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BUSI & ENTR 2110: Creating Wise Org Action (A10) Spring 2023 Individual Research
Project
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Abstract
This research investigated the role of values in determining the behaviour of people in
China. This study employed qualitative research method and gathered secondary data to
answer the research questions. Furthermore, the seven core values ingrained in the traditional
Chinese culture were used to analyse and interpret the study findings to develop knowledge
and insights about the impact of values ion the behaviour of people in China. The findings
from the study suggests that core values such as harmony, benevolence, righteousness,
courtesy, wisdom, honesty and loyalty are deeply rooted in the Chinese society and has a
major effect on the behaviour of the people in China. The findings suggests that these core
values plays important role in shaping the thought process as well as behaviour of the people
in China, The impact of these core values on the behaviour of Chinese people are identified
to be visible through their actions.
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Table of Contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Research Question ........................................................................................................... 5
2.0 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Research Philosophy ........................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Research Approach .......................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Research Strategy............................................................................................................. 6
2.4 Research Method ............................................................................................................. 6
2.5 Data Collection Procedure ............................................................................................... 7
2.6 Data Analysis and Synthesis ............................................................................................ 7
3.0 Findings................................................................................................................................ 8
3.1 Harmony .......................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Benevolence ..................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Righteousness .................................................................................................................. 9
3.4 Courtesy ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.5 Wisdom .......................................................................................................................... 10
3.6 Honesty .......................................................................................................................... 11
3.7 Loyalty ........................................................................................................................... 12
4.0 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 12
References ................................................................................................................................ 14
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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background
Several prominent cultural theorists such as Hofstede (2001); Inglehart (1977);
Schwartz (2014) agreed that values form the central element of culture. It has also been stated
that different cultures have different values. These values describes the shared conceptions of
what is considered to be good and desirable in the society. The most recent work on the
values defines it as the ends/goals and the means/methods to achieve the goals (Anderson,
2021). Values are further ascertained to be cognitive representations of the goals that the
individuals pursues. It serves as the guiding principles in the lives of the people and people
in the society often express values in terms of their actions. To that extent it is claimed that
values plays important role in shaping the individual and groups, norms, beliefs, actions and
goals (Sagiv & Schwartz, 2022). Thus, it can be claimed that values as one of the most
important dimension of culture has a significant impact on guiding the human behaviour.
It has been noted that several studies in the past have explored the impact of values on
the human behaviour but most of these studies are fragmented in nature (Sagiv & Roccas,
2021). At the same time, these research studied values mainly from the cultural perspective
rather than an independent concept. It is therefore, this research mainly focusses on the role
of values in shaping the human behaviour. Nonetheless, as stated earlier, different cultures
have different values and thus it is challenging to evaluate the role of the values in shaping
the human behaviour as it can lead to varying findings. In order to ensure that the findings of
this study are concise and easy to understand, the researcher in this research has narrow down
some aspects of this research. In this research, the researcher mainly focuses on the key
values ingrained in the Chinese culture to evaluate the role of values in determining the
behaviour of the people in China.
This research evaluates the role of values in determining the behaviour of the people
in China using desk-based qualitative research method that involves the collection of the
secondary data. Data In this research, data related to key values of Chinese culture are
gathered from valid and reliable sources. More specifically, secondary data in this research
are collected from peer-reviewed journals articles, academic textbook, conference papers,
research papers and other reliable websites. In order to locate suitable secondary data for this
study an extensive literature search has been conducted across different bases including
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Google scholars and university library. At the same time, this research does not seek approval
from Research Ethics Board (REB) since this study does not involves the use of the primary
data.
1.2 Research Question
The key research questions that this research answers is:
“What is the role of ‘values’ in determining the behaviour of the people in China?”
2.0 Research Methodology
This research is designed with the aim to evaluate the role of values in determining
the behaviour of the people in China. In order the achieve this aim and answer the research
question successfully, it is essential to select the most appropriate methodology. The selection
of the right methodology guides the researcher to systematically conduct the research and
draw study findings that are valid and reliable. This chapter presents the explanation and
justification of the methodology that has been considered in this research to answer the
research question.
2.1 Research Philosophy
Research study is underpinned by certain important beliefs and assumptions that the
researcher develop about the research topic prior to the commencement of the study. It is vital
for the researcher to define the philosophical beliefs and assumptions when conducting a
research because it has a major impact on the choice of research method, and data collection
and analysis technique (Bajpai, 2011). Positivism and interpretivism are the two commonly
applied philosophical views that are commonly followed by the researcher when conducting a
research. This research is based on the interpretivsim philosophy (Saunders et al., 2019).
This philosophy has been followed because it facilitates the researcher to collect data from
multiple sources and perspectives, which enables the researcher to develop a more
comprehensive and deeper insights and understanding about the impact of values on Chinese
people (Bryman & Bell, 2015). At the same time, this philosophy is provides a greater degree
of flexibility to the researcher in interpreting the study findings, which the other research
philosophies such as positivism philosophy lacks.
2.2 Research Approach
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Research approach that are used by the researcher when conducting research projects
are broadly classified as deductive and inductive approach. The selection of the appropriate
research approach is critical because it assists the researcher to determine the most suitable
type of data needed for answering the research question (Wilson, 2010). In this research,
inductive approach has been chosen for investigating the impact of values on shaping the
behaviour of people in China. This approach has been considered as suitable for this research
because the use of this approach requires the researcher to engage in detailed observation of
the existing literature to develop knowledge and insights about the research topic. On the
other hand deductive approach has been ruled out because this approach is usually applied in
a research that involves formulation of testing of hypotheses (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008).
Since, this research does not involve formulation of hypotheses, inductive approach is
considered to be the best approach for answering the research question.
2.3 Research Strategy
Research strategy is concerned with how the researcher aims to answer the research
questions. There are different types of research strategies that are commonly used by the
researchers in conducting research across different disciplines. Some of the common types of
research strategies used by the researchers are survey, case study, action research focus group
and archival research (Saunders et al., 2019). Accordingly, in this research study the
researcher employs secondary data as the chosen research strategy for answering the research
question formulated in the study. The secondary data has been considered for answering the
research question because secondary research are quick as well as easy to conduct (Yin,
2017). Moreover, the secondary data are tried and tested data that are filtered in the past and
are readily available across different databases.
2.4 Research Method
Qualitative and quantitative are the two main kinds of research methods. This
research involves the use of qualitative method over quantitative method (Clark & Creswell,
2008). Accordingly, various reasons can be attributed behind the choice of the qualitative
method for the investigating the role of values in determining behaviour of people of China.
This method has been adopted because it relates with the collection of the textual data. The
collection of textual data thus facilitates the researcher to engage in detailed examination of
the research topic and develop an in-depth insights about the role of values in shaping the
behaviour of people in China. At the same time, availability of data is a major factor that
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influence the research outcome. The use of qualitative method provides researcher with
sufficient data, which helps the researcher to generate valid and detailed study findings.
On the other hand, quantitative method has been discarded because this method
involves the collection of numerical data which limits the ability of the researcher to engage
in a detailed investigation of the research topic (Creswell, 2013). However, certain important
limitations of qualitative method has also been observed. In this regard, the major limitation
of qualitative method is that the findings obtained from qualitative research usually have low
degree of generalizability (Johnson & Christensen, 2012). However, the purpose of this study
is to develop an in-depth insights and understanding about the role of values in determining
the behaviour of people in China rather than obtaining highly generalizable study findings.
Hence, this study uses qualitative method over quantitative method.
2.5 Data Collection Procedure
As mentioned above, this research involves the use of the secondary data to answer
the research question. The secondary data in this research are gathered from multiple sources
including peer-reviewed journals articles, academic textbook, conference papers, research
papers and other reliable websites. In order to gather the secondary data, the researcher in this
research has conducted a thorough literature search across different databases including
Google Scholar and university library. The data obtained from the literature search yielded
bulk of data but not all data were considered relevant for this study (Subramanyam, 2003).
Hence, screening of data was conducted. After screening of data, the relevant data were
stored in specific folder for their use in the research.
2.6 Data Analysis and Synthesis
Data analysis is complex yet the most important element of a research. In a secondary
research, the synthesis is considered as the analysis of the data gathered from the variety of
secondary sources. In order to analyse the data and to develop study findings on the role of
values in determining the people behaviour in China, the researcher uses the core values of
ingrained in the culture. The core values that have been considered for the interpretations of
the study findings include harmony, harmony, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom,
honesty and loyalty (Lihua, 2020). These values are used by the researcher to conduct the
literature search as well as interpret the study findings.
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3.0 Findings
This chapter presents the findings related to the role of values in determining the
behaviour of people in China. In order to analyse and interpret the study findings, the
researcher has identified China’s core traditional cultural values that include harmony,
benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, honesty and loyalty (Lihua, 2020). The
following sections presents the discussion of each of these core values and its impact on the
behaviour of people in China.
3.1 Harmony
Harmony is one of the most prominent values of the traditional Chinese culture (Li,
2008). Harmony in the Chinese context refers to the person’s inner balance as well as the
balance between individuals and the social surroundings. The pursuit of the core value of
harmony in China is apparent in terms of the collectivist culture of China that focuses on the
group norms. This core value has been ascertained to have a strong effect on the behaviour of
the Chinese people and it is visible in the everyday Chinese way of life. Accordingly, the
people in China has been ascertained to strive hard to achieve and maintain harmony (Jin
Hoare & Butcher, 2008). People in China strongly believe in creating harmonious society,
which is evident from the fact that people in China have strong desire to pursue harmony
when nurturing self and dealing with interpersonal matters. The core value of harmony also
serves basis for the Chinese people in confronting with nature and universe. The importance
of the core value of harmony in handling conflicts has also been mentioned in the study
conducted by (Huang, 2016); Rošker (2013). Accordingly, the authors in this study have
argued that the in the modern China, people increasingly rely on the core value of harmony in
managing conflicts. Correspondingly, it can be argued that the core value of harmony has a
deep rooted impact on the behaviour of people in China.
3.2 Benevolence
Benevolence is an important core value of Confucianism, which stress on the
importance of blood connections and familial ties. The core value of benevolence although
focusses on familial ties but extends to friendships as well as social relationship (Zhang,
2016).Accordingly, this core value of benevolence has been ascertained to play an important
role in shaping the behaviour of people in China. There are several evidence that can be
reflected upon to justify the role of benevolence in determining the behaviour of people in
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China. In this regard, Guo et al. (2021) conducted an empirical study in which the impact of
the core value of benevolence on the volunteering behaviour of college students in China was
evaluated. Accordingly, the findings from the study indicated that there is a positive
relationship between the core value of benevolence and volunteering behaviours among the
Chinese college students (Guo et al., 2021). This finding suggests that college students in
China are highly inclined towards volunteering for social cause in China. The volunteering
behaviour demonstrated by the college students in China can be argued to be consistent to the
core value of benevolence which as per the Confucian philosophy calls for people and
helping other people (Lin & Ho, 2009). In addition, it has been noted that there has been a
rapid rise in the philanthropy in China. Accordingly, more and more people in China are
engaged in making charitable donations (Nie et al., 2022). The role played by the core value
of harmony in shaping the behaviour of people in China is also evident from the study
conducted by Leung et al. (2010), in which it has been argued that people in china place a
major focus on conflict avoidance and harmony enhancement. Thus, it is evident that the core
value of benevolence has a significant impact on determining the behaviour of people in
China.
3.3 Righteousness
Righteousness is recognised as one of the most important core values of the Chinese
traditional culture that relates with correctness and justice (Duvert, 2018). Accordingly, the
prominent Chinese thinker and philosopher, Confucius stated that “the gentleman
understands what is moral; the small man understands what is profitable” (Schneider, 2019,
p. 94). The core value of righteousness has been identified to have a deep rooted effect on the
people behaviour in China. It is evident from the fact that people in China are not only
concerned about their own interest but are equally concerned about their community and
society. In fact, it has been noted that the actions of the people in China are directed towards
the benefits of the society as they believe society as their extended family (Yang et al., 2020).
However, it has been noted that there is a significant differences in the Chinese view
of righteousness and the Western view of righteousness. The Chinese view of righteousness
is depicts the relationship between two or more humans while the Western view of
righteousness is largely influenced by bible and describes the relationship of the human with
almighty (Min, 2011). The differences in the Chinese views and the Western views regarding
the conceptualisation of righteousness in their practices. The righteous individuals in China
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believes in sacrifice for family, friends and nation while righteous individuals in the West
focuses on compliance to the almighty god.
3.4 Courtesy
Courtesy is an important core value of the traditional Chinese culture, which focusses
on modesty and prudence (Lihua, 2020). In the ancient Chinese literature the core value of
courtesy is defined as code of conduct that calls for respecting laws while avoiding any kind
of misconduct. The core value of courtesy is considered as an important element for attaining
social harmony in China. In the Western perspective the core value of courtesy is closely
aligned to the Theory of Human Motivation that was developed by Maslow (Tsai & Tsai,
2021).
The core value of courtesy has been identified to have major impact on the behaviour
of the people in China. The justification of this statement can be found in an article written by
Dong & Zeb (2022), in which it has been argued that Chinese are the most law abiding
people. In this article, it has been argued that Chinese people not easily provoked and they
demonstrate high level of patient even in challenging situations. At the same time, it has
been noted that the people in China place a major focus on the element of ‘mutual respect’
(Leung et al., 2003). People in China emphasise on trust and mutual understanding instead of
power and authority, when dealing with other people (Pheng, 2000). The business leaders in
China are also identified to lay major focus on mutual trust and respect when dealing with
their counterparts (Kwan & Ofori, 2000). Clearly, the above evidence suggests that the core
value of courtesy has major impact on the Chine people behaviour as well as their practice.
3.5 Wisdom
Wisdom is one of the core values ingrained in the Chinese traditional culture.
Accordingly, this core value has been ascertained to be highly consistent to the Confucian
benevolence. In Chinese literature, this core value indicates the judgment and fore insight that
an individual needs to demonstrate in order to make ‘wise choice” (Wang et al., 2022). The
modern view of the concept of wisdom in China considers “virtue” and “intelligence” as the
two key element of wisdom. Accordingly, wisdom in contemporary China represents
understanding of the rationality and understanding other people (Yang, 2008; Tsai, 2010).
However, it has been further ascertained that the meaning of wisdom in China is
different from the meaning of wisdom in the Western societies. In this context, the western
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view of wisdom relates it with the ability of people to explore objects. Wisdom in the
Western context is mainly used to determine wise solutions to the problems and contradiction
between the individuals and the external world. The western view of wisdom attaches a
considerable importance on exploration of the world. In contrast, the traditional Chinese view
of wisdom focuses on inner spiritual insight and improvement of inner self (Wang et al.,
2022). The impact of the core value of wisdom on the behaviour of the people in visible in
terms of their decision making. Accordingly, it has been observed that people in China are
engaged in deep reflection and judgment for solving complex problems in their personal as
well as professional life and to make wise choice (Gunnlaugson & Küpers, 2016).
3.6 Honesty
Honesty is another key value of the China’s core traditional culture, which is
considered as an important principle for gentleman’s personality (Wang & Zheng, 2008). It is
also an important value of Confucianism, which requires people to demonstrate frankness,
integrity, and credibility while avoiding deception and hypocrisy (Yang et al., 2015).
Accordingly, Confucius stated that “people should obtain their fortunes reasonably and
properly through their labor, and not through fraudulence and cheating” (Sheng, 2023, p.
316). Accordingly, this core value of honesty requires the people to make honest decisions.
This core value argues that any attempt by people to make money by taking undue advantage
of the tempting situation and by choosing to cheat is the violation of the core value of honesty
(Kim et al., 2021).
The impact of this core value of honesty on the behaviour of people in China is
noteworthy. It has a significant effect on the psychology of the Chinese people as well as the
character of the Chinese people (Chen et al., 2018). Even in the modern world the core value
of honesty has deep effect on the thoughts and the actions of people in China (Tang, et al.,
2020). However, it has been noted that not always the core values effect the human
psychology, identity and behaviour. This is evident from that fact that even though honesty is
considered as one of the most important value and an essential component of gentlemen’s
personality in China, the recent survey conducted to measure the civil society across the
world ranked China at the bottom along with some African and Asian countries (Chen, 2019).
This indicates that not all core values plays an important role in shaping the behaviour of the
people in the society. There are other factors as well that needs to be studied to develop an indepth knowledge in this field of study.
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3.7 Loyalty
The core value of loyalty is an important and a complex subject. In the context of
China, the core value of loyalty has been closely related to family, political as well as social
contexts. From political perspectives, it is used to define the relationship between ruler and
subject. From social perspective, it refers to the extent to which people demonstrated moral
ideal in their conduct and is tied with the reputation. From familial perspective filial piety
which deals with respecting seniors (Zarrow, 2012). The core value of loyalty is identified to
be ingrained in the Chinese society. Accordingly, Chinese people are identified to consider
other people such as co-workers and peers as an extended family and they usually exert
greater efforts in protecting the group outcomes which is manifested in the form of loyalty.
Accordingly, the Chinese people place major attachment to their family and social
relationship throughout their lifetime to protect their reputation and create positive image of
self and their family (Han & Altman, 2010). In fact the core value of loyalty is deeply rooted
in the behaviour of the people in China and is also apparent in their everyday life which
reflected in absolute respect and obedience to parents, teachers, coaches and leaders (Lee,
2016).
4.0 Conclusion
Premised on gaining wisdom through other lenses, this research was conducted to
evaluate the role of values in determining the behavior of the people in China. This research
involves the use of desk-based qualitative research method. Data relevant to the study were
gathered from secondary sources. The secondary sources of data that were considered in this
research included peer-reviewed journals articles, academic textbook, conference papers,
research papers and other reliable websites. In order to locate suitable data extensive
literature search was conducted across different databases including Google Scholar and
university library. The secondary data that were obtained in the research were used for the
analysis and interpretations of the study findings. Moreover, this research used the core
values of the Chinese traditional culture to interpret the study findings and develop
knowledge about the role of the core values in determine the behavior of the people.
The findings from the research indicates that the values are the values are the most
important dimensions of the Chinese culture.
Accordingly, the core traditional cultural
values such as harmony, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, honesty and loyalty
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are identified to have deep function root in the Chinese society and have a major impact on
the behaviour of the people in China. These core values are identified to subtly influence the
behaviour and character of the people in China. Even in the fast developing Chinese society,
these core values are identified to shape thoughts and behaviours of the people in China.
Moreover, the study findings further stated that different countries have different
cultures and thus there is also differences in the core values and their views towards these
values. In this regard, it has been found that many of the core values are viewed differently in
China and the West. For example, it has been observed that the core value of righteousness in
china is viewed to reflect the relationship between two or more humans, while in the West it
is understand as the compliance to the almighty god. At the same time, the study findings
indicated that although the core values have major impact on the behaviour of the people in
China but it is not necessary that all core values impact in similar ways. For example, it has
been noted that honesty is one of the most important core values guides the people in China.
However, in a survey conducted to test the level o civil honesty across the world, china
ranked at the bottom. This implies that not all core values have influences the behaviour of
the people in China. Correspondingly, there is a significant scope for conducting future
research in this area using different analytical method to determine why some values
influences human behaviour while others may have different outcomes.
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