Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
“The Effect of Banana (Musa acuminata) Peels and Leaves Extracts in the Growth
of Pechay (Brassica rapa)”
A Research Paper Presented to
The Faculty and Staff of Senior High School Department
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements
In Research Project
Presented By:
Alessandra Noelle Mendoza
Zammir Louie Constante
Czarina Nicole Ocampo
Bea Angeline Salvador
Vanessa Abellar
March 2023
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
One of the most important problems in the large area that has been utilized for
agricultural production during the last years is the loss of soil fertility. One of the crucial
factors that directly affect crop yield and quality is soil fertility and nutrient management
(Nair, 2018). According to the Department of Primary Industry, the soil is a significant
source of the nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen that are required by
plants for growth. In addition, the nutrients calcium, magnesium, and sulfur as well as iron,
manganese, zinc, copper, boron, and molybdenum are also important for a plant to grow.
This led to the rise of organic fertilizers comprising a variety of plant-derived materials
that range from fresh or dried plant material to animal manures and litter to agricultural byproducts (Green, 2015).
According to the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural
Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), The most economically significant
fruit crop in the Philippines is the banana, which is also the only locally produced fruit that
is always in season. Around 114 million metric tons of banana waste are produced globally,
which causes environmental issues like the excessive emission of greenhouse gases. There
are roughly 10 million hectares of banana plantations worldwide, and each one generates
220 tons of waste annually. Generally, the pseudo stem, leaves, inflorescence, fruit stalk
(floral stalk/rachis), rhizome, and peels are the byproducts of the banana after it has been
harvested. Most of these by-products could be used as undervalued commodities with little
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
market potential and, in some cases, as agricultural waste. In farms, the leaves are
frequently left to rot (Padam et. Al., 2014). Banana peel is the outer shell (cover) of the
banana fruit. It is a by-product of home consumption and the processing of bananas
(National Library of Medicine, 2022).
Additionally, Banana peel has been found to contain a variety of vitamins and
minerals such as phosphorus, iron, calcium, magnesium, and sodium (Hikal et. Al, 2022).
Banana leaves also consist of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium (Barode,
2022). According to Brisbane City Council, banana leaves and banana peels is full of
nutrients that can help the plants to grow.
Pechay (Brassica napus l) belongs to the Brassicaceae family and is one of the
most-known vegetables in the Philippines. It is an erect, biennial herb, cultivated as an
annual about 15-30 cm tall in the vegetative stage. It grows easily under normal conditions,
with or without fertilizers (Nacau, 2019).
The general purpose of this study is to identify if an agricultural waste of bananas
such as leaves and fruit peel affects the growth of Pechay (Brassica napus l). This study
aims to benefit local vegetable farmers as well as banana vendors and produce alternative
ways of creating new products and applications by recycling banana agricultural wastes.
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Statement of the Problem
Due to the large amount of agricultural waste of banana such as banana leaves and
banana peels, thus this study aims to utilize other way to make use of this agricultural
waste.
Specifically, this study seeks an answer to the following questions:
1. Is there an effect of banana peels and banana leaves extract on the growth of
pechay?
2. Is there a significant difference in the pechay in terms of height, number of leaves,
and weight of pechay, compare to the control supplemented with the organic
fertilizer?
3. Is there a significant difference in the growth of pechay in terms of height, number
of leaves, and weight compared to the growth of pechay supplemented with
commercial fertilizer?
Hypothesis
1. Banana peel and banana leaf extract has no effect on the growth of pechay.
2. There is no significant difference in the pechay in terms of height, number of leaves,
and weight of pechay, compare to the control supplemented with the organic fertilizer.
3. There is no significant difference in the growth of pechay in terms of height, number
of leaves, and weight compared to the growth of pechay supplemented with commercial
fertilizer.
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
Input
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Conceptual Framework
Input
Collection of the
Musa acuminata
peels and leaves
and Collection of
Brassica rapa
Process
The Musa
acuminata peels
and leaves are
extracted using
water.
Output
Musa acuminata
peels and leaves
extract.
Figure 1: Paradigm of the Study
The input includes collection of the Musa acuminata peels and leaves and Collection of
Brassica rapa for the production of the extract. The process includes the extraction of Musa
acuminata peels and leaves. The output contains the result and analyzation obtained from the
actual experimentation.
Scope and Delimitations
This study will focus on the effect of banana peel and banana leaves as an
alternative fertilizer. The effect of banana peel and banana leaves extract will be evaluating
its quality compared to available fertilizers in the market.
Significance of the study
This study will give information and ideas about "The Effect of Banana (Musa
acuminata) Peel and Leaves in the Growth of Pechay (Brassica rapa)"
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
To the Community, the people in the community will have an affordable and useful
alternative fertilizer for the growth of Pechay.
To the Future Researcher, to get reliable information based on the results and to
acquire or generate new knowledge on it. To the Farmers, to know the alternative, organic
and affordable fertilizer for the growth of their crops.
To the Farmers, to know the alternative, organic and affordable fertilizer for the
growth of their crops.
Definition of terms
Banana leaves- the banana's skin (especially when it is stripped off and discarded)
Banana peel- banana plant's leaf, which can grow up to 40 leaves at a time.
Extract- the process of removing a substance from another substance.
Pechay- is a vegetable plant with green leafy leaves, small in size, have white stalk
of the leaves.
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature
Banana (Musa acuminata) Peels and Leaves
It has been demonstrated that banana peel, a commonly found agricultural waste, is
a valuable source of nutrients for plant development. Many researches have studied the
usefulness of banana peel extract in boosting plant growth and development.
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
According to Girma et al. (2018) the researchers evaluated the influence of banana
peel extract on the development of maize seedlings. When compared to the control group,
they discovered that applying banana peel extract significantly increased plant height, leaf
area, and biomass.
The high levels of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in the banana peel extract
were cited by the researchers as the cause of this impact. In a study published in 2015 by
Badgujar et al., the researchers also investigated at how banana peel extract affected the
development and production of wheat plants. They discovered that the use of banana peel
extracts increased grain production significantly and enhanced plant height, biomass, and
chlorophyll content.
The high levels of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in banana leaves make them
a great source of nutrients for plant development. Many research have studied the
efficiency of banana leaf extracts in boosting plant development. In one study, Khan et al.
(2016) examined how banana leaf extract affected the development of mung bean plants.
The outcomes demonstrated that, in comparison to the control group, the application of
banana leaf extract considerably boosted the growth characteristics of the plants, including
shoot length, root length, and biomass.
The use of banana peel extract as a natural fertilizer for plant development was the
subject of a study by Das et al. (2018) concerning banana peels as a source of nutrient
supplement for sustainable plant growth. The findings suggested that banana peel extract
might serve as a sustainable substitute for chemical fertilizers by enhancing plant growth
and nutrient absorption.
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Another findings by Olanrewaju et al. (2019) examined the effect of banana leaf
extract on the growth of maize plants. The study found that the application of banana leaf
extract significantly increased the plant height, leaf area, and biomass compared to the
control group.
Based on the investigation conducted by Islam et al. (2017), the researchers
investigated the effect of banana leaf extract on the growth and yield of tomato plants. The
results showed that the application of banana leaf extract significantly increased the growth
parameters of the plants, including plant height, leaf area, and yield, compared to the
control group.
Pechay (Brassica rapa)
Pechay, sometimes referred to as bok choy or Chinese cabbage, is a leafy vegetable
that is popular across Asia and has recently spread around the world owing to its many
health advantages. The high nutritional content of pechay is one of its best-known health
advantages. Pechay is an excellent source of the vitamins C and K, as well as folate,
calcium, and iron, according to a research by Bora et al. (2021). These vitamins and
minerals are essential for excellent health maintenance and the prevention of chronic
illnesses like osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
Antioxidants found in pechay aid in defending the body against oxidative damage
and inflammation. Pechay extract was able to lessen inflammation in animals with colitis,
a kind of inflammatory bowel disease, according to a research by Lee et al. (2018). The
high antioxidant content of pechay, according to the experts, is what causes this impact.
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Pechay has been discovered to have anti-cancer properties in addition to its antiinflammatory ones.
Pechay extract has been shown in a research by Choi et al. (2014) to be able to stop
the development of human breast cancer cells in vitro. The researchers hypothesized that
glucosinolates, a kind of chemical present in cruciferous vegetables like pechay, were
responsible for this impact.
Blood sugar levels have been proven to be benefited with pechay. Pechay extract
was able to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, according to a research by Zaid et
al. (2020). The researchers hypothesized that this effect was brought on by substances
known as alpha-amylase inhibitors, which can prevent the digestive system from breaking
down carbs. Pechay is a nutrient-rich vegetable with a host of health advantages, such as
anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and blood sugar-lowering properties. These results imply
that pechay could be a beneficial supplement to a balanced diet and might aid in the
prevention of chronic illnesses.
Related Studies
Banana (Musa acuminata) Peels and Leaves
A study by Deocaris et al. (2018) investigated the effect of banana leaf and peel
extracts on the growth and yield of tomato plants. The application of banana leaf and peel
extracts considerably boosted the height, leaf area, and quantity of flowers and fruits that
the tomato plants produced when compared to the control group, as to what the researchers
observed. Also, the extracts were discovered to contain considerable levels of nitrogen,
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
phosphorus, and potassium, which are necessary elements for plant development. The
study concluded that extracts of banana leaves and peel have promise as natural fertilizers
for growing vegetables.
Fertilizers often contain macronutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and
potassium (K), which are crucial for plant growth and development. A study conducted by
(Iszhan et al., 2021), the study discusses how to effectively cultivate water spinach using
various fruit peels as organic fertilizer (Ipomoea Aquatica). Mango, pineapple, and banana
peels were obtained separately from neighborhood fruit vendors. Individual fruit peels
were washed, dried, and ground into powder. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical
Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and a CHNOS analyzer were used to estimate the NPK
content and analyze the chemical makeup of fruit peel powder. The analysis of three
different fruit peels revealed that banana peel powder had the greatest levels of K and N,
with concentrations of 26557.86 mg/L and 1.61%, respectively. In addition, fruit peel
powder's ability to absorb water and detect electrical conductivity were both investigated.
Plants were cultivated in various fruit peel powder treatments (applying peels from mango,
banana, and pineapple), as well as control treatments (no fertilizer application). To find out
how the fruit peel powder treatment affected plant development, plant height and leaf count
per plant were analyzed. The addition of 3 g of powdered pineapple peels improved all
water spinach growth metrics, with a mean maximum plant height of 20.833.01cm and a
record-high 9 leaves per plant. So, it can be said that 3 g of powdered pineapple peels can
effectively increase the use of fertilizers in agricultural productivity.
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
According to Susilawati et al. (2018), as banana leaf extract has a high nutritional
content and can help plants develop, it has been investigated for its possible use as an
organic fertilizer. The researchers concluded that banana leaf extract improved the
development and crop of tomato plants. The use of banana fertilizer encourages the growth
of tall, sturdy tomato plants. Maintaining the health of the plants' leaves, which in turn may
stimulate the production of larger fruit, may also help them fight off pests. Certain nutrients
are rich in banana leaves as well. The abundance of vitamins and minerals found in leaves,
such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron, can enhance soil quality and encourage the growth
of strong plants.
Based on a study by Roy et al. (2006), the researchers investigate at how several
vegetable crops' seeds and seedlings respond to water-soluble extracts from various banana
plant sections. The test crops included okra, scarlet amaranth, radishes, cucumbers, beans,
and ribbed gourds. The test solutions utilized as treatments were distilled water alone as
the control and 100% extracts from the rhizome, root, leaf sheath, and leaf lamina of the
banana plant, diluted to 15%, 25%, and 50% with distilled water. The germination of all
the test crops was significantly inhibited by the plant extracts when compared to the
control. The test crop's seed germination and seedling growth were most strongly inhibited
by the extract from the rhizome of the banana plant, which was one of the plant's several
sections. The lettuce seedlings were found to be the most sensitive of the test plant species,
which all behaved differently to the rhizome extract. Other test plants' germination and
seedling development were inhibited as extract concentration increased, with 100%
concentration having the most inhibitory impact.
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Any produced product, whether organic or chemical, that is put to soil to supply
one or more nutrients necessary for plant development is referred to as a fertilizer. Based
on the study conducted by (Mary Rose Olid et al., 2022), the study seeks at how banana
peels can aid plant growth and increase productivity. In the study, banana peel powder is
used as a natural fertilizer. The average amount of banana peel gathered was between 3
and 5 kg. The banana peels had been neatly sorted and dried. Before being turned into
banana peel powder with a mortar and pestle, it was sun-dried for 5 to 7 days. In the
research, the researchers used two different forms of fertilizer: artificial fertilizer (urea)
and fertilizer that is made from banana peels. Potted seeds with and without two different
types of fertilizer were used to compare the plant's growth and color. The current research
aids the plants normal and abundant growth. The study evaluated the efficiency of
fertilizing with banana peels on the leaves of radish and onion. The height and color of the
radish and onion leaf plants are good indicators of how well the banana peel fertilizer
worked. It has been shown that using banana peels as fertilizer can promote organic plant
growth. Compared to plants planted with chemical fertilizer or without fertilizer, plants
nourished with banana peels grew taller. As a result, radish and onion leaf plants treated
with banana peels appear better in terms of stem height.
Pechay (Brassica rapa)
According to the research study entitled Performance and Growth of Pechay Using
Fermented Plant Juice (2020), the pechay plant grows more quickly at higher
concentrations of fermented plant juice than at lower concentrations, such as 50 milliliters
of fermented plant juice, which has a slower growth rate than 100 milliliters. While the
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
researcher noticed that the 50ml of fermented plant juice was excessive because the growth
was poor compared to the 100ml, the 200ml of fermented plant juice was nearly identical
to 150ml. Therefore, the researchers decided that using 100ml of fermented plant juice in
pechay plants was appropriate. The setup's pechay growth was normal, and the only
intervention was the addition of water.
Based on the study led by El-Sherbeny (2012), the researchers investigated the
response of Brassica rapa to organic fertilizers, the organic fertilizers had the ability to
significantly increase the number of leaves. Due to the use of both chemical and organic
fertilization, the fresh and dry weights of leaves on turnip plants were significantly
increased. By using different amounts of chemical or organic fertilizers, the characteristics
of turnip plants' roots were significantly improved. The highest chemical fertilizer
concentration (N200P200 K100), where the increment values over the control reached to
109.6%, 355.7%, and 106.8%, respectively, was responsible for the maximum mean values
of root length (cm), fresh and dry weight. The second level of NPK or humic acid, based
on the previous finding, was sufficient to achieve the highest growth parameters or
biomass, as represented by leaves and roots, but it can be advised humic acid as an organic
fertilizer for producing organic products. Additionally, compost tea's ability to enhance the
hydro-physical characteristics of the soil as well as its higher nutritional value contributed
to its promotion effect on the growth characteristics of turnip plants.
The study conducted by Andal et. Al entitled The Response of Brassica rapa
(Pechay) to the Three Different Kind of Organic Fertilizer; Vegetables, Rice and Bone that
determine the Effects of various organic fertilizer types on Brassica rapa (Pechay), which
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
will produce the best height and most leaves. The goal of the study was to determine how
pechay plants responded to the three different types of organic fertilizer and to compare
the results with a controlled environment. The findings indicate that the vegetable waste
fertilizer has the most leaves and the highest mean height. Moreover, the organic fertilizer
that produce the most leaves and higher mean height.
Synthesis
Usually referred to as bok choy, pechay is a vegetable plant with small, green leaves
that are leafy and have a white stalk. Pechay grows in tropical country. The study conducted
by Andal et. Al determines the effects of various organic fertilizer types on Brassica rapa
(Pechay), the study shows that the vegetable waste produce the highest height and most
leaves among the bone and rise fertilizer. Similarly, the study led by El-Sherbeny (2012),
the researchers investigated the response of Brassica rapa to organic fertilizers and reveals
that organic fertilizers had the ability to significantly increase the number of leaves of
Petchay.
Fertilizers often contain macronutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and
potassium (K), which are crucial for plant growth and development. A study by Deocaris
et al. (2018) investigated the effect of banana leaf and peel extracts on the growth and yield
of tomato plants. The application of banana leaf and peel extracts considerably boosted the
height, leaf area, and quantity of flowers and fruits that the tomato plants produced when
compared to the control group, as to what the researchers observed. Additionally, Banana
peel has been found to contain a variety of vitamins and minerals such as phosphorus, iron,
calcium, magnesium, and sodium (Hikal et. Al, 2022) and Banana leaves consist of
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium (Barode, 2022). Thus, According to
Susilawati et al. (2018), as banana leaf extract has a high nutritional content and can help
plants develop, it has been investigated for its possible use as an organic fertilizer.
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter showcases all the procedures that will be use in conducting this Project
Research such as the research design, collection of materials, experimentation, data
analysis, and product manufacturing.
Research Design
This study will use experimental research design method– a systematic and
scientific approach to research in which the researchers manipulate one or more variables,
and controls and measures any change in other variables.
Research Locale
This study will be conducted at Barangay District II, Mendoza residence, one of the
researcher’s house. The area is stress free and has an annual mean temperature of 24°C.
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
Dist 2
Collection and Preparation of Musa acuminata Peels
The banana peels will be obtained at Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
Canteens. Banana peels will be boiled for 3-5 minutes to acquire its extract. After cooling,
banana peel extract will be kept in a bottle and will be store in cool dry area for further use.
Collection and Preparation of Musa acuminata Leaves
The banana leaves will be obtained at Barangay District II, one of the researcher’s
house. Banana leaves will be boiled for 3-5 minutes to acquire its extract. After cooling,
the banana leaves extract will be kept in a bottle and will be store in cool dry area for further
use.
Collection and Preparation of Brassica rapa (Pechay)
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
The pechay will be purchased at the Public Market of Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija. After
obtaining the pechay, it will be placed in a seedling bag and placed in a cool environment
for better growth.
Procedure
Experimental Set-Up
Half kilogram of soil was placed in each plant. Nine (9) medium-sized plastic pots were
prepared. There were three (3) pots for each treatment, for the Musa acuminata peels and
leaves extract, with commercialized chemical fertilizer and without any kind of fertilizer.
Ten (10) ml of Musa acuminata peels and leaves extract was poured in Treatment 1 every
day. Ten (10) ml of commercialized fertilizer was poured once every three (3) days. Growth
responses were measured by the plant’s height, number of leaves, color of leaves and
weight of the Petchay.
Data to be Gathered
1. The difference of the growth of pechay in terms of height, number of leaves,
weight, and color of leaves, compared to the control supplemented with the
organic fertilizer
2. The difference of the growth of the pechay in terms of height, number of leaves,
weight, and color of leaves compared to the growth of pechay supplemented
with commercial fertilizer.
Statistical Analysis
Dr. Ramon De Santos National High School
San Antonio, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
The statistical tool that used in the study “The Effect of Banana (Musa acuminata)
Peels and Leaves Extracts in the Growth of Pechay (Brassica rapa)” is the One-Way
ANOVA or "Analysis of variance". Data will be analyzed by their weekly growth average
and final weight after 30-35 days.