‫‪CHEMISTRY‬‬
‫‪Secondary 3‬‬
‫‪CHAPTER 4‬‬
‫الصف الثالث املتوسط متميزين‬
‫اعداد االستاذ ‪ :‬عمر حمجوب قادر‬
‫‪2022-2024‬‬
‫ملزمة الكيمياء الثالث املتوسط – متميزين‬
1
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
Solutions and expressions for concentrations
‫احملاليل وطرائق التعبري عن الرتاكيز‬
solution: It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more pure
substances having no chemical reaction between them.
The substance with majority in the solution called the( solvent) .
The material with less existence in the solution is called the
(solute)
solute + Solvent
Solution
write the types of solutions according to the nature of solvent
and solute?
1. Solid material dissolved in liquid such as NaCl in water
2. Liquid material dissolved in liquid. such as alcohol in water.
3. Gas material dissolved in Liquid such as hydrogen chloride
(HCl) in water .
4. Gas material dissolved in gas such as air .
5. Solid material dissolved in solid like various alloys.
2
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
Explain The types of solutions according to the amount of solute ?
saturated solution : is the solution which contain greater amount
of the solute and solvent can dissolve no more of solute at the
given temperature and pressure.
super saturated solution : is the solution which is the amount
of solute is greater in any solution that the solvent is able to
dissolve it under normal conditions.
Note : super saturated solution is not stable where by it
deposits the extra amount of the solute .
3
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
unsaturated solution : Is the solution which contain less
amount of the solute that is required for saturation at a
particular temperature and pressure .
Solutions are classified according to conduct electricity:
: ‫تصنف انمحبنيم حست انتىصيم انكهرثبئي انى‬
1.
2.
Electrolytic ‫انكترونيتية‬
Non electrolytic ‫غير انكترونيتية‬
Electrolytic solution: Is the solution which is the solute molecules
ionize in it.
strong electrolytic solution : Is the solution which is the solute
molecules are completely ionized in it like hydrochloric acid
𝑯𝑪𝒍 → 𝑯+ + 𝑪𝒍−
weak electrolytic solution : is the solution which is the solute
molecules are partially ionized in it like hydrofluoric acid
𝐻𝐹 ⇌ 𝐻+ + 𝐹 −
4
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
Explain : sugar and ethyl alcohol dissolved in water but there
solutions are non – electrolytic ? ‫يذوة انسكر وانكحىل في انمبء نكه محبنيههب غير‬
. ‫انكترونيتية‬
Or why sugar or ethyl alcohol solutions don`t conduct electricity ?
Because there molecules don`t ionize in water . ‫الن جزيئبتهب ال تتأيه في انمبء‬
.
solubility : is the maximum amount of a solute which can be dissolved in
a given amount of a specific solvent to result in a saturated solution at a
given temperature.
Q// what are the factors that effect on solubility ?
1. Nature of the solute and the solvent .
2. Temperature.
3. Pressure.
Explain :
1.
Sugar powder dissolves faster than the lumps of sugar ?
Because the surfaces of the powder is greater than those of the lumps of sugar
.
2. Sugar in the hot liquid dissolves faster
than that in the cold liquid?
3. Because the motion energy of the liquid
likely to collide with surfaces of sugar
molecules in crease making it more
5
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
4. when the cover is removed bubbles are formed and move
up in the liquid?
because CO2 pressure will decrease and making Its less soluble
CO2
Concentration of solution: it is the amount of solute in a
particular solvent or solution .
Concentration by Mass percentage: It is the number of grams of
the solute which are dissolved in 100 grams of solution.
Example 4-1// What is the mass of ratio of the solute and the solvent of a
solution made of 15.3g of salt dissolved 155g of water .
sol
+
+
6
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
‫وزاري‬
Example 4-1// a simple of vinegar contains 4% of acetic by
mass .How many grams of vinegar is required obtain 20g of
acetic acid ?
sol
Chapter Question 4-4 //
There is 19 g dissolved matter in 158 g solvent, find mass
percentage of the matter.
+
7
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
Chapter Question 4-5 //
5g of copper sulfate is dissolved in 20g of pure water, calculate
mass percentage of solute and solvent.
+
+
Chapter Question 4-8 //
Calculate the mass percentage of NaCl in the solution, if 15.3g
NaCl and 155.09 g water are mixed.
+
+
8
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
Concentration in volume percentage: It is ratio of volume of each
component of the solution compared to the total volume of the solution
multiplied by 100 .
+
+
Units of volume
1 L = 1000 mL
,
1 L = 1000 cm3 , 1 mL = 1 cm3
Example 4-3//
Calculate the percentage of volume for both acetic acid and water in a
solution formed by mixing 20 ml. of acetic and 30ml.of water .
sol
+
+
9
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
Example 4-4//
What is the volume of ethyl alcohol expressed in mL. that is
required to be added into water so that the total volume of
solution would be 50 mL. and its percentage of volume would
be 80% ?
sol
Chapter Question 4-7 //
IF 25 mL. HCI and 75 mL water are mixed, what will be
percentage of acid and water by volume i the solution?
+
10
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒈⁄𝑳
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒎
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑽
𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒚 𝒈⁄𝑳
𝑷 𝒈⁄ 𝑳
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒈
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑳
𝒎 𝒈
𝑽 𝑳
Units of concentration and Density (g/L),(g/mL), or (g/cm 3)
⁄
L
g/L
mL
⁄
11
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
Example 4-5 // 5 grams of copper sulfate are dissolved in 0.5 L of
distilled water calculate the concentration of solute in the solution
with g/L unit
⁄
Chapter Question 4-6 // How many liters of water is needed to add 10
g of potassium hydroxide to obtain a solution with 2.5 g/L
concentration ?
sol m= 10 g
, V= ? L
Concentration = 2.5 g/L
⁄
⁄
12
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
Chapter Question 4-9 // A solution is prepared by dissolving
27.5 g of methyl alcohol in 175 ml water . calculate there
concentration of the solution in g/L ?
sol
m= 27.5 g
V= 175 ml
Concentration = ?
= 0.175 L
⁄
Example 4-6 //
Calculate the mass percentage of methyl alcohol in solution containing
27.5 g of methyl alcohol and 175 ml. of water and assume that density
of water is 1.00 g / ml.
⁄
⁄
⁄
+
+
13
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
Chapter Question 4-10
A sample of water is taken from the Habbaniyah Lake .
Assume that It contains 8.5% carbon dioxide . What is the
mass of carbon dioxide in 28.6 liters of the Lake water ? (
Density of the Lake water is 1.03 g/mL ) .
⁄
Chapter Question 4-2 //
1- Which answer is true example for solid solution?
a) Juice
b) Coin
c) Salt solution
2-What is the definition of weak electrolyte solution?
a) if solute ionize completely in solvent
b) if solute not completely ionize in solvent
c) if solute fast ionize in solvent
3-The solubility of the sugar in hot water is faster than cold water. What
is the main reason of this?
a) The energy of water molecule reduces tinder high temperature
b) The energy of water molecule increases under high temperature
c) The energy of sugar molecule increases under high temperature
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Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
4- How can we convert concentrated solution to dilute solution?
a) by the help of increasing concentration of solute
b) heating solution
c) by the help of adding much more solvent to solution
Chapter Question 4-3 // Compare the following terms:
a) Dilute and concentrated solution
b) Weak electrolytic and strongly electrolytic solution.
c) Super saturated and unsaturated solution.
15
Chapter Four : Solutions and expressions for concentrations
Dilute solution
concentrated solution
1.The solution which is contain
relatively small amount of
solute .
2.can be changed into
concentrated by adding large
amount of solute
1.The solution which is contain
large amount of solute
2.can be changed in to dilute by
adding large amount of solvent .
Weak electrolytic
Strong electrolytic
The solute molecules are
partially Ionized in it like
hydrofluoric acid
⇌ + + −
The solute molecules are
completely ionized in the
solution like hydrochloric acid
→ + + −.
Super saturated
Unsaturated solution
1. the amount of solute is
greater in any solution
that the solvent is able to
dissolve it .
2. can be changed into
saturated solution where
by it deposits the extra
amount of the solute
1. It contain less amount of
the solute that is required
for saturation .
3. is not stable solution
3. is stable solution
2. can be changed in to
saturated solution by
adding large amount of
solute .