Lesson I Instrumental Music from Baroque to Classical Art Introduction Baroque is the first period in which instrumental music is as important as vocal. Sales of instrumental music outpace vocal music by the end of the 1600's. Violin is especially important in the rise of instrumental music - growing popularity. Increasing number of amateur violinists created market for composers. Instrumental techniques and quality improve Instrumental virtuosos Bach & Handel: Organ Corelli & Vivaldi: Violin Scarlatti & Couperin: Harpsichord. Vocal and instrumental styles diverge idiomatic writing for particular instruments Composers exploit the characteristics of individual instruments in their compositions growing use of expressive gestures for instruments - program music Baroque Instrumental Music Baroque music is a heavily ornamented style of music that came out of the Renaissance. While it is often considered to be part of the era of Classical music, it is important to note that Baroque predated the Classical period: The Baroque period lasted from 1600 until 1750, while the Classical period spanned 17501820. By the mid-eighteenth century, the focus shifts to the German composers Bach and Handel.) Many of the forms identified with Baroque music originated in Italy, including the cantata, concerto, sonata, oratorio, and opera. Antonio Vivaldi - Antonio Lucio Vivaldi, nicknamed it Prete Rosso, (“The Red Priest"), was a Venetian priest and Baroque music composer, as well as a famous virtuoso violinist; he was born and raised in the Republic of Venice. At the Conservatorio dell’Ospedale della Pieta. In September 1703, Vivaldi become maestro di violin (master of violin) at an orphanage called the Pio Ospedale della Pieta (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in Venice. Four famous works: 1. The four seasons – first four concertos of a collection of twelve concertos written. 2. Concerto No. 5 – La Tempesta Di Mare (“The Storm at Sea”). Shorter concertos, but packed a quite punch in there. 3. The Anna Maria Concertos. He composed around 30 concertos for most favurte student Anna Maria. Franz Schubert — Franz Schubert, in full Franz Peter Schubert, was born January 31, 1797, Himmelpfortgrund, near Vienna Austria. Schubert was extremely prolific during his short lifetime. His output consists of over 600 secular vocal works (mainly Lieder), seven complete symphonies, sacred music, operas, incidental music and a large body of chamber and piano music, all before he died at age 31. Appreciation of Schubert's music while he was alive was limited to a relatively small circle of admirers in Vienna, but interest in his work increased significantly in the decades following his death. Felix Mendelsohn, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms and other 19th-century composers discovered and championed his works. Today, Schubert is ranked among the greatest composers of the late Classical and early Romantic eras and is one of the most frequently performed composers of the early 19th century. Schubert bridged the worlds of Classical and Romantic music, noted for the melody and harmony in his songs (lieder) and chamber music. romantic The Romantic movement was an artistic, literary,. and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part, it was a revolt against social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education, and natural history. . It was Hoffmann's fusion of ideas already associated with the term "Romantic," used in opposition to the restraint and formality of Classical models, that elevated music, and especially instrumental music, to a position of pre-eminence in Romanticism as the art most suited to the expression of emotions. Romantic music is a period of Western classical music that began in the late 18 th or early 19th century. Richard Wagner Richard Wagner was born on May 22, 1813, in Leipzig, Germany, into a middle-class family. Raised along with eight siblings, his father, Friedrich, died shortly after Richard's birth, and within the year his mother, Johanna, married Ludwig Geyer. As a child, Wagner showed little talent or interest in anything except for writing poetry. His musical training was largely left to chance until he was eighteen, when he studied with Theodor Weinlig in Leipzig, Germany, for a year. He began his career in 1833 as choral director in Wurzburg and composed his early works in imitation of German romantic composition. Ludwig van Beethoven (17701827) was his major idol at this time. First Works: He wrote his first opera, Die Feen (The Fairies), in 1833, but it was not produced until after the composer’s death. He was music of the theater in Magdeburg from 1834 to 1836, where his next work, Das Liebesverbot (Forbidden Love), loosely based on William Shakespeare's (1564-1616) Measure for measure was performed in 1836. That year he married Minna Planner, a singeractress active in local theatrical life. Richard Strauss Born into a family of musicians, Richard Georg Strauss was born in Munich on June 11, 1864. He was the first child of the musician Franz Joseph Strauss and his wife Josepha (who is descended from the Brewery Dynasty Pschorr). As early as the age of six, Strauss was composing his first pieces. By his 18th Birthday, he had composed 140 works. His "Opus 1" "Festive March for Large Orchestra" was released in 1881. He entered the Cathedral School at the age of six and his middle school about the twelve year old: "He was a student of wonderful complexity, respectable attitude and good behavior; active, keen, considerate, sometimes too quick and volatile." By the age of 18, he had composed some 140 pieces, of which about 60 were lieder and 40 were piano works. Thus originated a Choir "Electra" (1880), based on the tragedy of Sophocles, and a Violin Concerto (Op. 8) in 1882, that was jotted down in a school notebook. In 1894, Richard Strauss dedicated the "Four Songs" Op. 27 (Lovers' Pledge", "Tomorrow!" among others) to his bride. This further established his fame as a song composer. After first childlike attempts, Strauss managed to summarize the Op. 10 "8 Lieder" (1885); ("Dedication" is included among these). Strauss would distinguish himself through this genre well into his old age. With the exception of his big opera successes, the born vocal composer developed Lieder on a regular basis as a way to have some artistic diversification from his symphonic poems and other instrumental pieces. This Lieder became op. 29 (among others "Dream in the Twilight"), op 32. (Among others "I carry my Love"= or op. 37 (among others "Abundant Happiness"). The song composer took a break between "Salome" (1905) and "The Woman without a Shadow" (1917). Strauss was commissioned to write the "Krämerspiegel" (The Shopkeeper's mirror) (op.66) by using texts provided by Alfred Kerr. This set of vocal compositions were written in 1918 in a piqued response to the publishing house that had commissioned the works. The last climax of this genre was the "Four Last Songs" (1947). The last completed work by Strauss "Malven" ("Mallows") was classified until after the death of the dedicatee Maria Jeritza. It was only premiered in 1985. Claude Debussy 1st Cantata In 1884, when he was just 22 years old, Debussy entered his cantata L'Enfant prodigue (The Prodigal Child) in the Prix de Rome, a competition for composers. He took home the top prize, which allowed him to study for three years in the Italian capital, though he returned to Paris after two years. While in Rome, he studied the music of German composer Richard Wagner, specifically his opera Tristan and Isolde. Wagner's influence on Debussy was profound and lasting, but despite this, Debussy generally shied away from the ostentation of Wagner's opera in his own works. Phillip Glass Through his operas, his symphonies, his compositions for his own ensemble, and his wide-ranging collaborations with artists ranging from Twyla Tharp to Allen Ginsberg, Woody Allen to David Bowie, Philip Glass has had an extraordinary and unprecedented impact upon the musical and intellectual life of his times. The operas - "Einstein on the Beach," "Satyagraha," "Akhnaten," and "The Voyage," among many others - play throughout the world's leading houses, and rarely to an empty seat. Glass has written music for experimental theater and for Academy Award-winning motion pictures such as "The Hours" and Martin Scorsese's "Kundun," while "Koyaanisqatsi," his initial filmic landscape with Godfrey Reggio and the Philip Glass Ensemble, may be the most radical and influential mating of sound and vision since "Fantasia." His associations, personal and professional, with leading rock, pop and world music artists date back to the 1960s, including the beginning of his collaborative relationship with artist Robert Wilson. Indeed, Glass is the first composer to win a wide, multi-generational audience in the opera house, the concert hall, the dance world, in film and in popular music - simultaneously (philglass.com). The new musical style that Glass was evolving was eventually dubbed "minimalism." Glass himself never liked the term and preferred to speak of himself as a composer of "music with repetitive structures." Much of his early work was based on the extended reiteration of brief, elegant melodic fragments that wove in and out of an aural tapestry. Or, to put it another way, it immersed a listener in a sort of sonic weather that twists, turns, surrounds and develops. There has been nothing "minimalist" about his output. In the past 25 years, Glass has composed more than twenty operas, large and small; ten symphonies (with others already on the way); two piano concertos and concertos for violin, piano, timpani, and saxophone quartet and orchestra; soundtracks to films ranging from new scores for the stylized classics of Jean Cocteau to Errol Morris's documentary about former defense for solo piano and organ. He has collaborated with Paul Simon, Linda secretary Robert McNamara; string quartets; a growing body of work Ronstadt, Yo-Yo Ma, and Doris Lessing, among many others. He presents lectures, workshops, and solo keyboard performances around the world CHAPTER V – SOUL MAKING LESSON 1 Acts of Appreciation Cultural appreciation is a concept in sociology dealing with the adoption of the elments of a minority culture by members of the dominant culture. It is distinguished from equal cultural exchange due to the presence of a colonial element and imbalance of power. Demonstration – Dimonstrazione A commitment to test knowledge through experience, persistence and a willingness to learn from past mistakes. Connection – Connessione This is simple recognition of the interconnectedness of all things and phenomena. How we use old things in new ways. Creation It is the time during which you are solidly on your path. You are creating. LESSON 2 Sepuntangan The most intricate design worn by women around their waist or as a head cloth. Thea warp and primary weft are cotton and the supplementary weft is silk. The Yakans. The Yakan village in Upper Calarian is famous because of their art of weaving. Tnalak Traditional cloth woven by the T’boli women of Lake Sebu and to them this unique fabric represents birth, life, union in marriage and death. It is sacred and represents the T’boli uniqueness ad identity as indigenous group of people. CHAPTER 6 LESSON 1 Motif An image, spoken or written word, sound, act or another visual or structural device that has symbolic significance. Used to develop and inform the theme of a literary work. Abstract motif These are combinations of color, size and shape without relationship to natural or manmade objects. They are full color and interest to the fabric. It implies an element of expression and a greater freedom that is found in geometric designs. Realistic motif / Natural / novelty patterns Portray as direct replica of things as they exist in nature and other natural things. Geometric motif Includes lines in various forms, such as vertical, horizontal,… Designs lead the eye in the design or pattern that is created by them. Stylized motif Simplified variations of natural or manmade objects that are no longer recognizable. Full of creativity. Stylized motifs are obtained by rearranging the real objects either by simplifying or exaggerating them to achieve the purpose of the design. Symbol Greek word “symbolon” – contract, toke, insigna, and means identification. Through it ideas and meanings are represented. Typograms Typographical representations. Sign that is also composed of sign, derived from written repertoire such as alphabet. Pictograms Pictorial representations (ISOTYPE). Represent complex facts, not through words/sound but by visual carriers of meaning Phonograms Phonic representations. Sign that is used to signify linguistic or other sounds Iconograms Illustrative representations. Emphasize points in common between signifier and signified. LESSON 2 Space Found in nearly every piece of art created. It is fundamental element in each of the visual arts. Matilak (circle) Okir pattern that used by Maranao artists. Bahay na Bato Type of building originating during PH Spanish Colonial Period. Updated version of traditional bahay kubo. Badjao / Sea gypsies of PH Their unique ecological setting and fishing economy compel the home and bridge is built with the goal of eventually becoming parts to fortify other bridges and homes. Higaonon / Tree House In hinterlands of Agusan and Misamis Oriental, built their tree houses. LESSON 3 Sound Improvisation Creative activity of immediate musical composition, which combines performance with communication of emotions and instrumental technique as well as spontaneous response to other musicians. Body-Contact Improvisation Dance technique in which points of physical contact provide the starting point for movement improvisation and exploration. Form developed in 1973. Dance form based on weight sharing, partnering, playing with weight, exploring negative space and unpredictable outcomes. Improvisational Performers Work together to define rules of the scene. De Spain Improvisation is a form of research, a way of peering into the complex natural system that is human being. It is another way of “thinking” but on that produces ideas impossible to conceive in stillness Theater Improvisation / improv Consists of a comedic, poignant or dramatic stage performance, usually with wide cast of actors and actresses. The cast erratically formulates the dialogue, setting, and plot without formal rehearsal.
