Leisure, Tourism and
Sport
Geography key concepts
• The “Geography concepts” model (Figure 3) shows the six main
concepts of the course, with the four key concepts of place,
process, power, and possibility at the centre and the organizing
concepts of scale and spatial interactions connecting them.
Scale has both temporal and spatial perspectives.
Geography Concepts
Key concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Places
Processes
Power
Possibilities
The organizing concepts
• Scale
• Spatial interactions connecting them.
Scale has both temporal and spatial perspectives.
Geography key concepts
1. Places
Places can be identified at a variety of scales, from local territories or locations
to the national or state level. Places can be compared according to their cultural
or physical diversity, or disparities in wealth or resource endowment. The
spatial interactions between places can be considered.
2. Processes are human or physical mechanisms of change, such as migration
or weathering. They operate on varying timescales.
Geography key concepts cont.
3. Power
Power is the ability to influence and affect change or equilibrium at different scales.
Power is vested in citizens, governments, institutions and other players, and in physical
processes in the natural world. Equity and security, both environmental and economic,
can be gained or lost as a result of the interaction of powerful forces.
4. Possibilities
Possibilities are the alternative events, futures and outcomes that geographers can
model, project or predict with varying degrees of certainty.
Conceptual and contextual approach to the
geography course
Conceptual understanding and geography
concepts
• The key concepts of place, process, power and possibility, along with the
organizing concepts of scale and spatial interactions,
Organizing/Connecting concepts
• 5) Scale
• 6) Spatial interactions
Leisure tourism and sport- additional unit
concepts
•
•
•
•
•
Consumption of landscapes
Carrying capacity
Threshold
Environmental stress
Sustainability
ACTIVITY
Define the following concepts (see page 212)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leisure
Recreation
Sport
Tourism
Ecotourism
Heritage tourism
Sustainable tourism
Ethnotourism
Agrotourism
Key terms
1. Leisure: Any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in nonwork time.
2. Recreation: A leisure time activity undertaken voluntarily and for
enjoyment.
3. Tourism: Travel away from home for not more than one year in duration
for purposes of leisure
4. Mass tourism: Large-scale tourism where flights, accommodation, tours
and transfers are booked together and often part of a group.
Key terms cont.
1. Sustainable tourism: Tourism that preserves primary tourist resources and
2.
3.
4.
5.
supports the livelihoods and culture of local people.
Ecotourism: Tourism which focus on the natural environment.
Heritage tourism: Tourism based on historic legacy as its main focus e.g. natural
landscape, historical buildings.
Honeypot: A location that attracts a large number of tourists. Antigua in
Guatemala would be considered a honeypot location in Central America.
Economic Leakage: Money that is lost from a tourist destination. This money is
often taken overseas by TNCs e.g. Hilton
ACTIVITY
1). Describe the difficulties in defining leisure, sport, tourism and recreation
2). Draw the leisure domain
OTION E SUBTOPICS
1. Changing leisure patterns
2. Tourism and sport at the local and national scale
3. Tourism and sport at the international scale
4. Managing tourism and sport for the future
1) Changing leisure patterns
Inquiry question:
How do human development processes give rise to leisure activities?
Lesson objectives
1. What is leisure, its purpose?
2. How is leisure changing in different places and regions?
3. Is leisure time changing at the same rate for all groups?
1. a The growth and changing purpose of
leisure time for societies in different geographic
and developmental contexts
•
•
•
•
•
•
Write a short definition of leisure time
How much leisure time do you have a week?
How does this compare with your parents?
What things do you do in your leisure time?
Place the following in order of importance
Sport
Read TV
occasions
Other
Internet
Family
Events
Religious
Pair work
1. What factors influence the changing purpose of leisure time in countries at
different developments levels? (LICs, NICs, MICs and HICs)
2. What factors influence the changing purpose of leisure time in different
geographic contexts (climatic, social, political, economic contexts etc)
Changing leisure patterns cont.
• There has been a shift away from traditional culture and leisure activities as
time pressures increase and lifestyles change
• Technological changes enable new forms of cultural expression
• Time spent engaged in screen-based leisure activities (e.g. watching television,
playing video games, using a computer, mobile phones) which may
contribute to increased sedentary behaviour
Changing leisure patterns in USA
• See diagrams on changing leisure patterns in USA and comments on trends
and patterns in the growth and changing purpose of leisure in USA
Pattern of change in leisure in the USA
Describe the trend in changes in leisure
Increasing role of technology in leisure
The Impact of Technology on Leisure Patterns and Processes
• Study the following graphs showing the amount of leisure time absorbed by
technology use.
• What technologies absorb people's leisure time the most?
• What is the pattern of internet and social media use?
• How do you think the internet and other forms of social media impact on
other leisure activity choices?
1 c) The link between economic
development and participation in leisure
activities
Question
• To what extent is there a link between economic development and
participation in leisure activities?
Discuss how the following issues influence
people's leisure
• How income, age, health status or human functioning shape opportunities to
participate in culture and leisure activities
• The shift away from traditional culture and leisure activities as time pressures
increase and lifestyles change
• Technological changes which may enable new forms of cultural expression
• Time spent engaged in screen-based leisure activities (e.g. watching television,
playing video games, using a computer, mobile phones) which may
contribute to increased sedentary behavior
Economic development and participation in
sports
• Explain the extent to which economic development is linked to participation
in sports in UK
Economic development and participation in
leisure
Economic development and participation in
leisure cont.
• With increased development and wealth within a country it is generally expected that leisure
•
•
•
•
•
time would change.
However, there is debate on whether economic development brings about more leisure time
Often fast paced societies with high paying employment places a higher demand on the
time of it employers.
In the modern era, western societies view time as the new money. In short, time has become
scarce.
Leisure is more varied in developed countries. There is more on offer and more choice
In developing countries these opportunities are less available and so leisure remains more
restricted.
Task
Draw a bubble map to describe how the following factors shape opportunities
to participate in leisure activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Income
Age,
Health status or human functioning
Gender
Nationality/Culture
Discuss how the following issues influence
people's leisure
• How income, age, health status or human functioning shape opportunities to
participate in culture and leisure activities
• The shift away from traditional culture and leisure activities as time pressures
increase and lifestyles change
• Technological changes which may enable new forms of cultural expression
• Time spent engaged in screen-based leisure activities (e.g. watching television,
playing video games, using a computer, mobile phones) which may
contribute to increased sedentary behavior
1c) Categorization of touristic and sport
activities
Inquiry question:
How can touristic activities be classified by cost, duration and destination?
Lesson Objectives:
1. To describe how tourist activities can be classified by cost, duration and
destination
2. To describe how sporting activities can be classified by cost, popularity and
site
3. To examine the relationship between economic development and
participation in leisure activities
Categorization of touristic and sport activities
cont.
• Sport can be an important activity during leisure time for people in low
income countries who cant afford to participate in tourism
• Tourism activities include walking, cycling, beautiful scenery such as
mountains and wilderness/wildlife, sunbathing, wilderness view, extreme
sport and visiting heritage sites
TASK
• See types of tourism on pg 215 (E.2) and draw the table
• Define ecotourism, silver tourism, medical tourism
• Make notes on the categorization of tourism and sporting activities on pg
215-217
• See Barcelona classification of types of tourism
The categorization of touristic activities (cost,
duration, destination) and sporting activities
(cost, popularity, site
1. The categorization of touristic activities (cost, duration, destination)
2. The categorization of sporting activities (cost, popularity, site)
Categorization of touristic activities
Categorization of touristic activities cont.
TASK
List 7 tourism activities and rank them by cost by cost, duration and destination
Categorization of sport activities and sport
Describe how sporting activities can be classified by:
1. Cost,
2. Popularity
3. Site
• see handout on classifying sport.
Classification of sports
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Games,
Athletics,
Gymnastics,
Dance,
Swimming,
Outdoor and adventurous activities
Task: Classify these sport according to cost,
popularity and site
1. Football
2 Vault
3 Climbing
4 Hockey
5 Downhill skiing
6 Mountain biking
7 swimming
8.Boxing
11 Long jump
12 Figure Skating
13 Netball
14 Badminton
15 Baseball
16. Golf
Task
Study the map on world popular sports and explain reasons for:
• The popularity of football
• The spatial pattern of cricket and baseball
• A surprising example
World Map of Most Popular Sports-
2 contrasting countries at different
development levels
• 1) UK
• 2) China
• 3) Bhutan
Recent changes in participation in leisure
activities
E.g.
1. Increased number of Chinese tourists globally due to increasing disposable
income
2. Saudi Arabia women allowed to watch football matches in stadiums
The Income Leisure Trade Off
• Study the graph below and describe what it shows
• State reasons for the trends
•
Tourism in numbers-patterns and trends
Why is the relationship between them complex?
• Why is the relationship between development and participation in leisure
activities complex?
• See article
1.d) Factors affecting personal participation in
sports and tourism,
Discuss the factors affecting personal participation in sports and tourism,
including:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Affluence
Gender
Stage in lifecycle (see Table E.2),
Personality
Place of residence
1.d) Factors affecting personal participation in
sports and tourism, cont.
• Using the resource sheet and graphics describe the pattern of change with
tourism and age in the EU
Lesson Objectives:
• To examine the importance of factors affecting personal participation
in sports and tourism, including affluence, gender, stage in lifecycle,
personality, place of residence
Tasks
1) Read and make brief notes on factors affecting participation in sport and
tourism on pp 220-222.
2) Research
Detailed examples to illustrate recent changes in participation for two or more societies at
contrasting stages of development (See China and UK 221-223)
3) Read the caption on concepts in context on pp. 224
4. Complete ‘Check your understanding’ activities on p. 224
2. Tourism and sport at the local and
national scale
Inquiry question
• How do physical and human factors shape Places into sites of leisure?
Physical factors influencing sports and tourism
• Read and make brief notes on factors affecting participation in sport and
tourism on pp 220-222
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
• =DROwQVgdcLk&list=PLXmrsv7HghK5BpxVZFBJKpAfmjCIoQ4jn&in
dex=2
Human factors influencing sports and tourism
Factors influencing International participation and success
• Political (provision of sporting infrastructure/security/terrorist attacks and political
instability in Middle East and North African countries (MENA)
• Social (boxing associated with working class population, while polo is associated with
wealthy
• Culture (places like mecca attract many tourists, low participation of Muslim women in
swimming
• Socio-economic (participation influenced by economic status, people who own a house
participate in sporting activity than those who rent, swimming common for people in all
forms of housing
The growth of Tourism
• Tourism is the worlds most popular leisure activity
• Generates 10% of the global GDP
• The industry influenced by three major factors: tourism demand,
organization of access (technology) and supply of destinations.
• See p.232 for growth of global tourism
Factors influencing the growth of tourism
1. Affluence-Dual incomes and paid holidays have increased the amount of disposable
incomes in MEDCs and middle income countries
2. Higher level of education- has allowed people to acquire language and knowledge of
other cultures hence ease in communication
3. Urbanization- the wealthier and educated population in urban desire to escape the
pressures of urban life
4. Political stability and absence of major conflict
Improved accessibility (technology) due to:
5. Internet and credit cards has provided ease in booking and payments
6. Huge jet liners, high speed trains and Cruise ships have allowed economies of scale and
compressed space and time
7. Global flight network has expanded allowing access to remote destinations on the
‘pleasure periphery’.
Tourist arrivals
Changing patterns in international tourism
a) Changes in demand
Most tourists come from MEDCs
New sources of tourists from NICs like China and India (see article on Chinese
tourists)
b)Changes in supply
Europe continues to be the main tourism destination.
Other emerging destinations e.g. Africa and Asia
Changing patterns in international tourism
cont.
• Global tourism has grown in terms of extent and the volume of tourists
involved
• The industry has grown to meet the demands for new and exotic experiences
• Mass tourism (where a large number of tourists visit one place at the same
time) is no longer popular with affluent tourists bored with the traditional
tourism attractions (sun, sea and sand)
• Mass tourism has been replaced by alternative forms of tourism
Changing patterns in international tourism
cont.
• Niche tourism has evolved as a result of the need for diversity and new
experiences
• Niche tourism offers specialist tourism, operates on a smaller scale
• Niche tourism can uphold the principle of sustainable tourism since the
number of tourists are controlled, hence their impact on culture and
environment are minimized.
Trends and patterns in international tourism
• Demand for tourism and tourist destinations can change for many reasons.
• These can be put into; social, economic, political or environmental reasons.
Factors affecting participation in sport
Some sports are predominantly associated with certain countries or regions e.g.
• America is known for baseball, American football and basket ball
• Cricket in India
• Global sports include football and athletics
Factors affecting participation in sport cont.
a) Physical factors
• Areas with reliable snow are good for Skiing and winter sports e.g. in the
Alps
• Coastal areas are ideal for surfing e.g. Hawaii
• High altitude conditions e.g. in Kenya and Ethiopia produce people with
higher concentration of red blood cells ideal for endurance required in long
distance running
Factors affecting participation in sport cont.
a) Physical factors
• Areas with reliable snow are good for Skiing and winter sports e.g. in the
Alps
• Coastal areas are ideal for surfing e.g. Hawaii
• High altitude conditions e.g. in Kenya and Ethiopia produce people with
higher concentration of red blood cells ideal for endurance required in long
distance running
b) Human factors
i) Economic
A country’s income (GDP) tends has strong correlation to success in sports.
Participation in sports is influenced by the provision of sporting facilities
• Most HICs, have limited sports resources due to lack of funds e.g LICs cannot
afford expensive golf courses
• Income levels account for variations in participation and success in international
sports.
• Conversely, many countries can participate in football and athletics since they
require cheaper resources
Economic factors cont.
Economic factors cont.
Human factors cont.
2) Political factors also influence the provision of sporting infrastructure and
participation e.g.
i) National Pride: Some countries are extremely proud of their
sporting traditions and will spend time and money on promoting sports e.g.
japan, South Korea, China
ii) The eastern bloc uses sports to show how successful the communist
system is.
iii) The American model is based on competition and rewarding success
c)Social factors
1. Participation in certain sports is associated with social class e.g. golf
2. Some people cannot afford the membership fees associated with certain
sports e.g. golf clubs.
3. Boxing is associated with working class population.
4. Sports such as Polo and golf are associated with the wealthy
d) Cultural factors
• Cultural practices and beliefs can influence participation in sports
• For instance the low participation of Muslim women in sports such as
athletics and swimming
Primary and secondary touristic resources
1. Primary touristic resources: Pre-existing tourist attractions that often exist
naturally e.g. the weather, wildlife, beaches, indigenous people, cultural sites, or
scenery.
2. Secondary touristic resources: Facilities that have been purposefully built
for tourists e.g. hotels, restaurants, golf courses and airports.
Tourism hotspot
1. Tourist honeypot - a tourist destination that attracts an unusually high number of tourists
in comparison to similar places nearby
2. Touristic hotspot
3. Environmental carrying capacity is the maximum number of people that may visit a
tourist destination without causing destruction to the environment.
4.
.Perceptual carrying capacity is the maximum number of visitors before visitors or the
host community consider an impact like noise, overcrowding to be excessive.
Beyond that point, the enjoyment of the leisure experience is diminished for the consumer or
host community.
Tourism hotspots
Tourism Hotspots are places that experience high levels of tourist arrivals. These places can also be called tourist honeypots. The term honeypot
usually refers to a small area such as a village in a national park, while hotspots operate at a variety of scales from small villages to entire regions.
Hotspots exist in places such as:
1.
2.
3.
Areas of outstanding natural beauty
Historic city centres
Coastal areas with sandy beaches in hot countries
In addition, these places must be:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Easy to access
Secure (not susceptible to terrorist attack, for example)
Safe (free from disease; not experiencing frequent natural hazards)
Tourism hotspots usually have a very large number of visits at the same time. E.g St Marks square in Venice Italy
Urban tourist hotspot
Read and make notes on tourism in an urban Hotspot- Oxford p 226-227
• Describe the distribution and location of primary and secondary tourist resources in
Oxford
Discuss the strategies designed to:
• Manage tourist demands
• Maximize capacity
• Minimize conflicts between local residents and visitors
• Strategies to avoid environmental damage.
Factors affecting the distribution of leisure
facilities in urban areas
Leisure includes sport, tourism and recreation.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rent values
Population densities
Government grants/policies
Cultural influences
Accessibility, transport
Demographic considerations
Physical factors (e.G. Rivers for rowing),
Availability of land
Rural tourism Hotspot
Read and make notes on Managing tourism in Killarney National park in Ireland 228-230
• Explain the role of primary and secondary touristic resources in the growth of the rural
tourism hotspot
Discuss the strategies designed to:
•
•
•
•
Manage tourist demands
Maximize capacity
Minimize conflicts between local residents and visitors
Strategies to avoid environmental damage.
Carrying capacity
3. Environmental carrying capacity is the maximum number of people that may visit
a tourist destination without causing destruction to the environment.
4.Perceptual carrying capacity is the maximum number of visitors before visitors or
the host community consider an impact like noise, overcrowding to be excessive.
Beyond that point, the enjoyment of the leisure experience is diminished for the
consumer or host community.
Participations rate-proportion of a population that takes part in a specific sporting
activity
Variations in the sphere of influence for
different kinds of sporting and touristic
facilities
• Read and make notes on 230-231
Variations in the sphere of influence for
different kinds of sporting and touristic facility
• Sphere of influence refers to the area from which a facility or an attraction draws
its support. The area people will travel from to support a team.
• Sphere of influence of a sporting venue: The area from which a sporting event
draws its competitors and/or supporters
• E.g. A small stadium has a low threshold population and a very small range hence it
will have a small sphere of influence (catchment area) which is the opposite of
sports stadium of a top league sports team (e.g. EPL teams stadiums)
• Hierarchy: Placing things in an order of importance e.g. settlements, teams etc
Variations in the sphere of influence for
different kinds of touristic and sporting facility
Task
• Describe variations in the sphere of influence for different kinds of
touristic and sporting facility including neighborhoods parks and
gyms, city stadiums and national parks
The Leisure Hierarchy
• The leisure hierarchy has a strong correlation with settlement hierarchy.
• Small settlements have few leisure facilities
• As settlement size increases a greater variety (range) of leisure facilities with
increasingly specialist functions are offered.
• Major urban areas are important for tourism because they are gateway to
entry (e.g. airports), have more developed accommodation facilities, and
often contain historical sites.
A Simple leisure Hierarchy
Community Size
Recommended Facilities
Activities Offered
Village (Pop. 500-1500)
Community Hall; Community Open
Space.
Badminton; Keep Fit; Yoga; Football;
Cricket.
Small Country Town (Pop. 2500-6000)
AS ABOVE, plus: Tennis Courts;
Sports Hall; Swimming Pool.
AS ABOVE, plus: Tennis; Netball;
Gym; Hockey.
Capital City
National Sports Centre for selected
sports.
AS ABOVE, plus: Bowling; Golf;
Skateboarding; Judo; Karate; Home
grounds of sport clubs (Football,
Rugby, Hockey); Athletics ground;
grounds/stadia for international
fixtures.
The leisure hierarchy in an urban area cont.
Intra-urban spatial patterns
• See page 231-232
• Fig.E.9
• “Most sporting facilities tend to be located near the centre of
city.” Discuss this statement [10]
Leisure activities and urban land uses
• Central area: cinemas, library, historic buildings, museums, restaurants, shops
• Transition zone: local park, swimming pools, bowling, guest houses, social clubs
• Suburbs: community centers, local libraries, district park with play area and sports
pitches
• Rural-Urban fridge: specialist sports fields, garden centers, craft center, nature
reserves, riding centers, country parks
• Rural areas: mountaineering facilities, ski slopes, mountain biking facilities.
Hierarchy of settlement and services
• The number of services that a settlement provides increases with
•
•
•
•
settlement size.
Small settlements provide low-order services e.g post office
Large towns and cities provide low and high-order services such as
leisure centres, chain stores and hospitals.
Larger settlements and conurbations have a larger sphere of
influence/catchment area. This means they attract people from a
wider area because of the facilities they offer.
High-order services and goods have a higher threshold . Thus, they
are only found in larger settlements.
Leisure hierachy
Factors affecting the distribution of leisure
facilities in urban areas
Leisure includes sport, tourism and recreation.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rent values
Population densities
Government grants/policies
Cultural influences
Accessibility, transport
Demographic considerations
Physical factors (e.G. Rivers for rowing),
Availability of land
Factors affecting the geography of a national
sports league
Homework
1) Case study of one national league
1. Describe the factors affecting the geography of a national sports league
2. location of its hierarchy of teams
3. Distribution of supporters
Factors affecting the geography of a national
sports league
including
• The location of its hierarchy of teams
• The distribution of supporters
• Case study of one national sports league (EPL)
Factors that can influence the home location of
a team
•
•
•
•
•
Population density
Economic factors (sponsorship, wealth of the supporters
Cultural and historical factors
Government and private investment
Proximity to competing teams.
Large scale sporting, musical, cultural or
religious festivals as temporary sites of leisure
• Read and make notes on large scale sporting, musical, cultural or religious
festivals as temporary sites of leisure and their associated costs and benefits
• Case study of one festival in a rural location, its site factors and geographic
impacts (Glastonbury festival, in the UK)
Largescale festival in rural location
Homework
2) Describe one largescale one festival in rural location as a temporary site of
leisure (Case study of Glastonbury festival, in the UK)
1) Its site factors
2) Geographic impacts (costs and benefits)
Revision Tasks
• In pairs, complete the tasks on Check Your Understanding on pg. 236
Questions (1, 2, 3, 6, 9 & 10)
• Present your responses to the rest of the class
3. Tourism and sport at the international scale
Inquiry question:
• How do the variations in power of different countries affect their participation in global
tourism and sport?
•
•
•
•
Subtopic 3 tasks
Read and make brief notes from IB prepared PDF pages 75-77 and Text Book pages, 237-242
Start with the underlined heading, followed by the inquiry question, then use the bolded part of the task as your subheading for the notes
Tourism and sport at the International scale
Inquiry question: How physical and human factors shape places into sites of leisure
1. Niche national tourism strategies with a global sphere of influence, including adventure tourism (Mt Everest (Nepal), Movie location tourism (New
Zealand-Lord of the Rings and Iceland: Game of thrones), and Heritage tourism (Machu Picchu in Peru)
•
•
•
•
The role of TNCs in expanding international tourism destinations (airlines, tour and travel companies, hotel chains), (economies of scale)
The costs and benefits of TNC involvement for different stakeholders
Political, economic and cultural factors affecting the hosting of international sporting events, including the Olympics and football World Cup events;
✔ Case study of costs and benefits for one country hosting an international event.
All write OWN BRIEF notes. The following to do power point presentation on Niche tourism strategies
Adventure tourism (Mt Everest (Nepal), - Theo
Movie location tourism (New Zealand-Lord of the Rings and Iceland: Game of thrones)Heritage tourism (Machu Picchu in Peru) -Tinashe
Niche national tourism strategies with a global
sphere of influence,
• Examine different niche tourist strategies with a global sphere of
influence
1. Adventure tourism (Mt Everest)-Theo
2. Movie location tourism (Iceland and New Zealand)-Deepthi
3. Heritage tourism (Machu Picchu) Tinashe
• See 237-242
The impacts of niche tourism strategies
1.
2.
3.
4.
The impacts of the niche tourism strategy on the economy
Impacts on the environment, social
The reasons why they form part of a national strategy
Reasons why they have a global sphere of influence
Adventure tourism
• Case study - (Mt Everest) and Greenland
Movie location tourism
• Case study (Iceland and New Zealand)
• Write notes
• Watch video
Heritage tourism Machu Picchu
Activity
• Complete the worksheet on classification of Niche tourism strategies
The role of TNCs in expanding international
tourism destinations cont.
• Transnational Companies (TNCs) are companies that operate in more than
one country.
• See interactive image on pattern of growth in world tourist arrivals, What do
you see, think and wonder?
• See TNC graphs pdf
The role of TNCs in expanding international
tourism destinations
Enquiry Question: How do TNCs expand international tourism destinations?
• Use a tree map to make brief notes for this inquiry question
Watch video on economies of scale
1. Low cost airlines e.g Easy Jet-cheaper due to economies of scale, made new
destinations/niche niche tourism, remote areas
2. Large hotel chains e.g Hilton-cheaper due to economies of scale, ease in booking, niche t,
opened new destinations,
3. Tour and travel Operators- Expedia : Cheaper due to flights/hotel package tours, ease in
booking e.g online, ease in travel, cheaper due to competition as people compare the prices
for flights and hotels.
The role of TNCs:
How have TNCs affected international
tourism?
• Travel companies such as Expedia and Priceline have affected international tourism by making it
1. Cheaper- due to economies of scale, as they become larger, they can save as they can have one
office serving many cities.
TNCs also encourage competition through price-checking sites such as booking.com,
skyscanner to compare prices so passengers get best prices, travel cheaper
2. Simpler (package tours, by tour companies like Thomas cook
3. Accessible-as the number of travellers has increased, it has become economical to operate from
smaller airports with fewer destinations.
• ,
Watch video on economies of scale
Consider how the following types of TNC sectors achieve economies of scale:
1. Low cost airlines
2. Large hotel chains
3. Tour Operators with chartered flights
TNCs and economies of scale cont.
The World’s Largest Travel Companies
TNCs
See TNCs graphic and list 3 TNCs involved in the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Top 3 airlines
Top 3 global tour operators/Global travel companies
Top 3 online travel companies
Top 3 international hotel chains
Costs and benefits of TNC involvement for
different stakeholders
• Who are the stakeholders involved?
• Which stakeholders gain?
• Which stakeholders lose out?
Costs and benefits of TNC involvement for
different stakeholders cont.
1. Watch stakeholders in tourism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SssWSpnu1ec
Read the article on the impact of hotels on local communities-Dominican case study
Complete the table on TNC and stakeholder to explain the costs and benefits of TNC involvement
for the following stakeholders in tourism:
1.
2.
3.
4.
National Governments
Local community members/including TNC workers
Local businesses e.g hotels
Civil societies e.g. Local Conservation groups
Paper 1 Essay writing practice
1.
Check the guide for the Paper 1 10 mark assessment objectives (AOs)
2.
What are the key requirements for the 10 mark essay?
3.
Now check the 10 mark writing guide from Inthinking
4. With a buddy, complete planning the following essay blow. (introduction, body and conclusion)
''Examine the factors influencing the geography of one national sports league (10)
5. Compare your response and structure of the essay with the model response
6. Reflections/What have you learnt?
Now i Know-----, I still wonder---PAIRWOK TASK
Examine the factors that explain how leisure activity is changing in countries at varies stages of economic
development (10)
Due on Tuesday 9/2/2021
Costs and benefits of tourism as a national
development strategy
Inquiry Question
• What are the costs and benefits of tourism as a national development strategy?
Describe the pattern shown and suggest
reasons for the patterns
Tourism as a development strategy in SIDsMaldives
• Maldives= Small Island Developing (SID)
• See UNWTO tourism stories
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3H8qbQtrjHs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIimOIZy-RA
• and geo14tourism as development strategy
• http://www.geo41.com/tourism-as-a-development-strategy/
Strategies to develop tourism at national scale
1. Reduce barriers e,g Promote English (and increasingly Chinese) speaking in the country, so that
international visitors can travel more easily and Reduction of visa requirements. Visas are permits that allow
people to enter countries. However, many countries are scrapping their visa entry requirements because they
want to encourage people to come to the country and visas are a barrier to this.
2. Improve secondary tourist facilities, including updating (and in some cases, building) airports, railways and
roads
3. Encouraging investment
• Allowing more investment from TNCs. Many countries charge taxes on foreign companies, but big
companies such as airlines and hotel chains may invest more if these taxes are reduced.
• Open tourism offices in other countries to promote the country as a destination/marketing
• Reduce regulation. Foreign companies may invest more if they do not have to abide by e.g strict labour laws
Tasks
• Suggest reasons why tourism is used by governments as a development
strategy
Economic
and social/cultural effects of tourism
BENEFITS OF TOURISM
• Develops secondary industries to support tourism e.g agriculture, manufacturing,
transport and services (The multiplier effect)
• Tourism is labour intensive and employs a high number of people in different
industries
• Tourism depends on natural capital (wildlife, scenery and beaches) and culture,
which are assets owned by the poor
• Provides an industry in countries that have no exports
• More jobs are filled by women
LIMITATIONS OF TOURISM
• High levels of foreign ownership lead to leakage of profits to foreign countries
• Locals may be displaced from agricultural land and lose access to resources like
beaches
• Tourism is vulnerable to changes in the global economy, losing tourists in times of
economic recession
• International visitor arrivals are vulnerable to conflict, crime, political instability and
natural disasters in tourism destinations
• Tourism requires highly sophisticated marketing that might not always be funded by
the government
Political, economic and cultural factors
affecting the hosting of international sporting
events,
Inquiry Question
• What are the costs and benefits of hosting an international sporting event?
Political, economic and cultural factors
affecting the hosting of international sporting
events,
• Discuss the Political, economic and cultural factors affecting the hosting of
international sporting events
London 2012 Olympics
https://www.geographycasestudy.com/case-study-london-olympics-2012/
https://www.geographycasestudy.com/international-sports-events/ Read and
make notes on London Olympics on pp. 248-250
1) Explain the Political, economic and cultural factors affecting the hosting of
international sporting events
2) Costs and benefits of hosting the international sporting event
Case study of costs and benefits for one
country hosting an international event
• London 2012 Olympics (see article in geography case studies
• https://geographycasestudysite.wordpress.com/case-study-london-olympics2012/
• or
• and football World Cup (See hand out of WC in south africa)
• (https://www.thinkib.net/files/geography/sport/sport3/handoutsacostsand
-benefits.pdf)
London 2012 Olympics
• See notes
• Watch short video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bXJGZgR1BU
Urban regeneration
Objective:
• Discuss the role of sport and recreation in regeneration strategies of urban
areas.
Urban Regeneration
• Urban Regeneration means improving an area that has been experiencing a
period of decline.
• E.g. In the east end of London the decline was bought about be
deindustrialization.
• Also referred to as urban renewal or redevelopment
Case study on urban regeneration
London Olympics
South Africa/Brazil football World Cup
• Watch video
End of unit 1-2 test-General areas of weakness
• Limited use and knowledge of terminology e.g sphere of influence, etc
and evidence (AO1)
Ideas in essays are too general e.g …. ’government can spent on leisure facilities’.
• Unstructured responses e.g stand alone paragraphs no c always tag in the
question to provide a coherent whole, and use paragraphs (AO4),
• Description instead of analysis (AO3)
Test Revision
Step 1-Corrections ((25 min)
Review your work using your own knowledge and other resources (Text book, Ib prepared, Ib paper 1 rubric, or a Buddy)
Do corrections (Write correct responses where you missed), including essay questions you didn’t attempt
Step 2-Reflection (5 minutes)
Identify Areas for improvement as an individual
At the back of your paper:
i) Write 3 things that you have learnt from the revision
Now I Know …………..
ii) Write 1 question that you still have after the revision
I still wonder …………………..
Step 3-Responding to wonder questions (10 minutes)
i) Read out to the rest of class what you still wonder
ii) Pick at least one students ‘wonder ‘and respond to it
How has the revision extended your Knowledge and understanding.
4. Managing tourism and sport for the future
• Inquiry question:
• What are the future possibilities for management of, and participation in, tourism and
sport at varying scales?
Carrying capacity
1) Environmental carrying capacity is the maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination
without causing destruction to the environment.
2) Perceptual carrying capacity is the maximum number of visitors before visitors or the host community
consider an impact like noise, overcrowding to be excessive.
Beyond that point, the enjoyment of the leisure experience is diminished for the consumer or host community.
Participations rate-proportion of a population that takes part in a specific sporting activity
Tourism Carrying Capacity:
“The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing
destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality
of visitors' satisfaction” " (World Tourism Organisation)
Managing tourism in different sites
• How can tourism be managed in different environments (urban, rural.
Environment, heritage, beaches etc.)?
Possible management options to increase site
resilience
• Define the term Resilience
• Possible three management strategies to increase site resilience
The consequences of unsustainable touristic
growth in urban and rural tourism hotspots
• Read and make notes on unsustainable touristic growth and tourism in
Venice -are AND -The Brecon Beacons, Wales on pp. 252-254
CASE STUDY: VENICE
Describe the distribution and location of primary
and secondary tourist resources
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Read Capacity in Venice’ p.248).
See greenfield geography for primary and secondary tourism resources in Venice
Read article on tourism in Venice
Describe the Strategies designed to:
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manage tourist demands
maximize capacity
minimize conflicts between local residents and visitors
Avoid environmental damage.
Venice Primary Tourist Resources
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St. Marks Basilica (Venice's most famous church)
St. Marks Square
Rialto Market and Rialto Bridge (San Polo)
St. Mark's Campanile or bell tower (beautiful views over the city, lagoon and even Alps)
Grand canal (Venice's main canal which is very popular to take Gondola trips on)
Doge's Palace (Palazzo Ducale)
Teatro La Fenice (Venice's most famous opera house
The Lagoon
Secondary Tourist Resources
• Transport-Air and rail
• luxury hotels and restaurants.
• Gondola: A traditional boat used to transport people along canals.
Problems of urban tourism in Venice
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Severe overcrowding
Traffic congestion
Inflation and overpricing of goods and services
Conflict over the use of religious sites e.g churches
Pressure on services like electricity and water Littering and pollution
Possible solutions
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Building of affordable housing for locals
Control of traffic/zoning
Higher tax charge for visitors to reduce numbers
Drinking fountains and greater patrols to control littering
New tourism sites to increase CP
The consequences of unsustainable touristic
growth in rural hotspot
• Read and make notes on tourism in rural are-The Beacons, Wales on pp. 253254
Task
• Urban areas are more resilient to the impacts of sustainable tourism than
rural areas. Discuss
The concept of sustainable tourism
Homework
• Make notes on sustainable tourism and ecotourism on pp. 254-258
Task
• Write down the 3 principles of sustainable tourism on pg. 252
• Write brief notes on the objectives of sustainable tourism on pg. 252-3
Sustainable tourism definitions cont.
Sustainable development:
“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs”
Sustainable tourism is tourism that attempts to have a low impact on the
environment and local culture, while helping to generate future employment for
local people
Sustainable tourism
How to make tourism environmentally
sustainable
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Use renewable energy to power tourist facilities
Recycle water (use of grey water) and collect rainwater.
Quotas to limit the number of tourists visiting an area.
Create National parks and reserves to protect flora & and fauna
Breeding programs for endangered species
Only use biodegradable products for washing, cleaning,
Use local food products to reduce food miles
Use public transport or low emission vehicles for guests
How to make tourism culturally sustainable
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Promote local culture e.g. food, dance and clothes.
Educate tourists to respect local traditions.
Sell local products to tourists
Enforce working regulations e.g. paid holiday, maximum working week.
Introduce adequate minimum wage
Reinvest some profits back into the local community
Make tourist facilities available to locals
How to make tourism Economically sustainable
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Employ local residents in tourist facilities.
Train local staff to work in managerial roles
Purchase local products
Minimize economic leakage.
Avoid debt when building tourist facilities
Sustainable Tourism cont.
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Recycling Bins
Enforced fines for littering
Cheap public transport
Bike hire
Promote local hotels and shops
Possible introduce quotas or curfews to protect areas.
Ensure locals are not priced out
The growth of ecotourism
• Ecotourism is ‘a green’ or ‘alternative’ form of tourism that aim at having
minimal impact on the environment and the local community.
• Type Occurs in remote areas with low volumes of tourists
• Ecotourism is concerned with preserving the ecosystems e.g. game parks,
nature reserves, coral reefs, forests parks.
• Aims at giving people first hand experience of the environment and
awareness on the importance of conservation
Characteristics of ecotourism
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Planning and control of tourist developments
Increasing involvement and control by local or regional communities
Appropriate strategies for the area
Creating a balance between conservation and development
Possible Ecotourism Destinations
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Rainforests (Amazon)
Antarctica
Coral Reefs (Australia and Belize)
Deserts (Sahara and Atacama)
Savanna (areas of grassland - common location to do safari in Africa)
Mountain ranges (Himalayas and Andes)
Remote islands (Galapagos Islands)
Possible Ecotourism Activities
• Bird watching, Walking, Cycling, Rafting, Safari (looking for animals)
• Restoring water ways, Flora and fauna surveys
• Hot air ballooning, Horse riding, Surfing, Tree planting, Swimming and
diving
Reasons for the growth of ecotourism
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To respond to the negative impact of mass tourism.
Greater awareness and concern for the environment
Education
Greater awareness (through Media) of exotic sites
Tour companies capacity to organize visits to remote destinations such as
Antarctica
An evaluation of ecotourism
• Although ecotourism is environmentally sound, majority of tourist undertake long
haul flights to reach the remote destination
• Aircraft noise and emissions are damaging
• At cruise level, aircraft emission can contribute to the concentration of greenhouse
gases
• They also trigger the formation of contrails (human-induced clouds that form at
very high altitudes) and an increase cirrus cloudiness
• Backpackers can cause soil erosion and add little economic benefits
Challenges to ecotourism
• Conflict between total access and provision of tourism amenities and
conservation of the landscape, plants and animals in the area
• Sometimes local people wish to use the resource for their own benefit rather
than for conservation
One case study of sustainable tourism in one
low-income country
• Monteverde cloud forest in Costa Rica
• Test yourself Ib prepared page 76/or 85 on PDF
Future international tourism
• Read and make notes on the future of international tourism and forecastspp. 256-257) and the following factors influencing future international
tourism (pp. 259-260):
i) Greater use of social media,
ii) International security
iii) Diaspora growth (Diaspora tourism)
The growing importance of Political and
cultural influences on international sport
participation
Read and make notes on the growing importance of political and cultural
influences on international sport participation, (pp. 258, 261-262)
1) Inclusion via changing gender roles
2) The growing importance of the Paralympics
3) International agreements
Tasks
• How can leisure use of a place be influenced by spatial interactions with
other places?
• People’s freedom and ability to participate in leisure activities is subject to
multiple influences from personal/local to global scales. Discuss
• Discuss different perspectives on the costs and benefits of how places are
used for leisure activities and who is allowed to participate
• How can trends and changes in visitor and impact data can be shown
graphically
End of Unit activity
1. The greatest concentration of tourism activities and recreational facilities are
found within the CBD. Discuss this statement.
OR
Discuss the factors influencing the distribution of leisure activities in an urban area
3. Compare the influence of accessibility and affluence on the growth of either
recreation or tourism or sport.
4. The growth of international tourism in LECDS brings short term benefits, but
long term problems’’. Discuss this statement with reference to examples.
Exam practice
• Complete the end of Unit tasks on p. 264
• Complete the end of unit test
Debate
• Motion
• ‘The future of tourism and sport is bright’
Test Revision
Step 1-Corrections ((25 min)
Review your work using your own knowledge and other resources (Text book, Ib prepared, In thinking paper 1 rubric, or a Buddy)
Do corrections (Write correct responses where you missed), including essay questions you didn’t attempt
Step 2-Reflection (5 minutes)
Identify Areas for improvement as an individual
At the back of your paper:
i) Write 3 things that you have learnt from the revision
Now I Know …………..
ii) Write 1 question that you still have after the revision
I still wonder …………………..
Step 3-Responding to wonder questions (10 minutes)
i) Read out to the rest of class what you still wonder
ii) Pick at least one students ‘wonder ‘and respond to it
How has the revision extended your Knowledge and understanding.
End of Option Revision Test
Steps:
1) Review your work using the IB prepared Mark Scheme given and your own knowledge (use any other resource) (15 min)
2) Do corrections and Identify areas for improvement as an individual
Reflection: At the back of your paper,
i) Write 3 things that you have learnt from the revision as flows:
Now I Know …………..
ii) Write 1 question that you still have after the revision
I still wonder …………………..
3) Read out to the rest of class what you now know ( How the revision has extended your Knowledge and understanding).
And what you still wonder