MARY ROSELLE DESIREE A. VERALLO
3BSMT1
MS. STEPHANY MAE CHI
MT 111.1 – ANALYSIS OF URINE AND BODILY FLUIDS, LAB.
MIDTERM ASSIGNMENT #1
TESTS
pH Reagent Strip
Urine Specific Gravity Reagent
Strip
PRINCIPLE OF THE
TEST
Double-pH
indicator
system. It could give
distinct color changes.
Ionic solutes present in
the urine cause protons
to be released from a
polyelectrolyte. If the
protons are released,
POSITIVE/NEGATIVE
COLOR REACTIONS
- Uses methyl red
and bromothymol
blue as an indicator.
- Methyl red changes
from red to yellow
with a pH of 4 to 6.
- Bromothymol blue
turns yellow to deep
blue if the pH is 6 to
9.
- Uses bromothymol
blue as an indicator.
- Alkaline (negative)
would be blue with a
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERFERENCES INTERFERENCES
- Runover from the adjacent pads
- Growth of the bacteria in the urine
- Specimens are already old
- No interference known
- High
concentrations
of protein
which is
approximately
CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
- Identification of respiratory
or
metabolic
acidosis,
ketosis, or alkalosis
- Identification of the defects
in renal tubular secretion and
reabsorption of acids and
bases which could be an
indicator of renal tubular
acidosis
- Early identification of renal
calculi
formation
and
prevention
- Early treatment for UTIs
- Identification of crystals that
could harm the urinary
system
- Determination
of
unsatisfactory specimens
Correlation with other tests:
- Nitrite
- Leukocytes
- Microscopic
such
as
reporting of casts
- Highly alkaline - Monitors the hydration and
urine (greater
hydration
than 6.5)
- Loss of renal tubular
- In chem strips,
concentrating ability
the glucose and
the
pH
decreases
producing
a
color
change on the indicator.
Protein Reagent Strip
Protein
error
of
indicators. If the pH is
held constant by a
buffer, the indicator
releases hydrogen ions
due to the proteins that
could be in the urine.
-
-
-
-
specific gravity of
1.000
Acidic
(positive)
could give a varied
shade of green to
yellow having a
specific gravity of
1.030
Uses
tetrabromophenol
blue and acid buffer
as an indicator.
The negative color
would be yellow
indicating
the
absence of proteins
as it is also the
normal color of the
indicator.
Positive results of
protein would give a
color of various
shades of green to
blue.
This
demonstrates that
the
protein
concentration
is
increasing.
equal to 100 –
500 mg/dL
- Ketoacidosis
urea might be - An indication of Diabetes
greater than 1
insipidus
g/dL
- Determination
of
unsatisfactory
specimens
due to low concentration
- Highly buffered - There are other
interference
proteins
than
alkaline urine
albumin
- Pigmented
- Patient
has
specimens
or
microalbuminuria
phenazopyridine - Pigmented
- Quaternary
specimens
or
ammonium
phenazopyridine
compounds
(detergents)
- Presence
of
antiseptics such
as chlorhexidine
- Loss of buffer
from prolonged
exposure if the
strip
to
the
specimen
reagent
- Has
a
high
specific gravity
- Prerenal
 Indicator
of
intravascular
hemolysis,
muscle
injury,
or
multiple
myeloma
 There could be an
acute
phase
of
reactants
- Tubular Disorders
 Indication of Fanconi
syndrome or severe
viral infections
 Too much exposure to
toxic agents or heavy
metals
- Renal
 An
indicator
for
glomerular disorders,
immune
complex,
amyloidosis, diabetic
nephropathy,
preeclampsia,
or
orthostatic or postural
proteinuria
 Exposure
to
toxic
agents
 The patient might do a
strenuous exercise or
is
undergoing
dehydration
or
hypertension.
- Postrenal
 Indication of lower
urinary
tract
infections/inflammation
or
injury/trauma
disorders
 Urine
might
be
contaminated
with
menstruation, prostatic
fluid/spermatozoa, or
vaginal secretions
Micral-Test
Sensitive
Albumin
(Microalbumin)
Testing
Enzyme immunoassay - Uses
gold-labeled
or immunochemical as
antibody,
Balbumin binds with goldgalactosidase, and
labeled
antibodychlorophenol
red
enzyme conjugate which
galactosidase as an
then migrates to the
indicator.
detection bound where - The negative color of
enzymes convert the
the test is white.
substrate on the pad to - The positive color
red chromophore.
would be red as it is
the reaction of the
presence of albumin
to the pad.
- Presence
of - Diluted urine
oxytetracycline
- Urine
- Strong oxidizing
temperature
is
agents such as
less than 10
soaps
or
degrees Celsius
detergents
or 50 degrees
Fahrenheit
Correlation with other tests:
- Blood
- Nitrite
- Leukocytes
- Microscopic
- Early
identification
and
management
of
kidney
disease
especially
for
patients at risk.
- Detects low levels of albumin
excretion.
- Early
intervention
for
diabetes,
hypertension,
peripheral vascular disease,
or nephropathy.
ImmunoDip
Immunochromographics - Uses
antibodyin which albumin binds
coated blue latex
with
antibody-coated
particles
as
a
blue latex particles. The
reagent.
intensity comparison of - Has two bands where
two
blue
bands
the bound particles or
determines the albumin
albumin stays in the
concentration of the
top
band
while
patient.
unbound particles are
in the bottom band.
- Negative
result
shows darker bottom
band indicating less
than 1.2 mg/dL of
albumin
concentration.
- The darker color of
the top shows a
positive result as it
detects 2.0 to 8.0
mg/dL of albumin in
the patient.
- For normal results, it
shows equal bands
and has 1.2 to 1.8
mg/dL of albumin
concentration.
Albumin:
Sensitive albumin tests - Uses a dye DIDNTB
Creatinine
related to creatinine
for
albumin
and
Ratio
concentration to correct
CuSO4.
3,3’,5,5’Clinitest
for patient hydration.
TMB, and DBDH for
Microalbumin
creatinine.
Strips/Multistix- For
albumin,
its
Pro
negative color would
be pale green and
- No interferences - Diluted urine
known
- Bloody urine
- Highly
colored
mask results due
to
taking
of
certain drugs and
ingestion
of
beets
Glucose Reagent Strip
Ketone Reagent Strip
Blood Reagent Strip
Bilirubin Reagent Strip
Urobilinogen Reagent Strip
Nitrite Reagent Strip
Leukocytes Estrase Reagent
Strip
aqua blue for positive
results.
- Negative color is
orange and positive
color is blue for the
albumin reaction.
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-
-
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