NALANDA VIDYA NIKETAN ebevs end bey*n NALANDA VIDYA NIKETAN ANDHRA PRADESH & KARNATAKA QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT 1. Preliminary Examination: i) Blue or Bluish green i) Greenish yellow i) Pale pink iv) White or colourless a) Colour b) Physical State Inference Observation Experiment May be copper salt May be ferrous salt May be manganese salt Absence of copper, ferrous and manganese salts i) Crystalline (Shining) i) Amorphous (Dull power) c) Solubility i) Cold water i) Hot water ii) Dil. HCI d) Action of Heat A small quantity Soluble/Insoluble Soluble/insoluble Soluble/lnsoluble i) White sublimate is formed with May be Ammonium salt of the given salt is heated in a dry pungent smell test tube first gently and then strongly i) Colourless gas with Ammonia smell is evolved May be Ammonium salt ii) The substance fuses without May be Hydrated salt smell iv) The substance is blue and becomes colourless on heating. v)Reddish brown vapours with May be Manganese or Copper salt May be Nitrate salt pungent smell are evolved vi) Yellow in hot and white in cold May be Zinc salt Flame test: Take with salt add 1 or 2 drops of conc. HC make a paste Bluish green and is introduced to flame Brick Red Ba-2 Crimson red Violet Sr.2 Flashes of green Green edge flame Zn Apple green Cu Ca2 K Borate (An ion) 2. ldentification of an ion: Observation Experiment 1) Action of dil.HCI: A small quantity of the given salt is treated with dilute HCI in a test tube i) A colourless and odourless gas (CO) is evolved with brisk effervescence. The gas puts off the burning splinter and turns lime water milky. Inference May be carbonate (CO,) 2) Action of conc. HSO. (in cold condition) : A small quantity of the given salt is treated with concentrated H,SO, in a test tube i) A colourless gas (HCI) is May be chloride (CI) evolved with pungent smell. The gas produces dense white fumes with a glass rod dipped in NH.OH is placed on the mouth of the test tube ii) A colourless gas (HBr) along with reddish brown vapours (Br,) May be Bromide (Br ) are evolved. Pale yellow layer is formed on the glass rod wher s dipped in AgNO, solution are 3) Action of MnO, and conc. H,SO. :A small quantity ofsalt is taken ina test tube and add a pinch of MnO,. This measures is added with conc. HSO, and heat it gently._ exposed i) Greenish yellow gas with May be Chloride (C) pungent smell is evolved. It turns starch iodide paper to blue. i) Reddish brown gas (Br,)with May be Bromide (Br ) pungent smell is evolved. It turns iodide paper to blue 4) Action of conc. H,So, in hot Reddish brown vapours (NO.) condition:A small quantity of salt is with pungent smell are evolved. taken in a test tube and added few The solution turns to pale blue May be Nitrate (NO) pieces of copper turnings. This mixture is treated with conc. HSO and heated stronglyy Test for phosphate Canary yellow precipitate is Salt conc. HNO; ammonium May be Phosphate (PO) formed molybdate 5) Action of BaCl, solution To the sat solution, BaCl, solution is A white ppt (BasO.) is formed which is insoluble in conc. HCI May be sulphate (SO) added 3. Confirmatory test for Anions: Experiment Observation Confirmatory test for carbonate A small quantity of given salt is A white ppt (BaCO.) is formed which is soluble in dil. HCI Inference Carbonate (CO:) is confirmed treated with BaClh sol. Wet Tests: Preparation ofsodium carbonate extract: A small quantity of the salt is mixed with triple amount of anhydrous sodium carbanate. Distilled water is added, shakes well and boiled for about five minutes jt is fitered. The fitrate is known as sodium carbonate extract. The filtrate is tested for C, Br, NOs, SO ions. Experiment Test for Borate Observation Inference A green edge flame in observed May be Borate (BO,") Copfitmatory test for chloride Cloudy white ppt (Agcl) is formed. The ppt is completely soluble in Chloride ( C ) * confimed Nutralize Na,CO, extract with dil. HNO, and AgNO, sol. is added NH.OH solution. Confirmatory test for bromide: formed. The ppt is sparingly soble Nutralise Na,CO, extract with dil. HNO, and AgNO, sol. is added in NH,OH solution Salt+ CaH,OH' conc. H,SO. (in test tube) vapours are introduced to flame. A pale yellow ppt (AgBr) is Confirmatory testfor Nitrate: A brown-ring is formed at the Brown-ring test: Nutralise Na,Co extract with dil. HSO, freshly prepared FeSO, sol. is added. The junctions of aqueous and acid Bromide (Br) is confirmed Nitrate (NO0,) confirmed layers. test tube is kept in an inclined position and conc. HSO, is added slowly along the inner sides of test tube without disturbing the solution Confirmatory test for Sulphate: Nutralise Na,C0, extract with dil. HCI A white ppt (BasO.) is fomed and BaCl, sol. is added which is insoluble in concentrated HCI. Sulphate (So:) is confirmed Group separation table for Cations: Group Experiment Take the salt solution and add Observation Inference A white ppt is formed May be Pb HS gas is passed through the above solution A black ppt is formed May be Cu Take the salt solution and add i) Gelatinous white ppt is formed i) May be Al few drops of dil. HC solid NH.CI and NH.OHsolution i) May be Fe? H.S gas is passed through the i) A white ppt is formed above solution i) Flesh coloured ppt is formed i) May be Zn? i) May be Mn2 Take the salt solution and add little solid NH.CI and NH,OH A white ppt is fomed May be Ba2 or Ca2 A white crystalline ppt is formed May be Mg? solution followed by solution. VI i) Dirty green ppt is formed (NH.), CO Take the salt solution and add solid NH.Cl and NH,OH solution followed by disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na,HPO.)solution 5. Confirmatory test for Cations: Experiment 1) Test for Group-l solution (Pb a) To the salt solution potassium chromate solution is added b) To the salt solution potassium iodided solution is added Observation Inference Yellow ppt is formed which is soluble in dil. HNO, and insoluble in acetic acid. Lead ion is confirmed Yellow ppt is formed which is soluble in hot water. Golden Lead ion is confirmed spangles are formed'on cooling the solution. 2) Test for Group-ll Cations (Cu) Pale blue ppt is formed which is soluble in excess of NH,OH. Copper ion is confirmed b) To the salt solution potassium A chocolate coloured ppt is Copper ion is confirmed fero cyanide is added K« [Fe(CN) formed a) To the salt solution NH, OH solution is added 3) Test for Group-ll Cations (Al and Fe) Test for AI3 a) To the salt solution NH,OH solution is added A gelatinous white ppt is formed Aluminium ion is confirmed b) To the salt solution NaOH solution is added A gelatinous white ppt is formed which is soluble in excess of Aluminium ion is confirmed NaOH Test for Fe a) To the salt solution NH.OH solution is added Dirty green ppt is formed Ferrous ion is confimed b) To the salt solution potassium Pale blue ppt is formed Ferrous ion is confirmed A gelatinous white ppt is formed which is soluble in excess of Zinc ion is confirmed ferrocyanide is added 4) Test for Group-V cations (Zn") and (Mn): Test for Zn" a) To the salt solution NH.OH solution is added NH.OH. To the salt solution NaOH is added Test for Mn2 To the sait solution NaOH is added A gelatinous white ppt is formed which is soluble in excess of NaOH. Zinc ion is confirmed A white ppt is formed which turns to brown on exposure to air. The Manganese ion is confirmed ppt insoluble in excess of NaOH To the salt solution NH.OH is added A white ppt is formed which is 5) To the salt solution potassium chromate solution is added Yellow ppt is formed which is soluble in Conc. HCI. Barium ion is confirmed To the sat solution ammonium oxalate solution is added White ppt is formed which is Barium ion is confirmed Manganese ion is confirmed soluble in excess of NH.OH soluble in acetic acid. Test for Ca? a) To the salt solution potassium chromate solution is added Test for Ca b) To the slat solution ammonium oxalate solution is added Yellow coloured solution is formed but not yellow ppt. Calcium ion is confirmed White ppt is formed which is insoluble in acetic acid Calcium ion is confirmed A white ppt is formed which is soluble in NH,CI solution Magnesium ion is confimed 6) Test for Group-Vi Cations (Mg NH.) Testfor Mg a) To the salt solution NaOH solution is added b) To the salt solution ammonium carbonate solution is added Test for NH a) To the salt NaOH solution is added and boiled white ppt is formed A colourless gas with ammonia smell is evolved which gives dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in conc. HCl is Magnesium ion is confirmed Ammonium ion is confimed exposed b) To the salt solution Nessler's reagent (KHg L) is added 8. Report The given salt contains Anion Yellow to reddish brown ppt is Ammonium ion is confirmed formed and Cation So the given salt is
