Skeletal System Disorders Brochure
Description/ Signs and Symptoms/ Causes/ Diagnosis/
Treatment/ Prevention/ Current Research/ Patient Stories
• Group 1: Osteoporosis
• Group 2: Osteoarthritis
• Group 3: Scoliosis
• Group 4: Osteosarcoma
• Group 5: Osteomyelitis
• Group 6: Paget’s Disease
• Group 1: Ahd + Haya
• Group 2: Grace + Miriam + Malak
• Group 3: Kevin + Daniel + Nabil
• Group 4: Jad + Mariam
• Group 5: Rana
• Group 6: Enana
Objective: Research & Design an engaging and visually appealing brochure that effectively captures the attention of the
community to be part in The Skeletal System Disorders and Diseases Awareness Campaign.
The Skeletal System
Create Group Chat and Add Me
• Group 1: Structure and Function (11
main functions)
• Group 2: Bone Structure (Bone Matrix
Components and 4 Bone Cells Types +
Their function)
• Group 3: Bone types (5 types) +
Importance of minerals for bones
• Group 4: Types of Joints (3 types & 6
sub-types)
• Group 5: Types of Joints Movements (18
types)
• Group 1: Danial + Nabil + Kevin
• Group 2: Enana / Rana
• Group 3: Mariam and Jad
• Group 4: Ahd & Haya
• Group 5: Grace + Miriam + Malak
Introduction
to SKELETAL
SYSTEM
Lesson Objective: Explain the skeletal system's
structure, functions, and disorders, applying knowledge to
appreciate its critical role in maintaining human health.
Structure
• The skeletal system is primarily responsible for
supporting the body and protecting vital organs.
• We are born with more than 270 bones that
eventually fuse together as we grow, leaving adult
humans with 206 bones.
• Bones are made up of a complex arrangement of
inorganic minerals and a variety of tissues including
bone, bone marrow, nerves, blood vessels,
endothelial, and cartilage.
• They come in a variety of shapes and sizes
depending on their location and function, but all
bones are lightweight, strong, and hard.
Structure
• The skeletal system is divided into
2 parts: the axial skeleton and
the appendicular skeleton.​
• The axial skeleton forms the axis of
the body. It includes
the skull, vertebral column(spine),
and rib cage.​
• The appendicular skeleton forms
the appendages and
their attachments to the axial
skeleton. It includes the bones of
the arms and legs, hands and feet,
and shoulder and pelvic girdles.
Function
Bone has a variety of functions that include:
1. Protection of organs (skull protects brain, ribs protect the heart,
etc.)
2. Support and framework for the human body
3. Movement by providing attachment points for muscles
4. pH balance of the blood by absorbing or releasing bone minerals
5. Hematopoiesis (blood production) in blood marrow
6. Fat storage in yellow bone marrow
7. Sound transduction through small bones located in the ear canal
8. Storage of growth factor in bone matrix
9. Removal of heavy metals or foreign chemicals to detoxify blood
and release slowly for excretion
10. Mineral storage of calcium and phosphorous
11. Production of hormones such as osteocalcin
Bone Structure
• Compact Bone: Dense and
hard, forming the outer layer
of bones.
• Spongy Bone: Porous and
lightweight, found inside
bones, providing strength and
flexibility.
• Bone Marrow: Found in the
center of bones, producing
blood cells and storing fat.
Bone Structure
The bone matrix is the rigid, mineralized extracellular substance
that forms the structural framework of bones.
Bone Composition
• Collagen: Provides strength and flexibility to bones.
• Mucopolysaccharides: Contributes to the bone's
resilience and ability to withstand stress.
• Non-collagenous proteins: Regulate mineralization
and other essential processes in bone formation.
• Osteocyte: Maintains bone tissue and plays a role in
bone metabolism.
• Osteoblast: Builds and secretes the matrix for bone
formation.
• Osteoclast: Breaks down and resorbs bone tissue
during remodeling.
• Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic cell): Acts as a
precursor cell capable of differentiating into
osteoblasts, contributing to bone formation and
repair.
Importance of Minerals in Bone Health
• Calcium: Essential for bone
strength and structure, also
plays a role in muscle function
and nerve transmission.
• Phosphorus: Works with
calcium to support bone
mineralization and energy
metabolism
Long Bones
• Examples
include the
femur and
humerus,
providing
support and
mobility.
Short Bones
• Found in the
wrists and
ankles,
offering
stability and
support.
Flat Bones
• Such as the skull
and sternum,
protecting organs
and providing a
surface for
muscle
attachment.
Irregular Bones
• Vertebrae and
facial bones,
serving various
purposes based
on their
location.
Sesamoid Bones
• Found embedded in
tendons, with the
patella (kneecap) being
a notable example,
enhancing mechanical
efficiency and
protecting tendons
from wear and tear.
Types of Joints
Types of Joints
Fibrous Joint:
• Connected by tough, fibrous
tissue, limiting movement.
• Example: Sutures between
bones in the skull.
Cartilaginous Joint:
• Connected by cartilage, allowing
limited movement.
• Example: Joints between the
vertebrae in the spine
Types of Synovial Joints:
1- Hinge Joint:
• Allows movement in one direction, like a door
hinge. Example: Elbow and knee joints.
2- Ball-and-Socket Joint:
• Provides a wide range of motion in various
directions. Example: Hip and shoulder joints.
3- Pivot Joint:
• Allows rotation around a central point. Example:
Neck joint.
4- Gliding Joint:
• Permits sliding or twisting movements. Example:
Joints between the bones of the wrist and ankle.
5- Saddle Joint:
• Allows movement in two planes, resembling a rider
on a saddle. Example: Thumb joint.
6- Condyloid Joint:
• Enables movement in two directions, but without
rotation. Example: Wrist joint.
Types of Joint
Movements
Types of Joint Movements
• Gliding
- the sliding or gliding motion between
joint surfaces
- This movement occurs in joints like the
wrist and ankle.
Types of Joint Movements
• Flexion
• Movement that decreases the angle between 2 bones
Types of Joint Movements
• Extension
• Movement that increases the angle between 2 bones
Types of Joint Movements
• Hyperextension
• Movement beyond the natural range of motion
Types of Joint Movements
• Abduction
• Movement of the limbs away from the middle of
the body
• (Describes movement of limbs only)
Types of Joint Movements
• Adduction
• Movement of the limbs toward the middle of the
body
• (Describes movement of limbs only)
Types of Joint Movements
• Rotation
• Movement of a bone on an axis, toward or away
from the body
Types of Joint Movements
• Circumduction
• Circular movement of limbs around
an axis
• The proximal portion of the limb
remains stationary
• Proximal = where the limb attaches to
the body
• The distal portion moves in a circle
• Distal = the point on the limb that is
furthest from the proximal
attachment
Types of Joint Movements
• Supination
• To turn upward
• To face a limb or body towards the ceiling
• Ex: Turn palm upward so that it faces the sky
Types of Joint Movements
• Pronation
• To turn downward
• To face a limb or body towards the ground
• Ex: turn palms downward so that they face the floor
Types of Joint Movements
• Plantar Flexion
• Movement that extends the foot
• Ex: Pointing your toes like a ballerina
Types of Joint Movements
• Dorsiflexion
• Movement that flexes the foot
• Ex: Try to touch your toes to the front of
your shin
Types of Joint Movements
• Inversion
• Turns the sole of the foot inward (medially)
Types of Joint Movements
• Eversion
• Turns the sole of the foot outward (laterally)
Types of Joint Movements
• Protraction
• Moving a body part forward (in the
transverse plane)
• Ex: shoulders and jaw
Types of Joint Movements
• Retraction
• Moving a body part backwards (in the
transverse plane)
• Ex: Neck or jaw
Types of Joint Movements
• Elevation
• Lifting a body part upward (superiorly)
• (Occurs in the frontal plane)
• Ex: Shoulders
Types of Joint Movements
• Depression
• Moving a body part downward (inferiorly)
• (Occurs in the frontal plane)
• Ex: Shoulders
Types of Joint Movements
• Opposition
• Moves the thumb to the tips of the
other fingers
• (That is why they are called
“Opposable thumbs”)
Osteoarthritis
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteosarcoma
Osteomyelitis
Paget’s Disease
Osteoporosis
• Description: Osteoporosis is a condition
where bones become fragile and brittle,
increasing the risk of fractures.
• Causes: Typically age-related, hormonal
changes (especially in postmenopausal
women), and insufficient calcium and
vitamin D intake.
• Symptoms: Often asymptomatic until a
fracture occurs; loss of height, back pain,
and a stooped posture may occur.
• Treatment: Calcium and vitamin D
supplementation, weight-bearing
exercises, medications to strengthen
bones, and lifestyle modifications.
Scoliosis
• Description: Scoliosis is a sideways
curvature of the spine, often in an "S" or
"C" shape.
• Causes: Most cases are idiopathic
(unknown cause), but it can be congenital
or result from neuromuscular conditions.
• Symptoms: Uneven shoulders or hips, a
visibly curved spine, back pain, and
potential breathing difficulties in severe
cases.
• Treatment: Observation for mild cases,
bracing during growth periods, and
surgery for severe or progressive cases.
Physical therapy may also be
recommended.