States of Matter Summary
Arrangement of Particles
•
•
•
•
States of matter determined by arrangement of particles.
Solids: Particles are tightly packed and vibrate around a fixed position.
Liquids: Particles are close but can move around each other, allowing flow.
Gases: Particles are far apart and move randomly.
Interconversions
•
•
Energy is used to break bonds during state changes, not to change temperature.
Temperature stays constant during state changes.
State Transitions
•
•
•
•
•
•
Energy changes during state transitions.
Solid to Liquid: Melting (increasing kinetic energy).
Liquid to Solid: Freezing (decreasing kinetic energy).
Liquid to Gas: Evaporation (fast particles overcome attraction); Boiling (heating required, particles break
attraction).
Gas to Liquid: Condensation (particles slow down, attraction brings them together).
Solid to Gas (and vice versa): Sublimation (direct change without liquid phase).
Diffusion
•
•
The net movement of particles from high to low concentration.
Faster in gases (particles move faster, more space) than in liquids.
Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions
•
•
•
•
•
Solute: Substance being dissolved.
Solvent: Substance doing the dissolving.
Solution: Mixture of solute and solvent.
Solubility: Maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a solvent at a given temperature.
Saturated Solution: Contains maximum dissolved solute at that temperature.
Solubility Curves
•
•
Show how the solubility of solids changes with temperature.
Solubility depends on temperature.