Structure and
Properties of
Materials
1
No
Course Content
Tutorial (Assignment)
Lab
Lab 1 (Material
classification)
1
Ah
Classification of materials.
-------
2
Ad
Atomic bonding.
Ass 1 (Atomic bonding) -------
3
Ad
Crystallinity of materials.
4
Ad
Crystallography
5
Ah
Imperfections and Diffusion
6
Ah
Solidification and Structure I
7
Ah
Solidification and Structure II
Mid Term
Ass 2 (Unit cell and
------theoretical density)
Ass 3 (Directions,
Planes, Linear & planar ------density)
Lab 2 (Sample
---preparation)
Ass 4 (Grain size
---measurement)
Lab 3 (Cooling
------curves)
-------------
Phase diagram I
Ass 5 (Phase diagram)
-------
10
R
R
Phase diagram II
Ass 6 (Phase diagram)
-------
11
R
Metals designation
Ass 7 (Designation)
Lab 4 (Polymer
identification)
12
Ah
Polymers
13
Ah
Ceramics
14
Ah
Mechanical Testing
15
Ah
Case study and Review
8
9
Ass 8 (Polymers Dp and
crystallinity)
As 9 (Ceramic
------structure)
Ass 10 (Mechanical
--properties)
Project
---
Quiz/ Report/ Project
Quiz 1
Report on Labs 1 & 2
Quiz 2
Report on labs 3& 4
Quiz 3
Oral and Project
discussion
2
Grading
Student Activities
25%
Practical (Oral +
Mid-Term Exam + notes+Project)
Exam
25%
10%
Final Exam
40%
Assignments 10%
Lab Report 8%
Participation 7%
References
W.D. Callister “Materials Science and Eng.- an Introduction” , 7th
edition, Wiley.
‫ عالم الكتب‬،‫ المیتالورجیا الفیزیائیة‬،‫• أحمد سالم الصباغ‬
3
History
https://www.scimap.tech/blog-1/materials-age
4
Materials Science vs Material
Engineering
• Materials science investigates the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials.
• Materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property
correlations, designs or engineers the structure of a material to produce a
predetermined set of properties.
• From a functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop
or synthesize new materials, whereas a materials engineer is called upon to
create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop
techniques for processing materials.
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Case : Design/materials selection for a coffee cup
Design specifications for coffee cup:
▪ Avoid burning the user’s hands
▪ Might be re-used
▪ Less danger to environment
Materials properties for coffee cup:
▪ Excellent thermal insulation Reusable
▪ Recyclable
Candidate Materials:
Ceramics & Polymers
Both appropriate due to their low thermal conductivity
However:
▪ Polymers cup (polyethylene) should not be re-used (become poisonous)
▪ Disposing polymers cause environmental damage → unrecyclable
▪ Ceramics can be reused and less danger to environment.
Proposed Material: Ceramics
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Global relation Property-StructureProcessing-Performance
Structure: Something made up of a number of parts that are held
or put together in a particular way,
A property is a material response to a specific imposed
stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made
independent of material shape and size.
Important properties of solid materials may be grouped
into six different categories: mechanical, electrical,
thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative.
Stimulus
Response
Load
Mech Prop (Strength)
Electric field
Elec Prop (elec conductivity)
--------
---- prop (------------)
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Global relation Property-StructureProcessing-Performance
4-Perfermoance of
3 samples of
Aluminum oxide:
3-Property
Transparent*
Translucent
Opaque
2-Structure
a single crystal
Very small single crystals
connected together. The
boundaries scatter a portion
of the light reflected from the
printed page
Many small, interconnected
crystals, but also of a large
number of very small pores.
These pores scatter the
reflected light and render this
material opaque
1-Processing: These differences in optical properties are a consequence of
differences in structure from the way the materials were processed
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1-Processing
Chemical
Composition
(Alloying)
2-Structure
Thermal
Heat Treatment
Mechanical
Manufacturing
Processes
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Is the structure an unchangeable feature?
EXAMPLE: FORGING STRUCTURE
Before forging
tougher
An ingot heated to high
temperature is beaten
After forging
Crystal grains of the
metal are large and
non-uniform
Crystal grains of the metal
are small and uniform
1-Processing
2-Structure
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Structure
Classification
Macrostructure
Microstructure
affects the
chemical,
physical, thermal,
electrical,
magnetic, and
optical properties
Nanostructure
Short- and large range
atomic arrangement
Atomic
structure
μm = 10-6 m
nm = 10-9 m
Å = 10-10 m
have a larger effect on
mechanical properties and on
the rate of chemical reaction
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
~ > 100 μm
10 – 1000 nm
1 – 100 nm
1-10 Å
Up to 1 Å
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Long range Vs. Short range
• Atomic positions in a crystal
exhibit a property called longrange order or translational
periodicity; positions repeat in
space in a regular array over a
long distance
• Short range order refers to the
regular
and
predictable
arrangement of atoms over a
short distance, usually with one
or
two
atom
spacing’s.
However, this regularity does
not persist over a long distance.
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Classification of structure
Structure
Crystalline
Amorphous
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The fundamental difference between single crystal ,
polycrystalline and amorphous solids is the length scale
over which the atoms are related to one another by
translational symmetry ('periodicity' or 'long-range
order')
Single crystals have infinite periodicity, polycrystals
have local periodicity, and amorphous solids (and
liquids) have no long-range order
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What is a Property?
Stimulus
Response
• Property gives the same measurement regardless of the size.
• Density is a property, but mass is not
Physical
•
•
•
•
•
Color,
texture,
shape,
smell,
state of matter
(solid, liquid, and
gas),
• sound,
• taste
Chemical
• pH
• Surface energy
• Surface tension
• Specific internal
surface area
• Reactivity
• Corrosion resistance
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Electrical
Magnetic
Optical
Thermal
• Electrical
• Permeability
• Absorptivity
•Thermal conductivity
conductivity
• Hysteresis
• Reflectivity
• Thermal diffusivity
• Permittivity
• Curie Point
• Refractive index
• Thermal expansion
• Dielectric
• Photosensitivity
• Emissivity
constant
• Transmittance
• Coefficient of thermal
• Dielectric
• Luminosity
expansion
strength
• Scattering
• Specific heat
• Piezoelectric
•Glass transition temperature
constant
• Melting point
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Mechanical
• Tensile strength
• Ductility
• Elastic modulus
• Fatigue limit
• Hardness
• Poisson’s ratio
• Shear modulus
• Yield strength
• Fracture toughness
17
17
Materials
Engineering
Those used in
manufacture and
become parts or
products
NonEngineering
The chemicals, fuels,
lubricants, and other
materials used in the
manufacturing process
which do not become
part of the product
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Engineering
Materials
Metals & alloys
Polymers
Ceramics
Composites
An alloy is a homogeneous
mixture of two or more
elements, at least one of
which is a metal, and where
the resulting material has
metallic properties
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General Properties of …
Metals
• Polymers
•Metallic luster;
•Opaque;
•Corrosive;
•Relatively dense;
•Strong
(relatively
high strength);
•Deformable;
•Extremely
good
conductors
of
electricity and heat.
• Low density,
• Hard but brittle; bad
• Low melting point;
deformable
• Bad conductor to • High resistance to
heat and electricity;
high temp and harsh
• Easily affected by
environments;
environmental
• Good insulator to
factors;
heat and electricity;
• Highly Deformable.
• Chemically stable;
• May be transparent,
translucent,
or
opaque.
Ceramics
20
Composites vs. Alloys
Composites are
mixture in
macroscopic level
Alloys are mixture
in microscopic
level
2/12/2020
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In your Text book, study:
Chapter 1. Introduction
Lab: Materials identification
visual observation of their finishes, touches, colors,
texture, luster, and fracture appearance.
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