※
Respect for Autonomy
→ Respect for the individual patient and his or her ability
to make decisions with regard to own health and future,
right to self-determination.
I.
II.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Non-maleficence
→ “Doing no harm”; “Avoiding harming.”
Beneficence
→ Doing and promoting good; preventing and removing
evil or harm.
III.
IV.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Justice
→ Maximizing benefit to patients and societywhile
emphasizing equality, fairness and impartiality
V.
A.
VI.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Always acknowledge and thank the master they
VII.
VIII.
IX.
A.
B.
C.
D.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
XV.
A.
B.
XVI.
XVII.
→ Accountability means the state of being responsible or
answerable for a system, its behavior, and its potential
impacts.
→ Accountability is an acknowledgement of responsibility
for actions, decisions, and products.
→ Responsibility can be legal or moral (ethical).
→ Accountability (ANA): to be answerable to oneself and
others for one’s own action.
→ Accountability in nursing requires nurses to follow an
ethical code of conduct based in the “principles of
fidelity and respect for the dignity, worth and selfdetermination of patients.”
Reproductive Situation
→ Voluntary reproductive sterilization as a contraceptive
method maybe contrary to the moral, ethical or
religious beliefs of a caregiver.
Abortion
→ Legalized abortions allows for induced termination of
pregnancy.
HIV and Other Infections
→ Confidentiality, privacy and informed consent are
human rights that should be protected but the right to
healthcare should also be protected.
Quality of Life
→ Critical decisions before or during any interventions
regarding the quality of patient’s lives after procedures.
Euthanasia
→ Is mercy killing, legal or justified?
Ethics
→ A set of principles of right conduct which is motivation
based on ideas of right and wrong. It guides moral
behavior by making choices or judgments.
Ethics vs Morals
→ Morals are an individual framework for decision
making that includes personal values. Ethics are
generalized conceptual framework for decision making.
Nursing Ethics
→ A system of principles that govern the actions of the
nurse in relation to patients, families, other health care
providers, policymakers, and society.
Bioethics
→ A branch of applied ethics that studies the philosophical,
social, and legal issues arising in medicine and the life
sciences.
→ It is chiefly concerned with human life and well-being,
though it sometimes also treats ethical questions
relating to the nonhuman biological environment.
Right-to-die
→ Courts have determined that patients have a
constitutional right to privacy in choosing to die with
dignity or a common law right to withhold consent and
refuse treatment.
Organ Donation and Transplantation
→ Anatomical Gift Act of 1968 or asking the family if they
wish to allow it.
→ Irreversible coma for potential donors includes
unresponsiveness, no spontaneous movement of
respiration, no reflexes, and a flat ECG.
Death and Dying
→ These issues include a patient’s decision-making
capacity and right to refuse treatment, withholding and
withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, medical futility,
and assisted suicide.
Principle of Stewardship
→ It is grounded in the presupposition that God has
absolute Dominion over creation and that in so far as
human beings are made in God’s image and likeness
(Imago Dei).
※
→ Humans have been given limited dominion over
creation and responsibility for its care.
→ Stewardship is the act of making wise use of natural
resources.
Committed to selfless service
→ No desire of power do not need to be in charge or exert
control over others.
Believe in sustainability
→ Understand that they are building value not for
themselves but for their customers, members or future
generations.
Practice Inclusiveness
→ Welcome all into the fold, no one is turned away.
Always find a way to bring new blood into the
organization.
Embraces innovation and change
→ Welcome new ideas and perspectives.
Team players
→ Quick to give others credit. Working together to reach
goals.
Believe in communication and being transparent
→ Gladly seek advice and feedback from
stakeholders.
their
→ Defined as the quality of being honest, and fair,
possessing high moral principles.
→ When you’re faced with challenges as a nurse, your
integrity is what will keep you standing tall. Having a
high degree of integrity, in your nursing career, and in
your day-to-day life, is the ability to know, in your very
fiber, that you’ve done right by everyone concerned.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
→ The ability to recognize, interpret and act upon multiple
principles and values according to the standards within
a given field and/or context.
1.
-
Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders
A Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) order is written by a
doctor and it instructs healthcare providers not to
perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a
patient stops breathing or if their heart stops beating.
2.
-
Doctor and Patient Confidentiality
The act requires physicians to protect the privacy and
security of a patient’s medical records. HIPPA (Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) also sets
forth who can see the confidential information and who
cannot. Despite the law’s straightforwardness, there are
some gray areas.
3.
-
Malpractice and Negligence
Negligence involves a person’s failure to exercise care
in a way that a reasonable person would have done in a
similar situation.
Malpractice is a type of negligence that specifically
relates to licensed professionals who fail to provide
services that meet the required standard of care. Most
personal injury claims revolving around malpractice
are the result of a negligent health care provider.
Nursing malpractice occurs when a nurse fails to
competently perform his or her medical duties, and that
failure harms the patient.
Always acknowledge and thank the master they serve
→ Stewardship could be a form of leadership by which a
nurse leaders may establish health care environments
that promote value-based practices that embody values,
including respect for person’s dignity and selfdetermination, as well as equity and fairness.
→ A broader overarching responsibility over the
functioning of the health system as a whole and
ultimately, over the health of the population.
→ It should nurture itself at all levels of healthcare so that
there is coordinated involvement of all departments
and sectors.
-
Personal Role
→ Their capacity to act upon their character qualities,
including self-discipline and courage as well as engage
in practical reasoning.
4.
-
Social Role
→ Holistic value and respect patient’s priorities and selfdetermination.
Biomedical Role
→ Ethical principles and how they make decisions, how
they function, inform what they do.
Ecological Role
→ That footprint affects the environment, which affects
health for individuals, families and communities.
→ The principle states that all decisions in medical ethics
must prioritize he good of the entire person, including
physical, psychological and spiritual factors. (St.
Thomas Aquinas, who synthesized the philosophy of
Aristotle with the theology of the Catholic Church)
→ Principle of Totality: A particular portion may be
sacrificed; if the loss is essential for the good of the
whole person.
→ The whole is greater than any of its parts.
Covering up something that you don’t want others to
know.
Suppressing information or the truth.
Lying, cheating, stealing.
Misrepresenting yourself.
Not being true to yourself.
Abusing substances or engaging in compulsive behavior.
-
5.
-
→
Access to Care
Health for All Filipinos
On February 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte signed
the Universal Health Care Bill into law, ushering in
massive reforms in the Philippine health sector. Among
the salient features of the UHC Law are the expansion of
population, service, and financial coverage through an
array of health system amendments.
With UHC, all Filipinos are guaranteed equitable access
to quality and affordable health care goods and services
and protected against financial risk.
The UHC helps ensure every Filipino is healthy,
protected from health hazards and risks, and has access
to affordable, quality, and readily available health
service that is suitable to their needs.
Physician-Assisted Suicide
Is the act of intentionally killing oneself with the aid of
someone who has the knowledge to do so.
In the most basic sense, the only person fully qualified
to participate in the process is a physician.
In states where PAS is allowed, a patient who qualifies
must be terminally ill, can take the assisted drug
themselves, and is mentally capacitated to understand
what they’re doing.
※
→ Perioperative nurses are obligated morally to respect
the dignity and worth of individual patients.
→ Obligation to be knowledgeable about the moral and
legal rights of their patients and to protect and support
those rights.
→ To preserve and protect their patients' autonomy,
dignity, and human rights with specific nursing
interventions, including supporting a patient's
participation in decision making, confirming informed
consent, and implementing facility advance directive
policies.
→ Perioperative nurses explain procedures and the OR
environment before initiating actions, and they respect
patients' wishes in regard to advance directives and
end‐of‐life choices.
→ Mutilation means the " removal of a member of the
human body."
→ Sterilization is the " removal of a procreative member
or element of the human in order to prevent
procreation."
→ St. Thomas wrote, that “it was lawful. to save life by
cutting off a limb.”
→ Circumcision is usually performed for religious, cultural,
and personal reasons.
→ Circumcision violates the cardinal principles of medical
ethics, to respect autonomy (self-determination), to do
good, to do no harm, and to be just.
→ Without a clear medical indication, circumcision must
be deferred until the child can provide his own fully
informed consent.
→ Female circumcision, the partial or total cutting away of
the external female genitalia, has been practiced for
centuries in parts of Africa, generally as one element of
a rite of passage preparing young girls for womanhood
and marriage.
→ “My body, My Choice.”
→ It is a normative principle that seeks to constrain what
we should be allowed to do to human bodies or their
constituent parts.
- Bodily integrity is the sacredness of the physical body
and emphasizes the importance of personal autonomy,
self-ownership, and self-determination of human
beings over their own bodies.
- In the field of human rights, violation of the bodily
integrity of another is regarded as an unethical
violation, invasive, and possibly criminal act.
→ Organ Donation- takes healthy organs and tissues
from one person for transplantation into another.
→ Experts say that the organs from one donor can save or
help as many as 50 people. Organs you can donate
include:
- Internal organs: Kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas,
intestines, lungs.
- Skin, Bone and bone marrow, Cornea, Etc.
→ Most organ and tissue donations occur after the donor
has died. But some organs and tissues can be donated
while the donor is alive.
→ Organ donation after cardiac death increases organ
availability, but raises several legal and ethical issues,
including consent.
→ Antemortem procedures can improve the success of
organ transplant after cardiac death, but do not serve
the patient’s medical interests.
→ Antemortem interventions are ethically and legally
justified if the interventions are not harmful, and the
person concerned wished to be an organ donor.