BY SARAH GITONGA
SCHOOL/COLLEGE NAME
2023
i
DECLARATION
I, the undersigned, declare that this is my original work and has not been
submitted to any other college, institution or university ….
Signed:
Date:
SARAH GITONGA
Student
i
DEDICATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................... 2
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. 4
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 7
1.0
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 7
1.1
Background of the Study ........................................................................................................ 7
1.2
Statement of the Problem ....................................................................................................... 9
1.3
Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................................... 10
1.4
Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 10
1.5
Significance of the Study....................................................................................................... 10
1.6
Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................. 11
1.7
Theoretical Framework .................................................. Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
1.7.1.
Instrumental Theory of Terrorism ............................ Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
1.7.2 Globalization Theory ........................................................ Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
1.8
Organization of the Study .................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 12
2.0
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.1
Overview of Terrorism ................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
Table 2.1: Number of people injured or killed in recent terrorist attacks ...... Ошибка! Закладка не
определена.
2.2
Overview of International Tourism ............................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.3
Terrorist Attacks and International Tourism .................................................................... 13
2.3.1
Destination Image .............................................................................................................. 13
2.3.2
Travel Risk ................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.4
Terrorist Kidnappings and International Tourism...... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.5
Predominant Challenges in Fighting Terrorism ................................................................ 13
2.5.1
Finance/Sponsorship ................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.5.2
Radicalization .................................................................................................................... 13
2.5.3
Civil Liberties .............................................................. Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.5.4
Cost to Counter Terrorism ......................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
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2.5.5
Ideology ........................................................................ Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.5.6
Technology Advancement........................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.5.7
Social Networking........................................................ Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.5.8
Popular Support .......................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.5.9
Strong Organization .................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.5.10
Crime ............................................................................ Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.5.11
Fear ............................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2 6 Literature Gap ..................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
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ABSTRACT
This project is sought to examine the influence of terrorism on maritime activities
in Kenya, Mombasa County. Maritime piracy is a major global issue of the present century.
In recent years, we have witnessed a dozen of terrorist incidents on land in Kenya, this
project is guided by the following specific objectives: to determine the effectof terrorism on
maritime activities in Kenya and to determine the key challenges in fighting terrorism in
Kenya.
The investigation will use a questionnaire as the core instrument to collect crucial
information. Due to the sensitivity of the topic the project will target small number of
population , the project will conduct a census on 100 Mombasa residents who depend on
maritime activities. Datawill be analyzed using appropriate software.
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Tourists and international visitors are at great risk of being victims of terrorism in
the cities they visit. It is against this background that the current project tries to determine
the influence of terrorist activities on maritime activities international tourism in Kenya
being one of the key activities. According to Hoffman he argued that terrorism is the
deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence, or the threat of violence, in
the pursuit of political change (Hoffman, 2006). Severally, terrorists have largely
targeted sites on land. This is because the conditions necessary for a successful terrorist
attack on water can be fulfilled only with difficulty (Murphy, 2007).
1.1 Background of the Study
Terrorism in the past decade has become both a national issue and international
issue that require immediate attention due to its intensity.
Regular terrorist activities in some countries tarnishes a countries positive image
and even jeopardizes its entire tourism business (Eichler, 2014). Therefore, this affects
tourism when it is prolonged.
3
Kenya maritime activities contributes a lot to the economy particularly international
tourists but due to acts of terrorism, such as the bombing of the United States embassy
in Nairobi the capital city of Kenya in 1998; the bombing of Paradise beach hotel in
Mombasa in 2013, a major city; and a near fatal rocket launched grenade attack on an
Israel aircraft in 2002 (Butler, 2014). Consequently, the tourism industry suffered a great
blow (Blake, 2016). For instance, when the embassy was bombed, and the bombing of
Paradise Hotel in Kikambala, hotels in Kenya received numerous cancellations (Mwenje,
2015). The suspension of British Airways regular and charter planes flying to Nairobi,
coupled with travel advisories, closed access to 90% of Kenya's overseas markets
(Nzembi, 2014).
8
1.2 Statement of the Problem
According to Watene tourism provides many jobs to residents in Kenya. Hotel
including but not limited to staff, drivers, cooks, tour guides and airport personnel are all
directly employed (Watene, 2014)
According to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC, 2014), the total
contribution of Travel and Tourism to Kenya’s GDP was KES 462.8 billion (12.1% of
GDP) in 2013 and is forecast to rise by 3.1% to KES 477.1 billion in 2014. It is expected
to rise by 5.2% per annum to KES 791.4 billion in 2024 (11.8% of GDP). However, in
recent years, Kenya and its people have witnessed a surge in terrorist activities whereby
the tourism industry has felt the impact of terrorist attacks the most.
There have been few projected targeted at determining the impact of maritime
terrorism on tourism performance in Kenya. Therefore, this project seeks to fill that gap
9
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The following specific objectives guided the project
1. To determine the effects of maritime terrorism tourism in Kenya.
2. To determine the key challenges facing terrorism eradication terrorism in Kenya.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What is the effect of maritime terrorism tourism in Kenya
2. What are the key challenges that face eradication of terrorism in Kenya?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The project will awaken the key stakeholders in the tourism industry to come into
terms how terrorism activities may impact the hospitality sector. recommendation from
this project may help implement certain strategies in case of a security threat.
The project will highlight the policy gaps in security to the tourism industry
especially at the coastal region and this may help to improve and formulate better security
policies that maintain and increase the number of tourist arrivals into the country as well
as find solutions to security challenges that are affecting the sector.
10
.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study was limited to influence of maritime terrorist activities on tourism in
Kenya Mombasa county . The project will take a period of 3 months to be completed.
1.7 Organization of the Study
This is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction to the study.
This chapter contains the Background to the Study, Problem Statement, The Specific
Objectives, Literature Review, Justification of Research, Methodology of Research,
Scope and Limitations of Study, and Chapter Outline. Chapter two is focused on the
Literature review. While chapter three is the methodology aspects of the study, such as,
the research design, population sampling and data collection methods. Chapter four deals
with data analysis and findings. This chapter focused on data analysis and presentation
of the results guided by the questionnaire responses. Chapter five is the summary of the
research providing a conclusion and recommendations based on the research findings.
11
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
Chapter two focuses the impact of maritime terrorist activities on tourism activities
in Kenya. The existing empirical evidence will be reviewed, project variables which
include: terrorist suicide attacks; terrorist threats; and key challenges in fighting
terrorism, lastly synopsis of the literature review.
Due to several causes and factors, the business environment, in international tourism
is in a continuous change (Ngoasong, 2016). This way, the ageing of the population from
the developed countries, as well as, the decreasing of the family members’ number, all of
these affect, more or less, the entire economy (Choi, 2017). The universally accepted
influence of family, religion and of cultural institutions was partially replaced by a new way
of thinking, oriented towards ecology and a healthier way of life, which will, clearly, affect
the nature of tourism. Konya (2018) Contends that due to the extension of longevity (life
duration expectancy), the international tourist’s companies will be more and more
interested by older tourists, having a stable income and less family responsibilities.
Although the growth of population in Europe is almost zero although ever since
now, the interest for out-of-borders tourism is great, it is estimated that the demand for
international tourist’s travels will increase, as a function of the population’s getting old
(Jang, 2014). For example, in Europe, in 1980, approximately 25% was 65 years. It is
estimated that, in 2025, this figure will increase with 29.2% (Kim, 2015). Taking into
consideration the persons with ages between 55 and 65 years, the number of Europeans
being part of the “grown-ups’ market” is of about 100 million (Theobald 2016).
12
2.1 Terrorist Attacks and International Tourism
According to Sonmez (2014) he found out that the tourism industry is prone to both
natural and man-made disasters. However, it is easy to get over natural disasters but
incidents of terrorisms have long-term effects and lead to cancellation of travel and
vacation plans.
2.1.1 Destination Image
Maritime terrorist activity at a tourism destination causes potential tourists to drop
their plans. For tourists, physical safety is a top priority. Arana and Leon (2016) concurs
that when tourists make plans for traveling, they ensure that the destinationis safe and free
from violence and terrorism
2.2 Challenges in Fighting Terrorism
Terrorism is integral to many contemporary conflicts in form of a broader context of
armed violence; the introduction of new mechanisms of instilling fear on broader
population other than the victim creates the basis for the emergence of terrorism as a
strategy which is usually used by groups or States (Adusei, 2014). Efforts to have been
made in order to combat terrorism but there are a number of challenges that imped those
efforts (Leon, 2016).
2.2.1 Radicalization
Fosu (2015) describes the term radicalization as a process by which an individual,
or group comes to adopt increasingly extreme political, social, or religious ideals and
aspirations that reject or undermine the status quo or contemporary ideas and expressions of
the nation. Brunn (2014) found out that East Africa region has been prone to acts of
terrorism in the last decades. Kenya and Tanzania are among the first to be attacked under
the basis of terrorist radicalization during the 1998 twin attacks in Arusha and Nairobi
13
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