophagus, windpipe(trachea),
voice box(larynx)
Epiglottis
Gums: tissue that anchor the teeth in place





32teeth that crush and tear food
Tonsils
Includes salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
and pancreas.
Function
Muscle that contains taste buds. Moves food
around mouth.
Left upper portion of abdomen under the left
lobe of liver and diaphragm
1. Hallow muscular organs
2. Capacity of 1500
3. Stores food during eating
4. Secrete digestive fluids
5. Propels the partially digested food
6. Chime into the small intestine
Small intestine





Longest segment of GI tract
About 2/3 of the total length
Folds back and forth on itself
Secretion
Absorption
3 secretion:
1.
Duodenum: proximal secretion
2.
3.
Jejunum: middle secretion
Ileum: distal secretion
Large intestine

Ascending colon segment on the right side of
the abdomen. A transverse segment that
extends from the right to the left of upper
abdomen. Descending segment on the left
side of the abdomen. Sigmoid colon, rectum
and anus.
Functions of GI Tract
1.
2.
3.
Breakdown of food
Absorption in the bloodstream
Elimination of undigested unabsorbed food
stuff
2.
Small intestine (2 contractions in small intestine)
1.
2.





Process of Ingestion

Food – ingested – propelled through the GI tract in
contract with secretion

Function of Digestive System
Chewing

Food is broken into small particles that can
be swallowed
Causes of reflex salvation
1.
2.
3.
Sight
Smell
Taste of food
Parotid, submaxillary and sublingual glands
1.
Secrete approximately 1.5L of saliva daily
Esophagus
1.
Smooth muscle in the wall contracts in
systematic.
Medulla oblongata of CNS
1.
Swallowing center
Stomach
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fats
Protein
CHO
CHON
Sodium
Chloride
Small intestine
1.
2.
3.
Magnesium
Potassium
Phosphate
Colonic function – 4hrs after eating, residual waste
material passes into the terminal ileum and right colon
through the ileocecal valve
Function:
1.
Assist in competing the breakdown of waste
material
2 chronic secretions added to residual material:
Stores and mixes with secretions
Breakdown food in absorbable component
Aid in the distinction of most ingested
bacteria
Respin
1.
Segmentation contractions
- Produce mixing waves that moves the
intestinal contents back and forth into
chumming motion
Intestinal peristalsis
- Propels the contents of small intestine
towards the colon
Breakdown food into absorbable particles
CHO – broken down into disaccharides
Glucose – major CHO used by cells as fuel
CHON – source of energy
Chime stays at intestine for 3-6hrs for
continued breakdown and absorption of
nutrients
Villi – small finger like projections line the
entire intestine
Designed
for
absorption
of
nutrients(vitamins and minerals)
Jejunum – absorption begins by: active transport,
diffusion across the intestinal wall into the circulation
1.
Gastric function
1.
2.
Most important digestive juice
Enzymes for protein digestion
2.
Electrolyte solution – bicarbonate solution
that acts to neutralize the end products
formed by the colonic bacrelal action
Mucus – protect the colonic mucosa from
intraluminal contents and provide adherence
from the fecal mass
Large intestine – slow the transport for efficient
absorption of water and electrolyte
Rectum – elimination of stool. Begins with distention
of the rectum. Initiates reflex contraction of the rectal
musculature and relaxes the normally closed internal
and sphincter.