EE ESSAY
World Studies (Science, Technology, and Society), Physics and Global politics
Research Question
- Introduction
1
- Japan’s man-made barriers
4
- Japan’s Economic Evaluation & Geopolitics
8
- Indonesia’s Natural barriers
11
- Indonesia’s Economic Evaluation
14
- Indonesia’s Geopolitics
17
- Conclusion
21
- Methodology
22
- Citation
23
Research Question: To what extent are the governments of Indonesia and
Japan effectively protecting coastal populations against tsunamis.
The study of tsunamis and large waves in recent years has gained considerable attention.
Multiple approaches have been implemented by governments in order to maximize the
protection of civilians. Building sea walls, extending coral reefs, building dikes, and rock
walls, are examples of various methods that help dissipate energy that is carried in a tidal
wave. Friction and barriers help to dissipate and block the energy of the powerful tsunami
waves. Tsunamis waves are most commonly generated by sudden displacement of the ocean
water or volcanic activity.
Geopolitics is also part of the frame and should be discussed in order to have a more
amplified understanding of the issue. Developed countries have stronger economies than
developing nations. It would not come as a surprise why they do not seek financial aid,
whereas developing nations like Indonesia might. Knowing the current stance in the South
China Sea, both sides USA and China try to use Smart power (smart power is when
governments make use of soft and hard power to confront a geopolitical issue) in order to
build relations with countries in the region.
Using Rostow's Growth Stages, a model used to evaluate where a country stands in terms of
becoming a developed economy, is a helpful reference as one can interpret and understand
where a country stands. Both economically and financially.
For a country with large coastal exposure to construct a tsunami barrier, it is important to
consider the engineering solutions, economic wealth, and the geopolitics of that country. I
will be using these metrics, to determine how two different countries that share the same
problem, are yet different in the approaches they use to protect themselves from Tsunamis.
Based on the events of Tohoku 2011 and Sumatra 2004, both Japan and Indonesia have the
experience and obligation to protect their populations from future events.
Japan’s Man-made Barriers
Japan is a country that is placed on top of 3 intersecting tectonic plates, the Philippines, American,
and the Eurasian tectonic plates. This causes instability in the region due to interactions between
the three tectonic plates. The plates beneath Japan are convergent plates, "When two plates come
together, it is known as a convergent boundary. The impact of the
colliding plates can cause the edges of one or both plates to buckle up
into mountain ranges or one of the plates may bend down into a deep
seafloor trench."(Qtd. Ocean Exploration)
The instability in the region can also be understood by looking at the
JMA scale. It is a scale created by the Japanese
government to measure seismic activity. In the eastern region of the country,
JMA is shown with some regions being rated as 7. Regions that are higher
than 6 could experience more earthquakes and
tsunamis than normal. (Wikiwand.)
Map of Japan showing the Distribution of Maximum JMA
Seismic Intensities by Prefecture for the 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake. Wikiwand,
Japan plans to build a 250-mile-long seawall and the estimated cost of the project is $6.8 billion.
The project was nicknamed the great wall of Japan( BuzzFeed News)
Ominous Views of Japan's New Concrete Seawalls. Wired
Sea walls are among the very last lines of defense
that are built on shorelines; they help dissipate
potential energy carried by waves. There are
different types of sea walls that are designed to withstand different levels of waves. Vertical walls,
as potential energy, are helpful for distributing the flow of energy carried in the wave. They are
efficient when the waves don't exceed 2 meters in height. Curved sea walls are a mirror image of the
wave; this technique might be the most efficient as the water wave is forced back into itself. No
energy is lost to the wall as the wall just curves the water's energy into itself, and this helps prove
its efficiency. (Thaler Contracting Inc.)
“The energy E is found to be proportional to the square of the amplitude A: E ∝ A^2, the
maximum height of the wave is called the amplitude. ” ( Horner and Jones, 137& 117).
The shape of the slope will determine how much energy will be dissipated on impact. Tsunami
waves are faster than normal wind waves that are observed on beaches. The result of such a strong
force will drag away or tear apart any structure in its path and drag it back into the ocean.
(Mechanism of Seawall Destruction Due to Tsunami. Researchgate) . "As shallow-water waves, the
tsunami wave speed is inversely related to particle speed." (Torben Jespersen.dk)
When waves are in the deep ocean, the particles are oscillating very little and the wave itself is
moving very fast. But when the wave approaches the land, it is due to friction and the laws of
conservation energy. If one thing slows down which is the wave, one thing must grow, which is the
amplitude it increases. Resulting in the wave height increasing (Torben Jespersen.dk)
The material of the walls is also equally important when constructing a sea wall. One more
important aspect must be taken into consideration when. The first thing to be taken into
consideration is the material. Can it be bought without negatively impacting the economy of a
nation? Is the material effective for the situation, as a soft material might erode over time and
would not be cost-effective. (Sciencing)
Typical Concrete Seawall Designs for
Coastal Protection. Research Gate
“The primary purposes of a concrete
seawall are reducing wave impacts,
coastline erosion,
and flooding. Concrete seawalls are
generally massive, long structures made of steel-reinforced concrete.” Some worries that are
brought with building sea walls made out of concrete are “a) the ecological performance of
concrete seawalls is typically poor, b) the steel in the seawalls tends to corrode over time, leading to
cracking and damage and c) repair of damaged seawalls is not always carried out in a timely
fashion”( Ghiasian and Hosseinzadeh, ResearchGate)
With the help of computer modeling, Japan is also taking into account possible scenarios that
could be carried out during a tsunami. At precise 20,000 different scenarios are reproduced with
the help of such sophisticated technology. (Spring Wise)
Japan may have natural barriers but due to extensive human activity near mangroves areas,
mangroves are constantly at risk. And there are not enough mangrove areas in Japan that could
offer substantial protection against tsunamis. Human activities such as the construction of ponds
and lakes, and ecotourism have also played a role in damaging Mangrove forests in the South of
Japan (Seen in the
figure below). This is
because humans
pollute the
environment and
disturb the
ecosystem which
poses to endanger
mangrove
ecosystems. This is
said to be the main
reason why mangrove forests are at risk. ( Japan: Mangrove Areas and Their Utilization).
Areas in Japan Where Mangroves Grow. Aqua Docs.
The same issue destroyed a 12-mile-long coral reef in Japan. “According to a government survey in
Sekisei Lagoon in southwestern Japan, the reef, which measures 12 miles long by 10 miles wide, is
dead. They found that only 1.4 percent of the reef is healthy'' (Haro, The Inertia)
Japan Economic Evaluation & Geopolitics
Japan may have found a solution to a concerning issue, but the choice to tackle the solution is of no
coincidence given the robust economy the country has. Japan might have installed towering
seawalls but it is important to understand why Japan resorted to the choice of building such
expensive seawalls.
"GDP per Capita, Current U.S. Dollars." The Global Economy,
This is a side-by-side comparison between Japan and Indonesia, in terms of GDP per capita. And
there is a clear difference between the two countries, a country can be categorized as a developed
nation if they have a GDP per capita between 12000 - 15000 USD (Investopedia). Japan has an
average GDP per capita of 35000 USD on average, whereas Indonesia has an average of 2500 USD.
In today's world, a country's GDP per capita does not define a country's potential, whereas it
underlines the country's financial boundaries. To what limits will the government invest its money
in research and planning to avoid natural threats. Not every country in the world can afford to
spend billions of dollars on a concrete wall to build along the shore. Only developed countries have
the financial resources and technology to carry out such massive projects.
Countries like Japan which have a robust economy are in the best political and economical interest
of another powerful nation. The USA has a strong relationship with Japan, to help maintain
regional stability.
“The U.S.-Japan Alliance is the cornerstone of U.S. security interests in Asia and is fundamental to
regional stability and prosperity. The Alliance is based on shared vital interests and values,
including the maintenance of stability in the Indo-Pacific region: the preservation and promotion
of political and economic freedoms.”(U.S Department of Justice).
And being able to invest such a grand scale of money on such big projects, sends out a message
indirectly to the region's competitors (China and Russia). That Japan is not afraid to spend money,
where it is important.
Indonesia Natural Barriers
"Indonesia has the most extensive mangrove cover in the world, housing more than 20 percent of
the world's mangroves."( Relief Web- UNDRR). On the other hand, Japan has no natural barriers
compared to Indonesia due to its geography. "Yet years of rapid industrialization and massive
land-use changes such as intense oil palm and shrimp cultivation have led to rampant mangrove
deforestation." (Relief Web - UNDRR).
“However, the Indonesian government has shown great resolve in rapidly increasing its mangrove
plantation and by 2024 they plan on relabelling 600,000 hectares of mangrove land'" (World
Economic Forum). There have been multiple kinds of research done in the area of mangroves and
the level of protection they offer to societies. With the help of computer simulations, it was
deduced that areas with mangroves have better protection against water flooding compared to
areas with no mangroves.
Coral reefs are home to colonial marine invertebrates of organisms that humans cannot see
through the naked eye, there are countless numbers of different organisms and bacteria that thrive
on coral reefs and algae, algae is another type of living organism that accounts for the oxygen we
breathe. The algae are also part of the larger food chain. About one-quarter of the 500,000 animal
species living in the world's oceans inhabit the areas with coral reefs. Corals provide a home for the
zooxanthellae and in return, the zooxanthellae, provide oxygen from photosynthesis (Mitsubishi
Corporation)
Coral reefs are a necessity for coastal communities as they provide food, medicine, protection, and
attract tourists, which makes coral reefs better addressed as economic services. “Coral reefs have an
estimated global value of £6 trillion each year, due to their contribution to fishing and tourism”
(National History Museum)
Indonesia houses the world's most coral reefs, accounting for 18% of the world's reefs. And coral
reefs can offer protection from Tsunamis. Healthy reefs have rough surfaces, which provide friction
onto the incoming waves, compared to unhealthy reefs which have a much smoother surface
drastically reducing the friction done onto the waves. The coral reefs can reduce up to 97% of the
energy that is carried in waves(National History Museum.) Friction works against the movement of
an object, if the coral reefs are smooth they cannot act against the flow of water as they are not
able to provide a resisting force. If the coral is healthy, they have a roughage on their skin,
providing a resistive force against the water.
“Off the tip of the Bird’s Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia lie the islands of Raja Ampat, a
marine oasis within the Coral Triangle. The waters surrounding the islands boast incredible
biodiversity: over a thousand different species of reef fish, hundreds of corals, sharks, and manta
rays—a “species factory” for marine life. More than 85% of reefs within the Coral Triangle region
are currently threatened by local stressors, which is substantially higher than the global average of
60%. The most widespread local threat is overfishing, including destructive fishing.”(WWF). It is
also important to highlight that Indonesia is not located over any convergent boundary. This allows
for such rich biodiversity in wildlife unlike in Japan
Examples of Economic Valuation Studies of Mangrove Ecosystem Services. Research Gate.
The Indonesian
government will have to
impose stricter rules for
fishing in sensitive coral
reefs. If the ratio of
unhealthy coral reefs and
healthy reefs becomes unproportional, the reefs will fail to perform in mitigating the impact of
high-speed waves. “Mangrove ecosystems also provide significant socio-economic benefits, such as
timber, fish, tourism opportunities, and environmental services (e.g., coastal protection, water
regulation, carbon sequestration, and nursery habitat for a wide-ranging diversity of species.”
(Sarhan and Tawfik, ResearchGate The Economic Valuation of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem
Services: Implications for Protected Area Conservation).
Indonesia Economic Evaluation
“A lack of quality and quantity of infrastructure in Indonesia could hinder economic growth. The
government realizes the importance of major investments in this area such as the construction of
roads, bridges, ports, etc., but until now it has not been maximized, thereby reducing investment
appeal.”(Cekindo) The following quote highlights how Indonesia is a developing state, but to see
growth in the economy of the state the government must constantly rise in “The Rostow Model Of
Development”
Enclosed is a Framework of How Rostow's Model in Marketing. Research Gate,
As of now Indonesia has progressed through the initial stages but finds it difficult to advance from
stage 3. This imparts corruption within the country's bureaucracy, “An Increase in a country's GNP
does not mean that the inhabitants will have an improvement in their standard of living. Besides,
weak governance, an absence of a government or leader inclined to assist the poor or just a high
level of corruption may not allow everyone to enjoy the fruits of a higher GNP” ( Kirsch, 92)
"GNP means gross national product; it is the total economic output including earnings from
foreign investments as well as final goods produced by a country's firms within and outside of the
country" (Kirsch 92)
Even if a country has a high GNP, it does not mean they have a very flourishing economy; rather,
other factors could also be the cause of a high GNP. The biggest area of corruption in Indonesia is
in the civil ( roads, transport sectors) and justice (police and the courts) sectors. This is due to the
failure of imparting government laws within the pillars of society.
If a country claims to have a high GNP but has corrupt police, juries, and public relations
representatives, that leads to unequal distribution of wealth within the society. Widening the
wealth inequality gap in the country. Due to this prevalent corruption at the civil level, it is
difficult to generate funds for investing in megaprojects such as seawalls.
After the unfortunate event of 2004, the worst-hit province of Indonesia Aceh received close to 8
billion dollars. "Many people talk of three tsunamis that hit Aceh. The first was the wave itself, the
second was the flood of money and aid, and the third was when the aid agencies withdrew."(
(Australian National University)
An influential factor for the departure of aid agencies pulled out was because of the unstable
situation in the region as that was an area of conflict prior to the disasters. And the rebels claimed
to have attacked foreign aid workers because the rebels wanted Aceh to be a sovereign state
(ReliefWeb). If there is such instability within the society it will be merely impossible to construct
megaprojects, as the public will not support the government. Risking the government is viewed as
illegitimate by the civilians.
Indonesia Geopolitics
"Foreign Aid and Official Development Assistance Received." The Global Economy,
A Side-by-Side comparison of the financial aid received by Japan and Indonesia just goes to show
how developed nations are self-sustaining and do not seek help from others. Whereas developing
nations may have to resort to financial aid from other developed economies when in dire
situations.
But over the years after receiving the maximum aid during the 2004 tsunami Indonesia has
gradually decreased its reliance on financial support from other countries. The reasoning behind
this is much more complex and constrained within the scope of this essay, it is sufficient to
conclude it here. Japan and Indonesia share the same problem of natural disasters posed by
tectonic activity that takes place in the ring of fire.
Indonesia is a non-allied democratic state and does not have any direct allies, and this is where the
big superpowers see the chance to change that. The USA, Japan, China, and Australia have
provided great relief aid to Indonesia in the past two decades. South China is an area of ongoing
conflict between western allies and China. Indonesia is a country of interest to both superpowers (
China and the USA). Both developed economies have provided unpayable loans in the past to
Indonesia with low-interest rates in the hope of bolstering relations between the recipient and
receiving country.
"The 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review underlined the importance and value to the US of
countries such as Indonesia (also India and Australia) taking on greater regional leadership roles.
Indonesia-US relations may therefore evolve from a strategic partnership into something more like
an alliance" The Quad is a group of 4 nations that work together to reduce China's influence in the
Indo - Pacific region. The countries in the group are India, Japan, Australia, and the United States.
"Indonesia is obliged to further its strategic objectives by addressing its security concerns. A
resilient Indonesian military with expanding maritime capabilities will work against an increased
Chinese maritime presence in the Indo-Pacific, something that will be quietly welcomed by
countries such as India, Japan, the United States, and Australia." ( Chandramohan, Future Directs
International)
In the following extract, the source discusses how the USA is attempting to reduce the influence
of China in the Southeast Asia region and will do anything in its favor to achieve so. This once
again highlights how important Indonesia is to the superpowers. Foreign aid is like an investment.
The recipient countries will eventually have to pay donors back, either by trade or political
support. This is also why Japan is the biggest donor in the region. It tries to maintain world order
in preference to the west and reduces China's potential.
“China has also financed and developed multiple infrastructure projects in the country to create
more growth in its economy, particularly in the utility, transportation, industry and tourism, with
surging inflows of aid in recent years.”(Foreign Aid to Indonesia, Wikipedia). China has adopted
this approach with African countries. Providing unpayable loans, to countries that would not be
able to pay back the loan. Knowing that China still builds the infrastructure that will help that
country become more interconnected with the global economy (Ports, Mines, etc). And when the
country is not able to pay back the l0ans in time, China takes control over the assets of the country.
(CATO Institute and Borgen Project)
“Interdependence between countries means that they are dependent on one another in some way.
For example, many developing countries are dependent on developed countries for manufactured
goods or aid”. (Bitesize).
Deploying such a massive seawall without weighing out the cons might prove to be inefficient as
the capital city is under a threat of sinking. Due to the abrupt pumping of groundwater, as the
groundwater depleted over time the land above it will sink. Making the seawall futile, on top of
that Indonesia will have to spend close to 42 billion dollars on the construction of the mega
seawall. (Wired)
“At the request of the Indonesian government, Korea and the Netherlands will study the options
for a joint realization of the mega-project. Both South Korea and the Netherlands pledged to set
aside 8 million US dollars in grants to cover the costs” ( NL Netherlands). This extract just shows
how Indonesia has to rely on other governments who have either very good experience in building
seawalls or who have very good engineering skills. As they themselves are not able to provide a
sufficient talent pool to meet the market demand. And how Indonesia maintains good relations
with the countries, as they are willing to set aside money to help Indonesia.
Indonesia is interdependent on other countries as it does have sufficient technological
advancements to create a mega seawall, as it requires skilled people and years of experience in the
field.
Conclusion
Indonesia and Japan are both victims of natural disasters caused in the region in which they are
located. Both the nations are either working towards protecting their coastal communities or have
already constructed man-made barriers. To prevent their communities from any future
catastrophic disasters such as the 2004 Sumatra and 2011 Tohoku. The factor that differentiates
Japan from Indonesia is that Japan is a much more developed economy than Indonesia. This allows
them to research and test innovative solutions to help protect their coastal borders from tsunamis.
Whereas Indonesia is a developing country and has faced much more catastrophic disasters than
Japan, they still lack in building an efficient method to protect their communities. Indonesia does
have a variety of natural barriers which helps in decreasing the powerful waves, which is something
Japan does not have.
Japan does have coral reefs and mangroves but pollution and human activity in sensitive areas has
resulted in the destruction of the ecosystems. Due to heavy industrial activity, Japan has limitations
in further increasing its area under mangrove plantations, hence they are focusing more on
man-made barriers and technological solutions. Indonesia, on the other hand, is aggressively
pursuing initiatives to increase their natural barriers and has set up plans on rehabilitating 600,00
hectares of mangroves.
Japan is self-sufficient in terms of allocation of funds required to develop infrastructure to manage
tsunamis and their impact, Indonesia on the other hand has often sought funds from other
countries to develop and restore damages caused by tsunamis and to develop the necessary
infrastructure. USA and China have been active in disbursing funds to Indonesia to increase their
sphere of influence as Indonesia is a nonaligned country.
They have limited focus on man-made barriers due to the heavy capital investments required for
such megastructures. Indonesia is, therefore, more focused on rehabilitating destroyed natural
barriers.
In conclusion, if Indonesia keeps on progressing as a developing nation, the country will be able to
use natural barriers and man-made barriers efficiently to protect its coasts.
Methodology
For the research part of the essay, I referred to websites, books, and databases to find relevant
information that supported my essay. I made use of my school textbooks, as they contained
relevant information about the topic.. The straightforward language used in the textbooks helped
me gain better knowledge about the material. When finding websites I tried not to refer to any
advanced websites/databases, as most of them were too sophisticated to operate. The criteria which
I worked with during the process of finding relevant information was that the language used must
be direct. If possible the extract should contain scientific yet simple vocabulary which can be
understood, and be later reused in the essay. The website/database must be credible, if possible the
website should have a graph or quantitative data.
Citation
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