FACULTY LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
ABA3323
THE EXPERIENCE OF LOVE AND MARITAL SATISFACTION IN LONG-TERM
MARRIAGES
PREPARED FOR,
DR. MOHD KHAIRUL ANUAR RAHIMI
PREPARED BY,
NO
NAME
NO. MATRIC
1.
NAJWA NURWAHIDA BINTI MOHD TARMIZI
1200148
SEMESTER 2 2022/2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Overview of The Chapter ............................................................................................ 1
1.2
Background of The Study ........................................................................................... 1
1.3
Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 2
1.4
Research Question ....................................................................................................... 2
1.5
Research Objectives .................................................................................................... 3
1.6
Significance and of The Study .................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1
Overview of The Chapter ............................................................................................ 4
2.2 Understanding Of Love and Marital Satisfaction of Couples in Long-Term
Marriages. ............................................................................................................................... 4
2.3
Problems That Occur in Marriage and The Ways Long-Term Couples Overcome It.6
2.4 Contributing Factors That Make Couples Can Sustain Their Love and Marital
Satisfaction to An Enduring Marriage. .................................................................................. 7
2.5
Conclusion................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................... 10
3.1
Overview of The Chapter .......................................................................................... 10
3.2
Research Methodology .............................................................................................. 10
3.3
Research Design ........................................................................................................ 11
3.4
Research Population .................................................................................................. 11
3.5
Data Collection Method ............................................................................................ 12
3.6
Data Analysis Methods ............................................................................................. 13
3.7
Conclusion................................................................................................................. 13
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... i
CHAPTER 1
1.1
Overview of The Chapter
The first chapter explains the study's context and problem statement to justify the
research on the basis of the experience of love and marital satisfaction in long-term
marriages. The chapter has then presented the research questions and objectives for this
study. Following this, the chapter describes the significance of the study and its scope. The
chapter then provides an abstract summarization for each subtopic included in the study, as
well as the outline or conclusion of the thesis.
1.2
Background of The Study
The overall divorce rate among adult men in the national population has decreased from
6.7 to 6.1 per thousand married males aged 18 years and older. A same pattern was also seen
among females, with a decrease from 6.9 to 6.2 per thousand in the married female
population aged 16 years and older (Department of Statistics Malaysia,2022). The declining
prevalence of divorces instills optimism for the potential of enduring marriages. Kim P (2020)
also states that the probability of a couple reaching their 20th anniversary in the United States
declines to around 50% subsequent to their 10-year anniversary. While the aforementioned
number may seem alarming, it is important to acknowledge that marriages are a kind of
interpersonal interaction, similar to others. Individuals may encounter conflict, face various
life obstacles, or have a shift of perspective.
According to previous research on the level or stage of love and marital satisfaction in
marriage, every couple experiences a conflict at every age of their marriage. In addition, there
was discussion regarding how to successfully address these issues in order to preserve the
marriage. Especially if the couple already has children, it is vital for them to maintain their
marital bond. This is due to the fact that it involves the psychology of individuals, couples,
children, and families. Mental illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and tension are less
likely and can be prevented when a permanent family unit exists.
Based on the suggestion of previous research, this study will identify the factors that
enable couples to maintain their love and marital satisfaction over time. This study will
identify the factors that influence the longevity of marriage in terms of partner selection prior
to marriage and current factors in the marriage relationship.
1
Prior to that, this research will also examine the understanding of love and marital
satisfaction of couples in long-term marriages in order to establish the study's fundamental
concept. This study will also further identify problems that occur in marriage and the ways
long-term couples overcome it. Consequently, at the finding of the study, a powerful method
for resolving issues in the marriage relationship and a powerful factor for influencing the
preservation of the marriage relationship can be identified.
1.3
Problem Statement
Based on the research conducted by Adi Idham (2022), it has been observed that
divorce rates tend to be higher between Malay and Muslim groups, while comparatively
lower within Chinese and non-Muslim marriages. The majority of Malaysian marriages end
in divorce within the first year or within the first five years which is at the early age of
marriage (Norhayati Mohd Noor et.,al 2019). This statistic is extremely surprising, and it is
essential to understand why such a decision has produced such a result. Divorce and the
inability to resolve problems at every stage of a marriage, leading to the conclusion that
divorce is the only option, have repercussions beyond the individual. In fact, spouses,
children, and families will also be affected by negative outcomes such as mental health issues,
elevated levels of emotional and psychological well-being, etc.
1.4
Research Question
In response to these problems,there is a need for better understanding of love and marital
satisfaction in long-term marriages to increase the prevalence of long-term marriage and
commonize it to society.
The research question has been identified as the core of the systematic investigation and
will help the researcher to clearly define the path for the research process:
1) What is the understanding of love and marital satisfaction of couples in long-term
marriages.
2) What are the problems that occur in marriage and the ways long-term couples
overcome it.
3) What are the contributing factors that make couples can sustain their love and
marital satisfaction to an enduring marriage.
2
1.5
Research Objectives
The purpose of conducting this study is to investigate the experience of love and marital
satisfaction in long-term marriages. These are the three research objectives as follow:
1) To examine understanding of love and marital satisfaction of couples in longterm marriages.
2) To identify problems that occur in marriage and the ways long-term couples
overcome it.
3) To identify contributing factors that make couples can sustain their love and
marital satisfaction to an enduring marriage.
1.6
Significance and of The Study
The findings of this study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on love and
marital satisfaction in long-term marriages. Understanding the dynamics between these
factors will provide valuable information for couples, therapists, and researchers interested in
promoting and maintaining healthy, fulfilling relationships. The insights gained from this
study can inform interventions and strategies aimed at enhancing marital satisfaction and
strengthening long-term marriages.
3
CHAPTER 2
2.1
Overview of The Chapter
A literature review on the understanding of love and marital satisfaction of Couples in
Long-Term Marriages, the problems that occur in marriage and the ways long-term couples
overcome it and contributing factors that make couples can sustain their love and marital
satisfaction to an enduring marriage. This would involve examining and analyzing existing
research studies, scholarly articles, and publications related to this topic. The review aims to
provide an overview of the current understanding of love and marital satisfaction in longterm marriages.
2.2
Understanding Of Love and Marital Satisfaction of Couples in Long-Term
Marriages.
According to Richard Garlikov (2020), the notion has been posited that love is an
extraordinary sensation that becomes immediately recognizable upon its acquisition; that
when one experiences the phenomenon of falling in love, its recognition is unequivocal. It
has been posited that love serves as a potential remedy for the issue of human estrangement,
including both self-alienation, interpersonal disconnection, and detachment from the
surrounding environment. The concept that love may be seen as a kind of sexual desire that is
hindered or restricted in its pursuit. The concept of love may be seen as a consequence of a
deliberate volitional choice. Love is the intangible force that compels the human spirit to
ascend towards the realms of truth, beauty, and kindness. The concept of love may be
symbolized by the act of two individuals interlocking their hands. Love is a powerful force
that brings enlightenment to individuals' endeavors, but often engulfs them in profound
desolation. The inclusion of love is a crucial component in fostering a successful relationship.
Love is a multifaceted phenomenon including a complex interplay of affective states,
cognitive processes, and observable actions, which often assumes a pivotal function within
the context of close love partnerships. Academic researchers have consistently shown a keen
interest in the subject matter at hand, extensively investigating many facets of intimate love
relationships. Several experts have provided different definitions of love. For instance, Freud
4
(1922/1951) characterized love as "the frustrated desire," whereas Watson (1924) described
love as erogenous stimulation.
Marital satisfaction, as defined by Abreu-Afonso et al. (2021), is a comprehensive
assessment of an individual's overall perception and sentiment towards their marital union. It
serves as a means to evaluate both the contentment and durability of the marriage across
several dimensions. Amathullah A. S. and Ponnamperuma L. (2023) suggest that a fulfilling
marital relationship has several dimensions, including the provision of physical and
emotional solace, stability, spiritual companionship, and a sense of confidence. Consequently,
marital partners assume complementary roles in meeting fundamental requirements including
biological, mental, psychological, and spiritual aspects. Partners in a romantic relationship
often experience emotions such as love and compassion, which provide them with a sense of
security, stability, tenderness, and reassurance. Additionally, they naturally gravitate towards
one another. There are several factors that may contribute to individuals experiencing longterm satisfaction in their marriage relationships. These factors include the presence of
emotional closeness, intimacy, commitment, autonomy in decision-making, and attentiveness
to each other's needs. Additionally, it has been shown that couples who have long-term
satisfaction in their marriage tend to recall a multitude of shared good and negative narratives
(Jamalnik M et al., 2020).
Marriage is a kind of interpersonal union when two persons enter into a long-term
commitment, motivated by feelings of love and affection, either through their own will or via
the intervention of others. According to Zainol, Johar, Rosman, Khan, and Mahmud (2022),
marriage may be defined as a legally recognized union between a male and a female, forming
a marital partnership. According to the scholarly work of Norhayati Mohd Noor et al. (2022),
marriage, when seen through an Islamic lens, may be defined as a contractual arrangement
between a man and a woman, aimed at legitimizing their sexual connections and seeking
enduring satisfaction in accordance with the principles outlined in Shariah law. Islam places
significant importance on the perpetuation of lawful progeny as the primary objective of
marriage.
Marriages that are classified as long-term marriages are those that have a length of 10
years or more. There is a significant body of research dedicated to the topic of long-term
marriages. However, there is much disagreement among scholars over the precise definition
and criteria for classifying a marriage as long-term. While there is general consensus that a
long-term marriage is characterized by a significant duration, the precise amount of time
5
associated with this form of marriage differs across different research findings. Historically,
marriages that persisted for a minimum of two decades were regarded as long-term. This
number is often regarded by academics as an indication. With the growth in life expectancy,
several researchers have proposed extending the duration of years that a couple must be
married in order to be classified as a "long-term marriage." Long-term marriages, as defined
by several academics, often include people who have been married for a duration ranging
from 25 to 49 years.
2.3
Problems That Occur in Marriage and The Ways Long-Term Couples Overcome
It.
Prior research has examined the experiences of couples in arranged marriages, focusing
on the common challenges they face and the coping mechanisms they use to address these
issues. This may be seen and applied to various types of marriages as well.
Indifferent, unaccountable, and irresponsible attitudes of spouses were identified as
significant concerns by both male and female participants. The absence of accountability and
emotional detachment presented notable challenges within the context of the marriage
relationship. In order to tackle this issue, scholars underscore the need of assuming
accountability and fostering transparent communication within marital relationships.
Empathy, among other positive personality qualities, is known to significantly contribute to
the promotion of marital pleasure.Issues pertaining to family also surfaced as a prevalent
obstacle in the context of planned marriages. Sources of conflict were identified as excessive
time spent with the spouse's family, an excessive connection to parents, and living in close
proximity to extended family members. The obstacles experienced by the couples seemed to
be influenced by cultural and traditional family traditions, which had an effect on their ability
to exercise autonomy and independence.Infidelity, a pervasive issue within marital
relationships, has been seen as a substantial challenge specifically among arranged marriages.
The study revealed that conventional gender norms had a significant impact in amplifying
women's apprehension and susceptibility towards engaging in extramarital relationships.
Notwithstanding these hurdles, couples in arranged marriages shown resilience by
adopting several techniques to effectively solve their difficulties. The predominant strategy
used was the pursuit of shared interests, as individuals of both genders underscored the
significance of reciprocal dialogue and collaborative efforts in reaching resolutions. Couples
who engaged in collaborative problem-solving were shown to have harmonious marriage
6
relationships.Acknowledging and providing reparation for errors were identified as an
additional coping mechanism exhibited in individuals of both genders. Couples
acknowledged the need of engaging in self-reflection and acknowledging their mistakes as a
means to enhance comprehension and personal development.
The presence of children has been identified as a significant determinant in maintaining
marital stability, as both men and women see offspring as a motivating factor for preserving
their union in the face of challenges. Nevertheless, children may provide distinctive
difficulties within the context of marriage, so requiring thoughtful deliberation.The
significance of mutual respect and love in the resolution of problems and the maintenance of
a strong marriage partnership was emphasised. Couples recognised that the development of
trust and comprehension necessitated the presence of polite conversation and loving gestures.
When seeking assistance, couples often rely on their family members, especially older
individuals. Although family interventions have the potential to provide positive outcomes, it
is important to adopt a balanced strategy in order to mitigate any possible adverse effects. In
light of excessive family intrusion, living in different households from one's in-laws was seen
as a viable resolution to the aforementioned challenges. This measure facilitated the
establishment of individual liberty and the reinforcement of the emotional connection
between spouses.
In summary, arranged marriages provide distinctive obstacles; yet, couples may
effectively overcome these issues by the implementation of efficient communication, mutual
respect, and collaborative problem-solving. Through a comprehensive comprehension of
prevalent challenges and the implementation of pragmatic approaches, couples involved in
arranged marriages have the potential to cultivate robust and gratifying relationships that last
over an extended period. (Kaya et al., 2021)
2.4
Contributing Factors That Make Couples Can Sustain Their Love and Marital
Satisfaction to An Enduring Marriage.
In a study conducted by Jamalnik et al. (2020), it was shown that the level of long-term
contentment within a marriage is influenced by a multitude of elements that are present in the
lives of spouses. The presence of shared interests, values, and aspirations has the potential to
ensure the longevity and fulfillment of romantic partnerships. Nevertheless, the process of
mate choosing remains a fundamental prerequisite for the establishment of a matrimonial
union in both contemporary and traditional communities. The individuals who expressed
7
contentment with their marital union held the belief that making a realistic and accurate
choice of partner played a crucial role in ensuring the longevity and steadfastness of their
marital relationship. The examination of mate selection and its influence on marital stability
has significant importance.
Prior research indicates the examination of the narratives provided by the participants
revealed that the couples held the idea that four primary themes, including spouse personality
features, shared religious beliefs, similar socioeconomic situations, and mutual respect and
understanding, had a significant role in their overall contentment with their married life. This
discovery aligns with the findings of previous research on the enduring marital contentment
of spouses. It is important to consider cultural variations and influences. While no definitive
conclusion was reached about the impact of age on marital satisfaction, it is important to
acknowledge age as a potential predictor in relation to the length of the marriage. There exists
a correlation between the duration of a marriage and the level of satisfaction experienced
inside the marital relationship. The relationship between the duration of a marriage and
marital satisfaction follows a U-shaped pattern, wherein satisfaction first declines and then
improves with time. However, the impact of this variable exhibits variation depending on the
cultural context. Moreover, religion has a substantial correlation with many values and
standards, thereby establishing a connection with the level of contentment inside marriages.
Moreover, the number of children is intricately linked to marital pleasure, since it is heavily
influenced by cultural norms and values. Moreover, the presence of low income or economic
poverty poses a significant risk to the overall quality and long-term stability of marital unions.
Individuals who own more advantageous employment positions and have a higher
socioeconomic standing tend to express greater levels of contentment within their marriage
relationships.
According to Fizah Lee (2019), Selecting a life partner is a momentous decision, and
for Muslims, Islamic teachings offer valuable guidance on this matter. Among the various
factors to consider when choosing a spouse, the emphasis on a woman's religious strength
holds paramount importance in Islam.Islamic teachings promote the idea that a pious spouse
is a true blessing. This belief is often based on authentic Hadiths that encourage Muslims to
prioritize religious virtues over superficial aspects. While some popular Hadiths are
interpreted to prioritize religious attributes over physical appearance or material wealth, a
deeper analysis reveals a more balanced approach.
8
The concept of a woman's "property" in the context of Hadiths refers to her wealth and
how it is acquired and utilized. A devout woman is expected to use her wealth in a way that
benefits society and adheres to Islamic principles, such as charity and supporting her
family.The notion of "descent" in Hadiths pertains to a woman's family background. Scholars
interpret this as a consideration of her family's moral standing and the potential to have a
large, virtuous family. Having righteous and fertile family members is seen as an asset.While
beauty is acknowledged as a gift from Allah, Islamic teachings emphasize modesty and
adherence to Islamic principles. A woman's appearance should align with Islamic guidelines,
and her inner beauty should be equally valued, reflecting her religious devotion.
Above all else, the emphasis on religion remains the core tenet in choosing a life
partner in Islam. A woman's religious strength is deemed the most crucial aspect, as it
influences her actions, decisions, and impact on the family. A pious wife is regarded as a
source of peace and tranquility in a household.
In conclusion, Islamic teachings offer valuable insights into choosing a life partner.
While various aspects such as wealth, beauty, and family background are considered, they
should not outweigh a woman's religious virtues. Islam encourages Muslims to prioritize a
pious spouse, as their devotion to faith will positively influence the family and contribute to a
blessed and harmonious household. By adhering to these principles, Muslims can build a
strong and fulfilling marital bond, firmly rooted in Islamic values.
2.5
Conclusion
Love and satisfaction with marriage are crucial elements of enduring marriages.
Marriages provide couples with several issues pertaining to apathetic dispositions, familial
intervention, and marital unfaithfulness. Nevertheless, individuals exhibit resilience by using
proficient communication, mutual regard, and ways for resolving issues in order to surmount
these obstacles. Various factors have a significant role in fostering and maintaining love and
marital pleasure throughout lasting relationships. These factors include similar interests,
values, religious views, and mutual respect. Islam places significant emphasis on the
significance of a devout spouse, prioritising Islamic values above cosmetic attributes when it
comes to the process of selecting a life mate. By prioritising these principles, couples have
the ability to establish resilient, satisfying, and spiritually favoured marital connections, so
cultivating enduring joy and satisfaction inside their marriage.
9
CHAPTER 3
3.1
Overview of The Chapter
This chapter describes the methodology used by researchers to conduct studies on love
and marital satisfaction in long-term marriage. This chapter begins with an examination of
the reasons for conducting a qualitative study. The section then proceeds with additional
headings, such as qualitative design, sampling techniques, data collection methods, data
analysis, and conclusion. This chapter is the linchpin of this study in order to create an
understanding of the love and marital satisfaction of couples in long-term marriages, the
problems that arise in marriages and the ways that long-term couples overcome them, and the
contributing factors that enable couples to sustain their love and marital satisfaction to an
enduring marriage.
3.2
Research Methodology
Research methodology is essential for ensuring that the study or research conducted
employs the most appropriate and efficient strategy for addressing all research problems.
Consequently, the research population, sampling, and study design all play a role in the study
method's design. This research employed qualitative research methodologies. Qualitative
research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to
understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into
a problem or generate new ideas for research. This study about love and marital satisfaction
in long-term marriages was conducted using qualitative approach. The purpose qualitative
methods are used because a researcher is interested in understanding how people make
meaning of their lives and experiences. These are examined from numerous angles and
directions. It usually focuses on the depth of an issue or a phenomenon by looking at it in its
10
natural setting. The advantage of using qualitative methods is fewer participants are required
to provide answers to the research query when qualitative methods are employed. These are
the individuals who meet the necessary criteria to provide answers.
3.3
Research Design
It is essential for researchers to use a suitable technique in order to ensure the efficacy
and achievement of the study's aims. The use of a robust methodology by the researcher is
crucial in ensuring the attainment of precise, lucid, legitimate, and highly reliable results in a
study. The design of a study has significant importance as it serves as a guiding framework to
guarantee the successful attainment of study goals and the effective addressing of research
inquiries (Fatin Shazween Binti Jaiman,2023).
The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of love and marital
satisfaction with long-term marriages. The study conducted basic qualitative study design
where it is the most common design as students usually find themselves doing qualitative
study but not fitting into the other designs with specific focus. The use of basic qualitative as
a research design because it is suitable for researchers who are interested in understanding the
meaning of a phenomenon for the people involved. Basic qualitative is rather direct, simple,
and very suitable for novice researchers interested in the qualitative approach (Nurul Asiah et
al., 2022). In more details, the research using Basic Qualitative design focuses on how people
make sense of their experiences, what are the characteristics of their experiences, how they
construct their worlds and what are the ideas that they have about their lives.
3.4
Research Population
According to Satishprakash Shukla (2020), the population is the set or group of all the
units to whom the study results will be applied. While A sample is a subset of a population
that fully reflects it. It implies that the units chosen as a sample from the population must
reflect all of the features of various sorts of population units.In the majority of studies, data is
gathered from units of sample rather than all units of population for a variety of reasons, and
11
their conclusions are generalised in the context of the full population. This can only be done
accurately if efforts are made to choose the sample while keeping the qualities of an ideal
sample in mind.
The research population consists of married women. To conduct this study, the
researcher has chosen purpose-based sampling or "purposive" sampling, and the sample
consists of women who have been married for 20 years. As previously stated, statistics
indicate that only fifty percent of marriages will survive to the twentieth anniversary. From
there, the researcher hopes to answer the research query by using them as the sample for the
study. The selection of the sample was intended to be random, as there are still a substantial
number of 20-year-plus marriages. The sample was selected based on the sample
characteristics intended by the researcher in accordance with the study's objectives and aims.
In other words, the evaluation's context and the aim of the research study. In this study, four
samples of women who have been married for over 20 years were obtained through the use of
a purposeful sampling technique, and then randomly selected. The purpose of the selection
was to interview them in relation to the conducted study.
3.5
Data Collection Method
The interview method has been selected as the data collection technique for this
investigation. There are three interview structures.Structured, semi-structured, and in-depth
interviews are available.They differ primarily because of the issue at hand. This study
employs semi-structured interviews. Because it is not overly rigid and there is no requirement
to follow the query order. Ensure that you pose perceptive questions so that there is a wealth
of information that can be used to answer the research query. The interview method consists
of creating a list of questions that can be asked, compiling them, and then posing the
questions effectively in terms of topic arrangement and time constraints. The interview
method was implemented with the consenting participants of the study. Each participant in
the sample was requested for permission to conduct an interview, and all conversations were
recorded. The objective is to ensure that no trace of the collected data and information is left
behind. This will aid and facilitate the researcher's examination of all obtained interviews and
discussion of the study in the following chapter. Microsoft Word will be used to create
transcripts of each interview. All respondents who have been interviewed will be transcribed,
after which the researcher will analyse the data and identify relevant information or subtopics.
12
3.6
Data Analysis Methods
In their description of in-field analysis, they include inscription, description, and
transcription. A voice recorder was used to capture every detail of the information supplied
by respondents during the interview. In this investigation, data analysis was conducted after
data collection and organisation. Important and pertinent information or a chronology of
events based on the sequence of events is recorded for analysis. The initial phase in interview
data analysis is to organise and summarise the data. Interview transcripts and code categories
were generated during this procedure. The code categories for these data were derived from
taking notes, "rephrasing" (respondents' statements based on the researcher's comprehension)
and extracting meaningful statements for inclusion in the description. Next, for the second
stage, the data are compiled by identifying themes from the overall data findings. Due to the
limited number of respondents, the researcher did not use any software to determine the
theme during analysis and interpretation of the study's findings. To find recurrent patterns,
themes, and categories in the interview data, thematic analysis will be used. In order to
identify the common experiences, challenges, and strategies, transcriptswill be coded and
evaluated.The final phase is to construct a comprehensible writing and narrative structure.
Each theme is read multiple times in order to develop a solid writing structure for this study.
3.7
Conclusion
In this chapter, the researchers focused on exploring love and marital satisfaction in
long-term marriages. They employed a qualitative research methodology, which allowed
them to gather in-depth insights and understand the experiences and meanings that
participants attributed to their lives.The research design used in the study was a basic
qualitative design, suitable for understanding the phenomenon and experiences of the
participants in their natural setting. The research population consisted of married women who
had been married for 20 years or more. The researchers used purposeful sampling to select
four participants from this population for their study.Data collection was carried out through
semi-structured interviews, allowing flexibility in questioning and obtaining rich information
from the participants. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed for analysis.In the
data analysis process, the researchers employed thematic analysis to identify recurring
patterns, themes, and categories in the interview data. They summarized and organized the
data, generated code categories, and extracted meaningful statements to construct a coherent
narrative.Overall, the researchers used a qualitative approach to gain a deep understanding of
13
love and marital satisfaction in long-term marriages among their selected sample of married
women. The choice of qualitative methods and purposeful sampling allowed them to explore
the phenomenon in detail, providing valuable insights into the factors contributing to
enduring marriages and the challenges faced by long-term couples.
14
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