DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADE 12- HUMSS Most Essential Learning Competency Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas: PSYCHOANALYSIS Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson you should be able to: 1. Explain what is Psychoanalysis. 2. Identify the five stages of Psychosexual Development and the types of Defense Mechanism; 3. Distinguish the key theorist on psychoanalysis; 4. Analyze and discuss the psychodynamics of a person’s personality in terms of id, ego and superego Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)- was an Austrian neurologist and is known as the Father of Psychoanalysis. Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining "insight". Psychoanalysis ▪ Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy that aims to release pent-up or repressed emotions and memories in order to lead the client to catharsis, or healing (McLeod, 2014). ▪ A system of psychological theory and therapy investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind. ▪ A method for treating depression and anxiety disorders or mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. Stages of Psychosexual Development of Personality 1. Oral Stage - Manifest from birth to approximately 18 months - The child is totally dependent on others to provide for his/her needs - Pleasure is derived from the use of the mouth in activities such as sucking, chewing, and biting. - Personality developed in this stage is dependence. 2. Anal Stage - This begins at 18 months and lasts until 3 years when the child is being toilet trained. - the child seeks pleasure from the anus (e.g., withholding and expelling feces) - The personality developed in this stage is independence, self-control, orderliness and sense of accomplishment. 3. Phallic Stage - 3-6 years of age - During this stage the child develops attraction to their parents of the opposite sex and sees jealous and rivalrous relationship with his or her parents of the same sex. - This is what Freud termed as Oedipus Complex for boy and the Electra Complex for girls. - Parents seen as threats - Wide range of psychological disorders through failure to resolve this conflict, (unreasonable anxiety, phobias, & depression) - Ego developed more, superego starts to develop lately - the child seeks pleasure from the penis or clitoris (e.g., masturbation); Freud believed that the most unconscious desire originates from childhood experiences that people have long forgotten or repressed. Our childhood has a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. 4. Latent Stage - 6-12 years of age - Personality traits developed in this stage are associated with social skills and social interactions. - Pleasure is gained through same sex /peer friendship Freud developed a personality theory, called psychosexual development of personality, which posits that at different stages of growth; the individual derives pleasure from different parts of the body- thus the term psychosexual, relating to pleasure and the human body. 5. Genital Stage - 12 years of age onward or from puberty to adulthood. - Seeks marriage partner, preparation for adult life. - The personality developed in this stage is sexual maturity. An important term in personality theory is called libido, which is defined as the natural mental energy that operates the mechanism of the mind. Key Concepts in Psychoanalysis According to Freud the id, ego, and superego all operate across three levels of awareness in the human mind. They are the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious. Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe the three levels of the mind. The tip is the conscious level, the part below the sea line is the preconscious and the major portion beneath the sea is the unconscious. Conscious: This is where our current thoughts, feelings, and focus live; the level of the mind is the accessible information, memories and thoughts that the individual has. ▪ Preconscious (sometimes called the subconscious): This is the home of everything we can recall or retrieve from our memory; the level where accessible and retrievable information are situated. The preconscious contains information that is just below the surface of awareness. ▪ Unconscious: contains thoughts, emotions, feelings, memories and desire that are inaccessible. It resides in the deepest level of our minds that influence our behavior. Even though we are not aware of their existence, they exert great influence on our behavior. PSYCHODYNAMICS PERSONALITY OF A - It is the immature component of personality; it only seeks pleasure and demands gratification. - When the Id has a desire for something, that desire needs to be satisfied at once. It does not take reality into account as it only demands what it wants without reason or logic. - Operates on the “Pleasure Principle” and strives for all urges to be met immediately - Id is the selfish side and is the one whom solely cares about themselves and no one else - Lustful, impulsive, fun and ignores consequences 2. The EGO - Resides in the conscious and preconscious level of the mind. - The ego is the moderator between the id and the superego - Operates on the “Reality Principle” – tries to satisfy id but in accordance with the real world. It considers social realities, norms, etiquette, rules, and customs when it makes a decision on how to behave. - Considered as the center of logic and reasoning - The decision maker, it makes the decisions that dictate behavior. - Conscious part of the mind (Rational Self). Decides what action to take for positive means and what to do base on what is believed to be the right thing to do. Aware of reality. 3. The SUPEREGO - Resides in all three levels of the mind. - The superego is the portion of the mind in which morality and higher principles reside, encouraging us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways (McLeod, 2013). - It is our morals, ethics and social aspect of personality. - It is considered as a person’s conscience. - It guides us on what is right and wrong. - Responsible for society’s rules of behavior (moral standards). Feels guilty if rules are disobeyed - Base on the morality principle, must follow moral standards and rules and breaking them causes guilt. PERSON’S Freud used the Id, Ego, and Superego to try to explain how the mind functions and how a personality is shaped 1. The ID - Occupies the unconscious level. - The primitive and instinctive component of personality. Defense Mechanisms - Refers to processes of self-deception, that protects people from anxious thoughts or feelings. - Are thought to safeguard the mind against feelings and thoughts that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. - Operate at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feelings (i.e., anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual. - A tactic developed by the ego to protect against anxiety. Major defense mechanisms include: 1. Denial – is often used to describe situations in which people seem unable to face reality or admit an obvious truth. (He’s in denial). - The ego blocks upsetting or overwhelming experiences from awareness, causing the individual to refuse to acknowledge or believe what is happening - Is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring. - Refusing to organize or acknowledge real facts or experiences that would lead to anxiety. 2. Displacement- redirecting an emotional reaction from the rightful recipient to another person altogether. - Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening. - Displaced aggression- is a common example of defense mechanism. - Example: a manager screams at his/her employee, the employee doesn't scream back- but the employee may yell at her partner later at night. (e.g., releasing frustration directed toward your boss on your spouse instead) 3. Repression –acts to keep information out of conscious awareness. However, these memories don’t just disappear: they continue to influence our behavior. - The ego pushes disturbing or threatening thoughts out of one’s consciousness 4. Sublimation – Similar to displacement, this defense mechanism involves satisfying an impulse by acting on a substitute but in a socially acceptable way. It allows us to act on unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviors into more acceptable forms. Example: a person experiencing extreme anger might take up kick-boxing as a means of venting frustration or channeling energy into work or a constructive hobby. Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity that allows people to function normally in socially acceptable ways. 5. Projection – is a defense mechanism that involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people. Attributing one’s unacceptable feelings or desires to someone else. Example: if you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that he or she does not like you. 6. Regression – As a defense mechanism, the individual moves backward in development in order to cope with stress (e.g., an overwhelmed adult acting like a child) Important Theorists 1. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist known as the Father of Psychoanalysis. Freud’s theory states that behavior and personality are driven by past events, which are mostly inaccessible to an individual’s consciousness. - Psychotherapy, the originating event or circumstance which hinders an individual to live a healthy life is brought to the surface of consciousness. - The method of Psychotherapy is mostly interpretative. - One technique used in psychotherapy is called free association, a technique that allows the patient to have an inner dialogue with one’s self by saying freely the words that he or she associates with a thing, person and an event. - Freud relates free association to what is now known as Freudian slip or slip of the tongue. When an individual commits a Freudian slip (or intentionally saying something as opposed to what he or she wanted to actually say), he or she reveals his or her innermost thoughts. 2. Carl Gustuv Jung (1875–1961) was a Swiss Psychiatrist and Psychoanalyst who founded Analytical Psychology. It is distinguished by a focus on the role of symbolic experiences in human life, taking a prospective approach to the issues presented in therapy. - Introvert - Extrovert 3. Jacques Lacan (1901–1981) was a Parisian Psychiatrist who was born in 1901 and who died in 1981. He gained an international reputation as an original interpreter of Sigmund Freud’s work. Lacan’s Psychoanalytic theory centered on language. - He believes that Psychotherapy requires a communication between the patients and the specialist because the medium by which Psychoanalysis operates is through language. 4. Erich Fromm (1900–1980) was a German Sociologist, Psychologist and Psychoanalyst. - He developed a distinct type of Psychoanalysis which he called Humanistic Psychoanalysis. – Fromm’s Psychoanalytic theory assumes that humans have lost their ties with nature and are now left with no instincts capable to adapt to the ever-changing world. But since humans developed the ability to reason, they can rationalize their isolated existence or condition. - Fromm’s Psychotherapy helps the individual realize how to achieve human needs and to be productive members of society. PERFORMANCE TASKS: A- Make a journal about specific scenarios in your life wherein the Id, Ego, and Superego are shown. Write your journal in your notebook. 5. Louis Althusser (1918–1990) was a French Marxist Philosopher which used Psychoanalytic theory to form and support his philosophy. Central to Althusser’s philosophy is his reinvention of what Marx termed as ideology. In a Marxist perspective, ideology is the false consciousness perpetuated by capital industrialists to further control the working class. For Althusser, ideology is a reflection or misrepresentation of our already imaginary understanding of the world, the reality, society and culture. What he created in his philosophy is the idea that an individual is turned into a subject and a member of society through ideology. Ideology is constitutive of the self, or in other terms, the self is an ideological concept in and of itself. Most Essential Learning Competencies Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas: Rational Choice - CRITERIA: Content- 10 points Organization- 5 points Timeliness- 5 points Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson you should be able to: 1. Explain what is rational choice theory; 2. Identify the basic assumptions of rational choice theory; 3. Discuss the key concepts in rational choice theory; 4. Illustrate why cost-benefit analysis applies in decision-making; 5. Distinguish the key important theorist on rational choice; 6. Realize the important role of preferences in making decision. ACTIVITIES: A. Answer the following questions. Write your answers in your notebook. 1. Explain what psychoanalysis is all about. 2. Explain where one’s unconsciousness desires originate from. 3. Why is Freud’s personality theory called psychosexual development? 4. What are the five stages of psychosexual development? 5. Give at least three (3) examples of defense mechanism. 6. What are the three levels of awareness? 7. How can the iceberg be a representation of human consciousness? 8. What is the difference between conscious level and unconscious level? 9. What is free association? 10. How does Jung interpret introversion and extroversion? Situation Analysis: A girl/boy went to the mall to buy school shoes. Upon entering the shoes section, a pair of ragged shoes caught her/his attention. The girl/boy was having a hard time choosing between school shoes or ragged shoes. Guide Question: 1. What was the situation all the about? 2. If you are in the same situation, what will you choose? Rational choice theory also called as rational action theory or choice theory, states that individuals use rational calculations to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own personal objectives. These results are also associated with an individual’s best, self-interest. Using rational choice theory, it is estimated that the outcomes provide people with the greatest benefit and satisfaction given the choices they have available. The ‘rationality’ defined by the rational choice theory adopts a more specific and narrower definition, which simply means that “an individual acts as if balancing costs against benefits to arrive at action that maximizes personal advantage” (Friedman, 1953). Individuals rationalize their situations by processing between the most beneficial choice and the lesser individual cost. In this theory, cost – benefit analysis is always performed in every given situation and is considered an instinctual response to every human. Cost is something disadvantageous to or what is lost by an individual, while benefit is what should be gained or advantageous to the individual after making the choice. Here are some questions commonly asked during cost –benefit analysis: - Will this benefit me? - How will this benefit me? - How far I’m going to negotiate? - What will I have to sacrifice? - How much will it cost? The key elements of all rational choice explanations are individual preferences, beliefs, and constraints. Preferences denote the positive or negative evaluations individuals attach to the possible outcomes of their actions. Beliefs refer to perceived cause-effect relations, including the perceived likelihood with which an individual’s actions will result in different possible outcomes. Constraints define the limits to the set of feasible actions. ASSUMPTIONS OF THE RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY According to Peter Abell (2000), there are a few assumptions made by rational choice theorists. 4. Self-Regarding Interest – This assumption states that the actions of the individual are concerned entirely with his or her own welfare. 5. Rationality – This appears to be the most predominant assumption of the rational choice theory. Key Concepts in Rational Choice Theory Social consequences of Scarcity-based Decision Human beings have unlimited wants but only limited resources. Scarcity of resources and the requirements of human’s unending ambitions force us to make a choice. The most essential rational choice is to conserve the limited resources and share these with each other. However, in every choice we make, opportunity cost exist. The decision to make such choices depends upon our mind-set, especially those individuals who only seek self-interest and what benefits them most. Important Theorist 1. William Stanley Jevons (1835–1882) was an English economist who applied the principles of rational choice theory in political economy. Jevons was one of the first to advance the theory of marginal utility(value), which sought application in determining and understanding consumer’s behavior. This theory states that the utility (value) of something decreases as more of it is consumed. 2. Gary Becker (1930–2014) was an American economist who expanded the study of economics to the realm of sociology and other social sciences. Becker ascribes to the principle that humans behave according to their “perceived values and preferences”. ACTIVITIES: 1. Individualism – it is the individuals who ultimately take actions. 2. Optimality – Individuals choose their actions optimally, given their individual preferences as well as the opportunities or constraints with which they are faced with. Abell (2000) defines optimality as taking place when no other course of social action would be preferred by the individual over the course of action the individual has chosen. 3. Structures - Abell argues that structures and norms that dictate a single course of action are merely special cases of rational choice theory. A- Answer the following questions. Write your answers in your notebook. 1. What are the basic assumptions of rational choice theory? 2. How does scarcity affect decision making? 3. How does Becker define a “true rational choice”? 4. Why is rational choice theory heavily criticized? 5. Why is it important to apply cost-benefit analysis in decision- making? 6. How does preferences affect decision making? 7. Why is it important to scrutinize your desire first, before making a decision? PERFORMANCE TASKS: Picture Analysis Direction: Analyze and describe each picture. Write your answer in your notebook. 1. What can you say about the pictures? 2. How can you relate these pictures to your daily life? 3. How do you make a choice? 4. What are the factors that influenced you to make a decision? 5. What are the consequences after making that decision?
