1
1
Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in molten
(liquid) lead.
arrangement ...........................................................................................................................
motion .....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 2]
2
Some changes of state of sodium are shown.
S
melting
solid
sodium
liquid
sodium
R
sodium
gas
condensing
Give the names of the changes of state represented by R and S.
R .............................................................................................................................................
S .............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 2]
3
Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature.
Describe the motion and separation of the particles in ethanol.
motion .....................................................................................................................................
separation ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 2]
4
Ammonia gas is prepared at the front of a laboratory.
The pungent smell of ammonia spreads throughout the laboratory slowly.
(a) Name the process that occurs when ammonia gas spreads throughout the laboratory.
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[1]
(b) Explain, using ideas about particles, why ammonia gas spreads throughout the laboratory.
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[2]
2
(c) Explain why carbon dioxide gas, CO2, will spread throughout the laboratory at a slower rate than
ammonia gas, NH3.
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[Total: 4]
5
The graph shows the change in temperature as a sample of a gas is cooled.
A
B
temperature
time
Name the change of state taking place between A and B.
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[1]
[Total: 1]
6
Complete the table about solids, liquids and gases.
particle
separation
particle
arrangement
type of
motion
regular
vibrate only
solid
liquid
touching
gas
apart
random
random
[3]
[Total: 3]
7
A bottle of liquid perfume is left open at the front of a room.
After some time, the perfume is smelt at the back of the room.
Name the two physical processes taking place.
1 ..............................................................................................................................................
2 ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[1]
3
[Total: 2]
8
The changes of state of water are shown.
A
ice
boiling
water
freezing
steam
B
Give the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.
A .............................................................................................................................................
B .............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 2]
9
When a piece of solid carbon dioxide is placed in a warm room, it undergoes sublimation.
What is meant by the term sublimation?
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[2]
[Total: 2]
10 A student set up a long glass tube as shown.
cotton wool soaked
in aqueous ammonia
damp red litmus paper
At first, the litmus paper remained red.
After a short time the litmus paper was completely blue.
Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.
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[3]
4
[Total: 3]
11
Use the kinetic particle model to describe the motion and separation of the particles in:
solid carbon dioxide ................................................................................................................
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carbon dioxide gas. ................................................................................................................
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[4]
[Total: 4]
12 Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and separation of the particles in:
solid sodium ............................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................
liquid sodium. ..........................................................................................................................
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[4]
[Total: 4]
13 Some changes of state of sodium are shown.
A
solid
sodium
evaporation
liquid
sodium
freezing
sodium
gas
B
State the names of the changes of state represented by A and B.
A .............................................................................................................................................
B .............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 2]
5
14 Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and type of motion of the molecules in:
liquid bromine ...........................................................................................................................
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bromine gas .............................................................................................................................
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[4]
[Total: 4]
15 Use the kinetic particle model to describe the separation between the molecules and the type of
motion of the molecules in:
● solid iodine...........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
● iodine gas............................................................................................................................
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[4]
[Total: 4]
16 The graph shows how the pressure of chlorine gas changes when temperature increases. The
volume is kept constant.
pressure of
chlorine gas
temperature
Describe how the pressure of the chlorine gas changes with temperature.
..................................................................................................................................................
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[1]
[Total: 1]
17 Sulfur dioxide melts at –73 °C and boils at –10 °C.
What is the physical state of sulfur dioxide at –20 °C?
Explain your answer.
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[2]
6
[Total: 2]
18 The graph shows how the volume of iodine gas changes with pressure. The temperature is kept
constant.
volume of
iodine gas
0
0
pressure
Describe how the volume of iodine gas changes with pressure.
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[1]
[Total: 1]
7
19 Z is a covalent substance. A sample of pure Z was allowed to cool from 120 °C to 20 °C. The total
time taken was 8 minutes.
The boiling point of pure Z is 220 °C and the melting point of pure Z is 80 °C.
Starting from point x, sketch on the grid how the temperature of the sample of pure Z changed
between 0 minutes and 8 minutes.
200
180
160
140
120
temperature
/ °C
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
time / minutes
[2]
[Total: 2]
20 The graph shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it is cooled over a period of
30 minutes. The substance is a gas at the start.
8
300 S
250
T
V
W
200
X
temperature
150
/ °C
Y
Z
100
50
0
0
10
20
time / minutes
30
Each letter on the graph may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Which letter, S, T, V, W, X, Y or Z, shows when
(i)
the particles in the substance have the most kinetic energy,
................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii) the particles in the substance are furthest apart,
................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii) the substance exists as both a gas and a liquid?
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[1]
(b) Use the graph to estimate the freezing point of the substance.
........................... °C
[1]
[Total: 4]
21 Dust particles in the air move around in a random way.
(a) What term describes the random movement of the dust particles?
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[1]
(b) Identify the particles in the air which cause the random movement of the dust particles.
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[2]
9
(c) Explain why the dust particles move in this way.
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[2]
[Total: 5]
22 When chlorine gas, Cl2, is put into a gas jar, it spreads out to fill the gas jar.
When bromine gas, Br2, is put into a gas jar, it also spreads out to fill the gas jar.
The process takes longer for bromine gas than for chlorine gas.
gas jar
gas
start
later
(a) What term describes the way that the gas particles spread out?
..................................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Use data from the Periodic Table to explain why bromine gas takes longer to fill a gas jar than
chlorine gas.
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[2]
(c) Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate at which the gas particles spread out.
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[Total: 4]
23 When sulfur vapour touches a cold surface it changes directly to a solid.
What is the name given to this change of state?
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[1]
[1]
10
[Total: 1]
24 The particles of a substance gain energy and change from a regular ordered structure to a
disordered structure with large distances between the particles.
Which change of state is described?
A
boiling
B
evaporation
C
melting
D
sublimation
[1]
[Total: 1]
25 The diagram shows an experiment to demonstrate diffusion.
cotton wool soaked in
hydrochloric acid
ammonium
chloride
cotton wool soaked in
ammonia solution
Which statement explains why the ring of ammonium chloride appears as shown?
A
Ammonia solution only produces a gas which moves until it meets the hydrochloric acid.
B
Both solutions produce a gas, but ammonia moves quicker than hydrogen chloride because
it is lighter.
C
Hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen chloride which stays at one end of the tube until the
ammonia reaches it.
D
The two solutions run along the tube until they meet.
[1]
[Total: 1]
11
26 The rate of diffusion of two gases, methane, CH4, and ethene, C2H4, is measured using the
apparatus shown.
constant
pressure
applied
gas syringe
metal foil – gas
escapes through
small hole in the foil
gas
Which gas diffuses faster and why?
gas that
diffuses faster
reason
A
ethene
Ethene molecules are heavier and so move faster.
B
ethene
Ethene molecules have a double bond which makes them
more reactive.
C
methane
Methane molecules are lighter and so move faster.
D
methane
Methane molecules are smaller so they can get out of the
small hole more easily.
[1]
[Total: 1]
27 In which process do particles move closer together but remain in motion?
A
condensation
B
diffusion
C
evaporation
D
freezing
[1]
[Total: 1]
12
28 Mercury is a liquid at room temperature. When heated, it changes to mercury vapour.
Explain, using the kinetic particle theory, the differences in the arrangement and motion of the
particles in liquid mercury and mercury vapour.
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[4]
[Total: 4]
29 A teacher placed a few drops of liquid bromine in the bottom of a test-tube containing a solvent.
After 10 minutes, the brown colour of the bromine had spread a little way through the solvent.
After 2 hours, the brown colour had spread throughout the solvent.
solvent
liquid
bromine
at the
start
after
10 minutes
after
2 hours
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.
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[3]
[Total: 3]
13
30 A teacher placed some highly-scented flowers at the front of the class.
At first, the students at the back of the class could not smell the scent. After two minutes they could
smell the scent.
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.
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[3]
[Total: 3]
31 A crystal of purple potassium manganate(VII) was added to each of the beakers shown in the
diagram.
hot water
cold water
crystal of potassium
manganate(VII)
One beaker contained hot water and the other beaker contained cold water.
In both beakers the purple colour of the potassium manganate(VII) spreads out.
Which result and explanation are correct?
result
explanation
A
colour spreads faster in cold water
particles move faster at a higher temperature
B
colour spreads faster in cold water
particles move slower at a higher temperature
C
colour spreads faster in hot water
particles move faster at a higher temperature
D
colour spreads faster in hot water
particles move slower at a higher temperature
[1]
[Total: 1]
14
32 A student placed a crystal of iodine in a test tube of solvent.
After two minutes, a dense violet colour was observed at the bottom of the test-tube. After three
hours, the violet colour had spread throughout the solvent.
solvent
at the
start
after
2 minutes
after
3 hours
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.
In your answer, refer to:
• the arrangement and motion of the molecules in the iodine crystal,
• the arrangement and motion of the molecules in the solution,
• the names of the processes which are occurring.
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[4]
[Total: 4]
15
33 A gas jar of bromine vapour and a gas jar of air are set up as shown in diagram 1.
The glass slide is removed. Diagram 2 shows the appearance of the gas jars after one hour.
air
mixture of air
and bromine
glass slide
bromine
vapour
diagram 1
diagram 2
Which statement explains why the bromine and air mix together?
A
Bromine is denser than air.
B
Bromine is lighter than air.
C
Bromine molecules moved upwards and molecules in air moved downwards.
D
Molecules in bromine and air moved randomly.
[1]
[Total: 1]
34 In which substance are the particles close together and slowly moving past each other?
A
air
B
ice
C
steam
D
water
[1]
[Total: 1]
16
35 The diagram shows how the molecules in vehicle exhaust gases diffuse into the air.
molecules in air
molecules in
exhaust gases
Which statement describes what happens to these molecules next?
A
The molecules fall to the ground because they are heavier than air molecules.
B
The molecules go back together as they cool.
C
The molecules spread further into the air.
D
The molecules stay where they are.
[1]
[Total: 1]
36 The table shows the properties of some alcohols.
(a) What is the meaning of the term volatility?
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[1]
(b) Which alcohol in the table has the highest melting point?
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[1]
(c) Predict the boiling point of ethanol.
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[1]
17
(d) What is the state of propanol at 120 °C? Explain your answer.
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[2]
[Total: 5]
37 The table shows some properties of four alkanes.
alkane
number of
carbon atoms in
one molecule
boiling point
/ °C
methane
1
−164
ethane
2
−88
propane
3
butane
4
0
(a) How does the boiling point change as the number of carbon atoms in one molecule increases?
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[1]
(b) Predict the boiling point of propane.
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[1]
(c) Describe the arrangement and separation of the molecules in liquid butane.
arrangement .............................................................................................................................
separation ................................................................................................................................
[Total: 4]
[2]
18
38 Sulfur dichloride, SCl2, is a red liquid which vaporises easily at room temperature and pressure.
A drop of sulfur dichloride was placed in the corner of a glass box.
The glass box was closed and left for 12 hours.
After 12 hours a red vapour had spread to fill the whole box.
glass box
drop of
sulfur
dichloride
at the start
after 1 hour
after 12 hours
Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.
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[3]
[Total: 3]
39 Blue ink was placed at the bottom of a beaker containing water.
After 2 days, a blue colour had spread throughout the beaker.
water
ink
at the start
after 6 hours
after 2 days
Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.
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[3]
19
[Total: 3]
40 Limonene is a volatile substance which smells of oranges.
The melting point of limonene is –74 °C.
The boiling point of limonene is 176 °C.
What is the physical state of limonene at – 80 °C?
Explain your answer.
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[2]
[Total: 2]