Quiz Bowl Reviewer (Set 2)
Figures of Speech / Literary Devices
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29.
Simile – known as indirect comparisons as it rely on the words ‘like’ and ‘as’.
Example: He fights like a lion.
Metaphor – two objects, often unrelated, are compared to each other.
Example: This tree is the god of the forest.
Personification – an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities.
Example: Lightning danced across the sky.
Hyperbole – the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.
Example: I'm drowning in paperwork.
Irony – use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning.
Example: A pilot has a fear of heights.
Apostrophe – to address some absent person or thing.
Example: Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are.
Alliteration – repetition of an initial consonant sound.
Example: Sheep should sleep in a shed.
Onomatopoeia – use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions.
Example: “boom” of a firework exploding, the “tick tock” of a clock
Assonance – similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.
Example: The light of the fire is a sight.
Consonance – repetition of the same consonant sounds in a line of text.
Example: Mike likes his new bike.
Metonymy – word or phrase is substituted for another with which it's closely associated.
Example: crown – the power of a king
Paradox – statement that appears to contradict itself.
Example: The enemy of my enemy is my friend.
Allusion – act of alluding is to make indirect reference.
Example: His smile is like kryptonite to me. (Kryptonite is a reference from Superman as a sign of his weakness)
Synecdoche – a part is used to represent the whole.
Example: The captain commands one hundred sails. (Sail is a part of a ship)
Antithesis – contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.
Example: Man proposes, God disposes.
Euphemism – substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
Example: passed away – die, on the streets - homeless.
Oxymoron – incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.
Example: O loving hate!
Rhetorical Question – a question someone asks without expecting an answer.
Example: Is rain wet?
Understatement – a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.
Example: He is not too thin.
Climax – successive words, phrases, clauses, or sentences are arranged in ascending order of importance.
Example: To infinity, and beyond!
Anticlimax – which statements gradually descend in order of importance.
Example: She is a great writer, a mother and a good humorist.
Imagery – appeals to readers’ senses through highly descriptive language.
Example: The autumn leaves are a blanket on the ground.
Symbolism – represent abstract concepts and ideas in their stories.
Example: black - death or evil, white - life and purity
Flashback – previous events split up present-day scenes in a story, usually to build suspense toward a big reveal.
Example: A girl is afraid of heights. There is a flashback to a time when she fell off of the top of a playground as a young
child.
Foreshadowing – author hints at events yet to come in a story.
Example: I have a bad feeling about this.
Juxtaposition – places two or more dissimilar things side by side, and the profound contrast highlights their differences.
Example: When it rains, it pours.
Litotes – signature literary device of the double negative.
Example: It's not the best weather today during a hurricane.
Repetition – involves using the same word or phrase over and over again.
Example: Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow.
Anaphora – repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a series of clauses or sentences.
Example: I came, I saw, I conquered.
30. Cataphora – earlier expression refers to or describes a forward expression.
Example: After he had received his orders, the soldier left the barracks.
31. Pun – use of word in a way as to suggest two or more of its meanings or the meaning of another word similar in sound.
Example: Make like a tree and leave.
32. Soliloquy – involves a character speaking their thoughts aloud, usually at length.
Example: Hamlet speaks to himself ” To be or not to be…?”
Mythology and Folklore
1.
2.
Greco-Roman Mythology
Greek Mythology
Zeus
Hera
Poseidon
Cronos
Aphrodite
Hades
Hephaistos
Demeter
Apollo
Athena
Artemis
Ares
Hermes
Dionysus
Persephone
Eros
Gaia
Description
king of gods
goddess of marriage
god of the sea
youngest son of Uranus, father of Zeus
goddess of love
god of the underworld
god of the forge
goddess of the harvest
god of music and medicine
goddess of wisdom
goddess of the hunt
god of war
messenger of the gods
god of wine
goddess of underworld
god of love
goddess of earth
Norse-Egyptian Mythology
Norse Mythology
Odin
Frigg
Tyr
Bragi
Tyr
Skaði
Loki
Hormod
Freyr
Freyja
Hel
Garm
Jörd
Sól / Sunna
Máni
3.
Roman Mythology
Jupiter
Juno
Neptune
Saturn
Venus
Pluto
Vulcan
Ceres
Apollo
Minerva
Diana
Mars
Mercury
Bacchus
Proserpine
Cupid
Gaea
Egyptian Mythology
Amun-Ra
Isis
Sekhmet
Montu
Neith
Renenutet
Hathor
Osiris
Anubis
Geb
Amun
Khonsu
Description
king of all the gods
queen of gods
goddess of war
god of poetry
god of war
goddess of hunting
god of fire
fastest god
goddess of harvest
goddess of love
god of the underworld
canine of underworld
supreme earth beings
god of sun
god of moon
Philippine Mythology
 First Generation Tagalog Gods and Goddesses. Gods and goddesses of Filipino people in Luzon
 Bathala. Abba; The supreme god of being; creator of man and earth; dwells in Kaluwalhatian together
with the other gods; sends his anitos (ancestral spirits of mankind) to assist the daily lives of human
 Lakapati. Most important fertility deity and feminine figure; speculated spouse of Bathala and queen of
celestial abode and court, Kaluwalhatian; hermaphroditic idol is her emblem
 Ikapati. Goddess of cultivated land; believed to be another form of Lakapati; wife of Mapulon; mother
of Anagolay; rice stalk and its grains are her emblems
 Mapulon. God of seasons, good health and medicine; prized indigenous medicinal herbs are his emblems
 Amanikable. God of hunters; spears and arrows are his emblems
 Idiyanale. Goddess of labor and good deeds and craftsmanship; married to Dimangan; mother of
Dumakulem and Anitun; water buffalo is her emblem
 Dimangan. God of sky and good harvest; basket of bounties is his emblem

Second Generation Tagalog Gods and Goddesses
 Mayari. Goddess of the moon, war, revolution, and right to equal rule; also associated with healing and lunar
emotions; one of the three daughters of Bathala to a mortal woman; sister of Tala and Hanan; moon defender
against serpent-dragon, Sawa, every time it tries to consume the moon; moon is her emblem
 Tala. Goddess of the stars; people looked up to her for direction in nighttime; she used divine light spheres or
orbs to ferrymen for safety at night, but Spaniards demonized them and falsely called them santelmo; stars are
her emblems
 Hanan. Goddess of morning; especially important during an entrance of a new stage or new phase in a person’s
life; morning dawn, rooster, and dawning sun are her emblems
 Dumakulem. God of sky; guardian of the mountain and its lost people; son of Idiyanale and Dimangan;
mountain is his emblem
 Anitun Tabu. Goddess of wind and rain; when it rains, she is happy. When it storms, she is angry; sister of
Dumakulem; the ritual offering to her is called mamiarag; sunny shower is her emblem
 Anagolay. Goddess of lost things; daughter of Ikapati and Mapulon; wife of Dumakulem; a hole of light is
her emblem

Third Generation Tagalog Gods and Goddesses
 Apolaki/Araw. God of sun, wisdom, strategy; chief patron of warriors; son of Anagolay and Dumakulem;
defends the sun like how Mayari defends the moon from Sawa; sun is his emblem
 Diyan Makalanta. Goddess of love, conception, and childbirth and protector of lovers; daughter of Anagolay
and Dumakulem; youngest of all the deities; human heart and the child are her emblems

Kasamaan/Kasanaan. Underworld of evil souls; opposite of Maca
 Sitan. Guardian of Kasamaan and keeper of all souls therein; Christianity’s counterpart is satan; Sitan may
have been derived from Saitan/Shaitan, ruler of Islamic underworld; pitch dark is his emblem; Sitan has four
agents who lead man to sin and destruction but also aid those who are worthy of Sitan’s help
 Manggagaway. Sitan’s first agent and cause of diseases; appears as false healer; sacred stick of diseases is
her emblem
 Manisilat/Mansisilat. Sitan’s second agent and destroyer of happy and united family; disguises as beggar or
healer going inside houses; mortal enemy of Diyan Masalanta; broken home is her emblem
 Mangkukulam (Witch). Sitan’s only male agent; god of fire – burns one’s house; fire is his emblem
 Hukluban (Crone/Hag). Sitan’s last agent; can change herself into any form she desires; death-inducing vile
is her emblem

Visayan. Deities of Filipinos in Visayas
 Makaptan/Kaptan. Supreme god who dwells in the sky; king of all gods; husband of Magwayen; father of
Lihangin
 Magwayen. First goddess of the sea and ferrywomen; goddess of the underworld; mother of Lidagat
 Lihangin. King of the winds; husband of Lidagat
 Lidagat. Goddess of the sea and fishermen; wife of Lihangin
 Licalibutan. God of the world; eldest son of Lihangin
 Liadlaw. God of the sun
 Libulan. God of the moon
 Lisuga. Goddess of the star; only daughter of Lihangin and Lidagat
 Bulalakaw. Bird god; cause of illness
 Barangaw. God of the rainbow and war
 Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan. Goddess of greed, wealth, gold; wife of Humadapnon
 Dalikamata. Many-eyed goddess; cures eye illness
 Kasaraysarayan sa Silgan. God of rivers and lakes
 Nagmalitong Yawa Sinagmaling.
God
of
lust,
seduction,
and demons; sister of
Burigadang Pada; wife of Saragnayan
 Saragnayan/Sumalongson. God of darkness
 Lalahon. Goddess of fire and harvest and natural calamities; guardian of volcanoes
 Ynaguiguinid. Goddess of war and poison
 Makanduk. God of war
 Lubay-Lubyok Hanginun Si Mahuyokhuyokan (Graceful Movement of the Arrogant Breeze). Goddess of
breeze and love potions
 Pahulangkug. God of seasons
 Ribung Linti. God of thunder and lightning
 Saraganka Bagyo. God of storms

Mindanao. Deities of Filipinos in Mindanao

Pamulak Manobo
Among the Bagobos of Mindanao, a supreme god called Pamulak Manobo was considered
the creator of everything. In Laura Watson Benedict’s “Bagobo Myths,” this diwata (a general term for deities) was
also believed to be the creator of the first man and woman–Tuglay and Tuglibon. Another version suggests that the first
humans were shaped out of corn meals and given life by Tuglay and Tuglibon, not by Pamulak Manobo. In Benedict’s
version of the story, Pamulak Manobo also created an eel (kasili) and a crab (kayumang). These two creatures are
always together, and every time the crab bites the eel, an earthquake occurs.
Pamulak Manobo was believed to be in control of other natural occurrences. When it rained, for example, the
Bagobos believed it was the great god spitting or throwing water from the heaven. The white clouds, on the other hand,
were actually the smoke from the fire produced by the other gods.
Similar to his Luzon and Visayan counterparts, this Bagobo god was also assisted by other lower-ranking
deities. Among them were Mandaragan and his wife Darago, the gods of war who lived inside Mt. Apo; Tigyama,
the protector of families; and Tarabumo, the god of agriculture and whom a shrine called parobanian was
built for.
There were also bad spirits working for Pamulak Manobo, including Buso, who fed on the flesh of the dead
and was described as “huge beings with curly hair, big feet and long nails, small arms, and possessed two big, pointed
front teeth.”

Tuglay and Tuglibon
Tuglay and Tuglibon are two of the most prominent figures in ancient Bagobo culture. In Jocano’s Oultine of
Philippine Mythology, they are classified as assistants to Pamulak Manobo and were responsible for the births,
marriages, language, and customs of the tribe.
In other sources, however, these two deities were either the creator of the world or co-creator of
humanity. One of the Bagobo myths compiled by anthropologist Laura Estelle Watson Benedict even shares
similarities with the biblical story of Adam and Eve.
In the said myth, Tuglay and Tuglibon created the world while an equally powerful yet unidentified god made the first
man and woman. One day, a snake approached the first humans and offered them a fruit. The cunning reptile
convinced them to eat the said fruit so they could “open their eyes,” only to find out later that eating it prevented
them from seeing the god forever.
In yet another interesting version of the origin myth, Tuglibon (or Tuglibong in other sources) was pounding
a rice when she noticed the sky was too close to the ground and was interfering in her activity. She scolded the sky and
asked it to move up higher. The latter did as he was told, which explains why the sky is where it is now
As for the origins of their names, the second syllable in Tuglay (i.e., “lay” or “lai”) means “man” in Malay,
while the “libon” in Tuglibon means “virgin.”

Mebuyan and Lumabat
According to one Bagobo and Manobo myth, there once lived two deities named Lumabat (god of the sky)
and Mebuyan (goddess of the underworld). Both were siblings but complete opposites of each other.
Lumabat was a terrific hunter who once brought along his dog to catch an elusive deer. The hunt took so long
that by the time he caught the animal, he was already old and graying. Still, he returned to his people, eager to show
them his power. Lumabat even killed his father eight times, and each time the latter magically came back to life he
became younger and younger.
When it was time for Lumabat to go to heaven, he wanted his sister, Mebuyan to join him. The latter
refused and they started fighting each other. The Bagobo mythology describes Mebuyan as an ugly deity who decided
to go down below the earth where she now rules a place called Banua Mebu’yan (Mebuyan’s town). Here,
she welcomes the spirits of the dead Bagobos before they go straight to Gimokudon, the Bagobo equivalent of the
underworld.
It is said that Mebuyan has many breasts because she nurses and takes care of all the baby spirits before they
join their families in Gimokudon. As for the adult spirits, they also stop by at Mebuyan’s town, specifically in the black
river where they wash their joints and heads.
The ritual bath, known as pamalugu, is done so that the spirits will not return to their earthly bodies and disrupt
their journey to the underworld.
Note that the Manobo or Bagobo underworld, at least the one ruled by Mebuyan, has a relatively more positive
connotation. It’s not a place where you can find a lake of fire and where the unbelievers are punished forever. In the
book “Arakan, Where Rivers Speak of The Manobo’s Living Dreams” by Kaliwat Theatre Collective, Datu Mangadta
Sugkawan gives us an interesting description of Mebuyan and her domain:
“Maibuyan (Mebuyan)….the diwata (deity) of the afterlife who takes care of all the souls before they receive Manama’s
(Supreme Being) judgment…. Maibuyan’s entire domain is of pure gold on which the soul could clearly see its
reflection. The souls there only talk about good and sensible things. If one starts to talk, everybody else listens. There
is no need for food. Maibuyan’s domain in the underworld is where the soul lives a second life after its body–the
physical twin– dies.”
Among the Ata-Manobo, a similar deity also existed. Rolando O. Bajo’s “The Ata-Manobo: At the
Crossrooads of Tradition and Modernization” introduces us to a god of the afterlife named Moibulan. This deity takes
care of the spirits in a place located at the bottom of the earth called Sumowow, where the souls can only experience
peace and happiness as they await their final judgment.

Tagbusan
The Manobos also believed in a supreme god–Tagbusan. This highest- ranking deity “ruled over the destiny
of both gods and men.” And just like others of his kind in Philippine mythology, Tagbusan was also helped by other
lesser divinities.
Among those who assisted Tagbusan in his day-to-day responsibilities were Kakiadan, the goddess of rice;
Taphagan, the goddess of harvest; Tagbanua, the rain god; Umouiui, god of clouds; Sugudun (or Sugujun), the god
of hunters; Libtakan, god of sunrise and sunset; Yumud, god of water; Ibu, the queen or goddess of the underworld;
and Apila, god of wrestling and sports.
There were also Manobo deities with evil intentions, like Tagabayau, the goddess who convinced people to
engage in adultery or incest; and Agkui, a diwata who urged men to indulge in sexual excesses.

Magbabaya
Another important deity from Mindanao is Magbabaya, considered by the Bukidnon as their highest
ranking deity. He was likewise assisted by other lesser divinities:
Domalongdong, the deity of the Northwind; Ognaling, the deity of Southwind; Tagaloambung, the deity of
Eastwind; and Magbaya, the divinity of the Westwind.
Other interesting deities of Bukidnon mythology are Ibabasag, patroness of pregnant women; Ipamahandi,
goddess of the accident; and Tao-sa-sulup, god of material goods.
Among these gods and goddesses, a deity named Tigbas was the most respected by the Bukidnon, while the
god of calamity named Busao was the most feared and also the last one they offered sacrifices to.

Other Mindanao Deities
Mindanao is composed of many tribes, and in each tribe, one can find plenty of deities and supernatural beings.
I know it’s impossible to cover them all in one blog post, but to live up to my promise of providing an “ultimate guide,”
I’ll briefly mention some of them here.
For the Tirurays, they believed that the first man and woman were created by a superhuman named Sualla (or
Tullus-God) who lived in the sky.
The Gianges of Cotabato, meanwhile, prayed to two major deities: Tigianes, creator of the world, and
Manama, her governor. They also worshiped Todlay and Todlibun (notice the similarity with the Bagobos’
Tuglay and Tuglibon), the gods of love and marriage, respectively.
Lastly, the Subanuns of upper Zamboanga were also guided by several deities, the most powerful of which
was Diwata-sa-langit, god of heaven. The other deities are Tagma-sa-dagat, lord of the sea; Tagma-sa-yuta, lord
of the earth; Tagma-sa-mangga-bungud, lord of the woods; Tagmasa-uba, lord of the rivers; and Tagma-sa-langit,
god and protector of the sick.
Survey of Philippine Literature
Pre Colonial Literature
Biag ni Lam-ang
Ilocano people
Spanish Colonialism
To the Flowers of Heidelberg
What Filipinos Should Know
Urbana and Felisa
Light and Darkness
Dasalan at Tocsohan
Jose P. Rizal
Andres Bonifacio
Modesto de Castro
Emilio Jacinto
Marcelo H. del Pilar
American Colonialism
Small Key
My Father Goes to Court
To The Yankee
The Wedding Dance
Dead Stars
Paz Latorena
Carlos Bulosan
Cecilio Apostol
Amador T. Daguio
Paz Marquez Benitez
The Republic
Footnote to Youth
May Day Eve
The Virgin
Bread of Salt
Magnificence
Jose Garcia Villa
Nick Joaquin
Kerima Tuvera
Néstor Vicente Madali González
Estrella D. Alfon
Martial Law
Dog Eaters
Dusk
Dekada 70
Leoncio Deriada
Francisco Sionil Jose
Lualhati Bautista
EDSA Democracy
A Tropical Winter's Tale
The Flood in Tarlac
Charlson Ong
Gregorio C. Brillantes
Globalization
Nanking Store
Katipunera
Pillage
Twelve Fifth Fly
Macario Tiu
Elsa Coscolluela
Alfred Yuson
Ramil Gulle
Survey of English-American Literature
Anglo-Saxon or Old English Period
Beowulf
unknown
Middle English Period
Canterbury Tales
Geoffrey Chaucer
English Renaissance Period
Sonnet 75 of Amoretti
Doctor Faustus
The Merchant of Venice
Sonnet 18
Romeo and Juliet
Song: To Celia
Paradise Lost
Edmund Spenser
Christopher Marlowe
William Shakespeare
Ben Jonson
John Milton
Enlightenment Period
Of Studies
Pilgrim’s Progress
Holy Sonnets
Gulliver’s Travel
The Rape of the Lock
Francis Bacon
John Bunyan
John Donne
Jonathan Swift
Alexander Pope
Romantic Period
Auld Lang Syne
Frankenstein
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (Daffodils)
Songs of Innocence
Pride and Prejudice
Ode to the West Wind
Ode to a Nightingale
Robert Burns
Mary Shelley
William Wordsworth
William Blake
Jane Austen
Ode to the West Wind
John Keats
Victorian Period
The Tale of Two Cities
Charles Dickens
Wuthering Heights
Emily Bronte
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
Robert Louis Stevenson
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
Lewis Carroll
My Last Duchess
Robert Browning
Sonnets from Portuguese
Elizabeth Barret-Browning
Modern and Post-modern Period
The Time Machine
Herbert George Wells
Lord of the Flies
William Goulding
Animal Farm
George Orwell
American Literature
To My Dear and Loving Husband
Anne Bradstreet
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Washington Irving
The Scarlet Letter
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Self-Reliance
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Mark Twain / Samuel Langhorne Clemens
The Road Not Taken
]Robert Frost
The Great Gatsby
F. Scott Fitzgerald
A Rose for Emily
William Faulkner
Annabel Lee
Edgar Allan Poe
The Tell-Tale Heart
Survey of Afro-Asian Literature
African Literature
Africa
Telephone Conversation
Things Fall Apart
David Diop
Wole Soyinka
Chibua Achebe
Egyptian Literature
Tale of Sinuhe
unknown
Indian Literature
Shakuntala
Ramayana
Mahabharata
Bhagavad Gita
Panchatantra
Gitanjali
Kalidasa
Valmiki
Vyasa
Bidpai / Vishnu Sharma
Rabindranath Tagore
Arabian Literature
Arabian Knights / One Thousand and One Nights
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
unknown
Omar Khayyam
Edward Fitzgerald
Khalil Gibran
Rubaiyat
The Prophet
Chinese Literature
The Analects
Tao Te Ching (The Way of Living)
Confucius
Lao Tzu
Japanese Literature
Tale of Genji
Pillow Book
Atsumori
Haiku
In a Grove
Snow Country
Murasaki Shikibu
Sei Shonagon
Zeami Motokiyo
Matsuo Basho
Ryunosuke Akutagawa
Yasunari Kawabata