PROJECTS
Project 1
Title
Study the variation in the amount of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages
of ripening.
Objective
The objective of this project is to investigate the variation in the amount of oxalate
ions present in guava at different stages of its ripening (i.e. unripe, parialy ripe
and fully ripe).
Brief Procedure
Collect different samples of guava fruit (green, pale-green, yellowish-white and
yellowish, i.e. from unripe to fully ripe variety). Take100 grams of one of the
sample of guava fruit, crush it into a mortar and transfer the paste in 100 mL of
water. Boil the contents for 10-15 minutes and filter. Take the filtrate, add about
5mL of dilute sulphuric acid and titrate it against 0.001M KMnO4 solution. Repeat
the procedure with other samples of guava and draw conclusion.
Project 2
Title
A study to compare the quantity of caesin present in different samples of milk.
Objective
To compare the quality of different samples of milk by finding out quantity of
casein present in them.
Brief Procedure
Take 200 mL of each sample of milk in separate 500 mL beakers. Heat the milk
samples upto 50 – 60°C. Add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid slowly with
constant stirring for 5-10 minutes. Casein coagulates as an amorphous
substance. Filter the substance and wash the precipitate several times with tap
water. Remove the fat by using a suitable organic solvent. Weigh casein so obtained
after drying.
LABORATORY MANUAL CHEMISTRY
Project
3
Title
Preparation of soyabean milk and its comparison with natural
milk.
Objective
To prepare soyabean milk and compare it with natural milk with
respect to curd formation, effect of temperature, taste etc.
Brief Procedure
Prepare soyabean milk by first soaking soyabean seeds in warm
water and keeping them overnight in water. Make a paste of seeds
by crushing and finely grinding them. Mix the pasty mass with
warm water to get soya milk. Filter the mixture and discard the
undissolved portion. Compare soya milk with natural milk and
conclude whether soya milk can be a substitute for natural milk.
The comparison may be made with respect to the nutrients present,
colour, smell, taste, effect of temperature, curd formation, etc.
Project 4
Title
Study the effect of potassium metabisulphite as a food preservative
under various conditions.
Objective
To study the effect of concentration of potassium metabisulphite
(preservative), temperature and time on preservation of food.
Brief Procedure
Collect amla fruits and wash these with water. Cut these into small
pieces and dry in the sunlight for a few hours. Mix the salt and
the spices to the pieces. Pour 25g of amla pieces into each of the
six boiling tubes numbered as 1, 2, 3…etc. Weigh 500 mg of
potassium metabisulphite and dissolve it in 20 mL of distilled
water. Keep the boiling tube No. 1 without mixing preservative
and oil. In boiling tube No. 2 and 3 add 1 mL of the preservative
solution and 2 mL of oil and mix the mixture with the glass rod.
Keep the boiling tube No. 2 at the room temperature (25-350C)
and the boiling tube No. 3 at a temperature of 400C. In boiling
126
PROJECTS
tube No. 4,5and 6, add 2 mL, 4 mL and 8 mL of the preservative
solution respectively and 2 mL of mustard oil. Keep these boiling
tubes at the room temperature. Prepare again the fresh mixtures
in boiling tubes No. 4, 5 and 6 and keep them at 40°C temperature.
Keep all these boiling tubes for 3 to 5 days. Note the growth of
fungi, if any, in these tubes. Record your observations and draw
conclusion.
Project 5
Title
A Study of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
Objective
Study the hydrolysis of starch by salivary amylase and the effect
of pH and temperature on it.
Brief Procedure
Take about 20-30 mL of warm distilled water (30°C– 40°C) in the
mouth and mix it with the saliva by gargling in the mouth. Collect
the saliva mixed water in a beaker.
Digestion of Starch by Saliva Solution
Take 10 mL of the starch solution in a boiling tube and add 2
mL of 1% sodium chloride solution in it. Keep the boiling tube
in a water bath, maintained at 30° – 40°C, for at least 15
minutes. Pour 2 mL of the saliva solution in the boiling tube
and start the stopwatch immediately. Take out 2-3 drops of
the mixture after one minute and pour it in the test tube
containing iodine solution. Shake the contents of the test tube
and note the colour of the solution, if any. Similarly, take out
2-3 drops of the mixture from the boiling tube after every oneminute and add to iodine solution contained in the test tubes.
Record the colour of the solution in each case. Stop taking
readings when there is no change in colour. Record the
readings in a tabular form.
In order to study the effect of temperature on the digestion of
starch by saliva, perform the above experiment at 50°C.
The effect of pH of reaction medium can also be studied
by using small quantities of dilute HCl and dilute NaOH in
the separate experiments carried out in the same manner as
above.
127
LABORATORY MANUAL CHEMISTRY
Project 6
Title
A comparative study of the rate of fermentation of the following
substances: (a) Wheat flour, (b) Gram flour, (c) Potato juice, (d) Carrot
juice, (e) Orange juice, (f) Apple juice, and (g) Sugar-cane juice.
Objective
To determine the rate of fermentation of different substances and
study the effect of concentration, time and temperature on the rate
of fermentation of these substances.
Brief Procedure
Take a conical flask (100 mL) fitted with a delivery tube as shown
in Fig. 12.1. Remove the delivery tube and add 10 g of wheat flour
and about 80 mL of the distilled water into the flask. Stir the
contents of the flask with a glass rod and add 2 g of yeast. Stir the
contents again. Fit the delivery tube into the mouth of the flask.
Tie a balloon with the help of a thread to the upper end of the
delivery tube as shown in Fig.12.1. As the fermentation proceeds,
carbon dioxide gas is evolved and the balloon inflates. The extent
to which the baloon inflates in the given time is the measure of the
rate of reaction. Repeat the experiment with other materials such
as potato juice, orange juice, apple juice and sugar-cane juice.
Fig. 12.1 : Determination of rate of firmentation
Effect of concentration of yeast
Study the effect of concentration of yeast on the rate of fermentation
of any one of the above materials. For this, carry out the reaction
using 2, 3 and 4 grams of yeast and note the extent of inflation of
baloon in each case in a fixed time interval.
128
PROJECTS
Effect of time
Carry out the reaction using the same ingredients for different
intervals of time and observing the extent of inflation of balloon.
Effect of temperature
Carry out the reaction using the same ingredients for a fixed
interval of time but at three different temperatures (25oC, 30oC,
and 35°C). Note the extent of reaction by observing the inflation
of baloon in the these reactions.
Project 7
Title
Extraction of essential oils present in saunf (aniseeds), Ajwain
(carum) and illaichi (cardamom)
Objective
To extract essential oils from aniseeds, carum, and cardamom by
using petroleum ether as a solvent.
Brief Procedure
Take 100 g of crushed aniseed in a conical flask and add 100 mL
of petroleum ether (of boiling range 60°-80°) in it. Close the mouth
of the flask with a rubber cork and shake it for sometime. Keep
the flask for a day. Filter the solution and collect in a distillation
flask. Distill off the petroleum ether at 60°C - 80°C. Petroleum
ether is a highly inflammable liquid. Do not bring any flame near
it. Use heating mental for heating the flask. Do not heat it directly
on flame. Transfer the liquid (oil) which is left in the flask to a
boiling tube and close the mouth of the boiling tube with a rubber
cork. Note the colour, odour and volume of the essential oil so
collected.
Similarly, extract essential oils of carum and cardamom.
Project 8
Title
Study of common food adulterants.
129
LABORATORY MANUAL CHEMISTRY
Objective
To identify the food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric
powder, chilli powder and pepper.
Background information
Adulteration of food means substitution of the genuin food material
wholly or in part with any cheaper or inferior substance or removal
of any of its constituents, wholly or in part, which affects adversely
the nature, substance or quality of the food. According to the Indian
Preservation of Food Adultration Act (PFA) 1954, any ingredient
which when present in food, is injurious to health is an adultrant.
Some of the foods commonly adultrated in India and the
adultrants found in them are as follows ; corresponding form of
Khesari dal (grain/bean/flour) is mixed with pulses like masoor,
bengal gram dal, red gram dal, black gram, and channa.
Consumption of khersari dhal for a long time results in paralysis of
the lower limbs.
Sometimes seeds, barks, leaves and other matter are dressed up
to look like genuine foodstuffs and are used to adultrate pure ones.
For example exhausted tea leaves or coloured sawdust are mixed
into fresh tea. Powdered bran and sawdust may be present in ground
spices. Easily obtainable seeds are substituted for cumin, cardamom,
black pepper, mustered seeds etc.
Edible oils and fats are adultrated with cheap edible and non
edible oils. Seeds of Argemone maxicana resemble mustered and
are used to mix with mustard seeds and oil extracted from seeds is
used to adultrate oils such as coconut, mustard, sesame and
groundnut. Argemone oil is poisonous and its use results in dropsy
in human beings. Oils and fats are also adultrated with petroleum
products which cause gastrointestinal disorders.
Talc and chalk powder are used to adultrate wheat flour,
Arrowroot powder and confectionary, starch is used as a filler in
milk and milk products.
Coaltar dyes and mineral pigments like lead chromate and red
or yellow earth are common food adultrants used for colouring milk
products, confectionary, soft drinks, beverages, tea, spices, bakery
products, fruits and vegetables to give better look.
Brief procedures for testing food adultrants in some of the food
materials are given below :
Brief Procedure
Vanaspati ghee in butter
Take 0.5g of butter sample in a test tube and melt it by heating
gently. To this liquid add a small amount of sugar and a few drops
130
PROJECTS
of HC1 and shake the mixture for 5 minutes. Appearance of pink
colour indicates the presence of vanaspati ghee in the butter.
Dyes in fats and oils
Take 1 mL of fat/oil in a test tube and add 1mL of the mixture of
sulphuric acid and glacial acetic acid in the ratio 1:4. Heat the
mixture. Appearance of pink colour indicates the presence of dyes
in fats and oils.
Chalk in sugar
Take 1 g of sugar in a test tube and add 2 mL of dilute H2SO4 in it.
Evolution of effervescence indicates the presence of chalk in sugar.
Artificial colour in red chillies
Take a glass tumbler filled with distilled water and pour a few
grams of red chilli powder in it. Stir the mixture with the glass rod
and allow it to stand for a few minutes. Appearance of brick red
colour in water shows the presence of artificial colour in red chilli.
Coloured chalk powder in turmeric powder
Take about 0.5g of turmeric powder in a test tube and add 1mL of
dilute H2SO4. Evolution of effervescence shows the presence of
coloured chalk powder in turmeric.
Sawdust coloured with coaltar dye in turmeric powder
Take about 1.0 g turmeric powder in a test tube add a few drops
of conc. HCl. Instant appearance of violet colour which persists on
dilution with distilled water indicates the presence of sawdust
coloured with metanil yellow, a coaltar dye.
Pappaya seeds in black pepper
Take a beaker filled with distilled water and add one spoon full of
pepper. Papaya seeds float over water while pepper settles down.
131
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
SOME USEFUL TABLES
Table 1 : Fundamental physical constants
Physical constant
Symbol
Value
Acceleration due to gravity
g
9.81 ms–2
Atomic mass unit
amu
1.66053 × 10–27 Kg
Avogadro constant
NA
6.02217 × 1023 mol–1
Boltzmann constant
K
1.38062 × 10–23 J K–1
Electronic charge
e
1.602192 × 10–19 C
Faraday cosntant
F
9.64867 × 104 C mol–1
Gas constant
R
8.314 J K–1 mol–1
‘Ice-point’ temperature
Tice
273.150 K
Molar volum of ideal gas at stp.
Vm
2.24136 × 10–2 m3 mol–1
Permittivity of a vaccuum
E0
8.854185 × 10–12
Plank constant
h
6.62620 × 10–34 J s
Rydberg constant
Rw
1.973731 × 107 m–1
Standard pressure (atmosphere)
p
Kg–1 m–3s4 A2
101325 N m–2
Triple point of water
273016 K
Velocity of light of vacuum
2.997925 × 108 m s–1
c
Table 2 : General properties of some organic compounds
Compound
Acetic acid
Acetanilide
Acetone
p-aminoazobenene
(aniline yellow)
Aniline
Benzoic acid
Carbon tetra-chloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Dibenzal acetone
Di-ethyl ether
Ethyl acetate
Ethanol
Glycerol
Hexane
Methanol
Napthalene
p-Nitroacetanilide
Phenol
Phenyl-azo-β-naphthol
(azo dye)
Toluene
132
mp.°C
bp.°C
Density/
Kg m–3
(298 K)
Refractive
index (nD)
(293 K)
104 × Viscosity/
N s m–2)
(298 K)
103 × Surface
Tension/
N m–1 (293 K)
16.7
114.0
–94.7
125.0
117.9
56.1
-
1044.0
785.0
-
1.3716
1.3588
-
11.55
3.16
-
27.8
23.7
-
–6.3
122.4
–22.9
–45.2
–63.5
6.6
112.0
–116.2
–82.4
–114.1
18.07
–95.3
–97.7
80.3
214.0
40.9
113.0
184.1
249.0
76.5
132.0
61.7
80.7
34.51
77.1
78.3
290.0
68.7
64.5
218.0
181.8
-
1022.0 (293)
1266.0 (288)
1584.0
1106.0
1480.0
774.0
714.0
900.0 (293)
785.0
1264.4
655.0
787.0
1180.0
1132.0
-
1.5863
1.504 (405)
1.4601
1.5241
1.4459
1.42662
1.3526
1.3723
1.3611
1.4746
1.37506
1.3288
1.4003 (297)
1.5509
-
3.71
8.8
7.97
5.42
9.8
2.22
4.41
10.6
942.0
2.94
5.47
-
42.9
26.95
33.56
27.14
25.5
17.01
23.9
22.75
63.4
18.43
22.61
-
–95.1
110.6
862.0
1.4961
5.50
28.5
APPENDIX I
Table 3 : Solubility of common inorganic compounds in water
These ions form soluble compounds
(solubility greater than 0.1 M)
with these cations
Form slightly
soluble compounds
(solubility less than 0.1 M)
Name
of
Anion
Symbol
nitrate
NO3
Most cations
None
acetate
CH3COO–
Most cations
Ag+
chloride
Cl
Most cations
Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2
bromide
Br
Most cations
Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2
iodide
I,
Most cations
Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2
sulphate
SO4 ,
Most cations
Br2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Ag+
chromate
CrO4
Most cations
Br2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Ag+
sulphide
S2–,
NH4 , alkali metal cations,
–
–
–
–
2–
2–
+
2+
2+
2+
Most other cations
and alkaline earth metal cations
hydroxide
–
OH ,
+
NH4 , alkali metal and alkaline earth
Most other cations
metal and Ba2+ and Sr2+
2–
NH4 and alkali metal cations
3–
except Li+
carbonate
CO3
phosphate
PO4
+
Most other cations
133
APPENDIX II
ELEMENTS, THEIR ATOMIC NUMBER AND MOLAR MASS
Element
Actinium
Aluminium
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Bohrium
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Caesium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dubnium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Hassium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Meitneium
Mendelevium
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Molar
mass/
(g mol–1)
Element
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Mt
Md
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29
96
105
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
109
101
227.03
26.98
(243)
121.75
39.95
74.92
210
137.34
(247)
9.01
208.98
(264)
10.81
79.91
112.40
132.91
40.08
251.08
12.01
140.12
35.45
52.00
58.93
63.54
247.07
(263)
162.50
(252)
167.26
151.96
(257.10)
19.00
(223)
157.25
69.72
72.61
196.97
178.49
(269)
4.00
164.93
1.0079
114.82
126.90
192.2
55.85
83.80
138.91
(262.1)
207.19
6.94
174.96
24.31
54.94
(268)
258.10
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Rutherfordium
Samarium
Scandium
Seaborgium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulphur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Ununbium
Ununnilium
Unununium
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
Uub
Uun
Uuu
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
112
110
111
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
The value given in parenthesis is the molar mass of the isotope of largest known half-life.
134
Molar
mass/
(g mol–1)
200.59
95.94
144.24
20.18
(237.05)
58.71
92.91
14.0067
(259)
190.2
16.00
106.4
30.97
195.09
(244)
210
39.10
140.91
(145)
231.04
(226)
(222)
186.2
102.91
85.47
101.07
(261)
150.35
44.96
(266)
78.96
28.08
107.87
22.99
87.62
32.06
180.95
(98.91)
127.60
158.92
204.37
232.04
168.93
118.69
47.88
183.85
(277)
(269)
(272)
238.03
50.94
131.30
173.04
88.91
65.37
91.22
APPENDIX III
SOME USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS
Common Unit of Mass and Weight
1 pound = 453.59 grams
1 pound = 453.59 grams = 0.45359 kilogram
1 kilogram = 1000 grams = 2.205 pounds
1 gram = 10 decigrams = 100 centigrams
= 1000 milligrams
1 gram = 6.022 × 1023 atomic mass units or u
1 atomic mass unit = 1.6606 × 10–24 gram
1 metric tonne = 1000 kilograms
= 2205 pounds
Common Unit of Volume
1 quart = 0.9463 litre
1 litre = 1.056 quarts
1 litre = 1 cubic decimetre = 1000 cubic
centimetres = 0.001 cubic metre
1 millilitre = 1 cubic centimetre = 0.001 litre
= 1.056 × 10-3 quart
1 cubic foot = 28.316 litres = 29.902 quarts
= 7.475 gallons
Common Units of Energy
1 joule = 1 × 107 ergs
1 thermochemical calorie** = 4.184 joules
= 4.184 × 107 ergs
= 4.129 × 10–2 litre-atmospheres
= 2.612 × 1019 electron volts
–7
1 ergs = 1 × 10 joule = 2.3901 × 10–8 calorie
1 electron volt = 1.6022 × 10–19 joule
= 1.6022 × 10–12 erg
= 96.487 kJ/mol†
1 litre-atmosphere = 24.217 calories
= 101.32 joules
= 1.0132 ×109 ergs
1 British thermal unit = 1055.06 joules
= 1.05506 ×1010 ergs
= 252.2 calories
Common Units of Length
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres (exactly)
1 mile = 5280 feet = 1.609 kilometres
1 yard = 36 inches = 0.9144 metre
1 metre = 100 centimetres
= 39.37 inches
= 3.281 feet
= 1.094 yards
1 kilometre = 1000 metres
= 1094 yards
= 0.6215 mile
1 Angstrom = 1.0 × 10–8 centimetre
= 0.10 nanometre
= 1.0 × 10–10 metre
= 3.937 × 10–9 inch
Common Units of Force* and Pressure
1 atmosphere= 760 millimetres of mercury
= 1.013 × 105 pascals
= 14.70 pounds per square inch
1 bar = 105 pascals
1 torr = 1 millimetre of mercury
1 pascal = 1 kg/ms2 = 1 N/m2
Temperature
SI Base Unit: Kelvin (K)
K = -273.15°C
K =
°F
°C
+ 273.15
= 1.8(°C) + 32
°C =
°F − 32
1.8
Force: 1 newton (N) = 1 kg m/s 2 , i.e.,the force that, when applied for 1 second, gives a
1-kilogram mass a velocity of 1 metre per second.
** The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.50C to 15.50C.
† Note that the other units are per particle and must be multiplied by 6.022 ×1023 to be strictly
comparable.
*
135
APPENDIX IV
STANDARD POTENTIALS AT 298 K IN ELECTROCHEMICAL
Reduction half-reaction
E J /V
Reduction half-reaction
H4XeO6 + 2H+ + 2e– → XeO3 + 3H2O
+3.0
Pu4+ + e– → Pu3+
+0.97
F2 + 2e– → 2F–
+2.87
NO–3 + 4H+ + 3e– → NO + 2H2O
+0.96
O3 + 2H+ + 2e– → O2 + H2O
+2.07
2Hg2+ + 2e– → Hg 2+
2
+0.92
S2O8 + 2e– → 2SO4
+2.05
ClO– + H2O + 2e– → Cl– + 2OH–
+0.89
Ag+ + e– → Ag+
+1.98
Hg2+ + 2e– → Hg
+0.86
Co3+ + e– → Co2+
+1.81
NO–3 + 2H+ + e– → NO2 + H2O
+0.80
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– → 2H2O
+1.78
Ag+ + e– → Ag
+0.80
Au+ + e– → Au
+1.69
–
Hg 2+
2 +2e → 2Hg
+0.79
Pb4+ + 2e– → Pb2+
+1.67
Fe3+ + e– → Fe2+
+0.77
2HClO + 2H+ + 2e– → Cl2 + 2H2O
+1.63
BrO– + H2O + 2e– → Br– + 2OH–
+0.76
Ce4+ + e– → Ce3+
+1.61
Hg2SO4 +2e– → 2Hg + SO42–
+0.62
2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e– → Br2 + 2H2O
+1.60
MnO42– + 2H2O + 2e– → MnO2 + 4OH– +0.60
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
+1.51
MnO–4 + e– → MnO42–
+0.56
Mn3+ + e– → Mn2+
+1.51
I2 + 2e– → 2I–
+0.54
Au3+ + 3e– → Au
+1.40
I3 + 2e– → 3I–
+0.53
Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl–
+1.36
Cu+ + e– → Cu
+0.52
Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
+1.33
NiOOH + H2O + e– → Ni(OH)2 + OH– +0.49
O3 + H2O + 2e– → O2 + 2OH–
+1.24
Ag2CrO4 + 2e– → 2Ag + CrO42–
+0.45
O2 + 4H+ + 4e– → 2H2O
+1.23
O2 + 2H2O + 4e– → 4OH–
+0.40
ClO–4 + 2H+ +2e– → ClO–3 + 2H2O
+1.23
ClO–4 + H2O + 2e– → ClO–3 + 2OH–
+0.36
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– → Mn2+ + 2H2O
+1.23
[Fe(CN)6]3– + e– → [Fe(CN)6]4–
+0.36
Pt2+ + 2e– → Pt
+1.20
Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
+0.34
Br2 + 2e– → 2Br–
+1.09
Hg2Cl2 + 2e– → 2Hg + 2Cl–
+0.27
2–
2–
–
2–
136
–
E J /V
APPENDIX IV
AgCl + e– → Ag + Cl–
+0.27
S + 2e– → S2–
–0.48
Bi3+ + 3e– → Bi
+0.20
In3+ + e– → In2+
–0.49
SO42 + 4H+ + 2e– → H2SO3 + H2O
+0.17
U4+ + e– → U3+
–0.61
Cu2+ + e– → Cu+
+0.16
Cr3+ + 3e– → Cr
–0.74
Sn4+ + 2e– → Sn2+
+0.15
Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn
–0.76
AgBr + e– → Ag + Br–
+0.07
Cd(OH)2 + 2e– → Cd + 2OH–
–0.81
Ti4+ + e– → Ti3+
0.00
2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH–
–0.83
2H+ + 2e– → H2
(by definition) 0.0
Cr2+ + 2e– → Cr
–0.91
Fe3+ + 3e– → Fe
–0.04
Mn2+ + 2e– → Mn
–1.18
O2 + H2O + 2e– → HO–2 + OH–
–0.08
V2+ + 2e– → V
–1.19
Pb2+ + 2e– → Pb
–0.13
Ti2+ + 2e– → Ti
–1.63
In+ + e– → In
–0.14
Al3+ + 3e– → Al
–1.66
Sn2+ + 2e– → Sn
–0.14
U3+ + 3e– → U
–1.79
AgI + e– → Ag + I–
–0.15
Sc3+ + 3e– → Sc
–2.09
Ni2+ + 2e– → Ni
–0.23
Mg2+ + 2e– → Mg
–2.36
V3+ + e– → V2+
–0.26
Ce3+ + 3e– → Ce
–2.48
Co2+ + 2e– → Co
–0.28
La3+ + 3e– → La
–2.52
In3+ + 3e– → In
–0.34
Na+ + e– → Na
–2.71
Tl+ + e– → Tl
–0.34
Ca2+ + 2e– → Ca
–2.87
PbSO4 + 2e– → Pb + SO2–
4
–0.36
Sr2+ + 2e– → Sr
–2.89
Ti3+ + e– → Ti2+
–0.37
Ba2+ + 2e– → Ba
–2.91
Cd2+ + 2e– → Cd
–0.40
Ra2+ + 2e– → Ra
–2.92
In2+ + e– → In+
–0.40
Cs+ + e– → Cs
–2.92
Cr3+ + e– → Cr2+
–0.41
Rb+ + e– → Rb
–2.93
Fe2+ + 2e– → Fe
–0.44
K+ +e– → K
–2.93
In3+ + 2e– → In+
–0.44
Li+ + e– → Li
–3.05
–
137
LOGARITHMS
Table 1
N
0
2
3
4
10
0000 0043
0086
0128
0170
11
0414 0453
0492
0531
0569
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
138
1
0792 0828
1139 1173
1461 1492
1761 1790
2041 2068
2304 2330
2553 2577
2788 2810
0864
1206
1523
1818
2095
2355
2601
2833
0899
1239
1553
1847
2122
2380
2625
2856
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
8
13
12
17
16
21 26
2O 24
6
30
28
34 38
32 36
9
0212
0253 0294 0334 0374
5
4
0607
0645 0682 0719 0755
4
4
8
7
12
11
16
15
20
18
23
22
27
26
31 35
29 33
0969
1004 1038 1072 1106
3
3
7
7
11
10
14
14
18
17
21
20
25
24
28 32
27 31
1303
1335 1367 1399 1430
3
3
6
7
10
10
13
13
16
16
19
19
23
22
26 29
25 29
1614
1644 1673 1703 1732
3
3
6
6
9
9
12
12
15
14
19
17
22
20
25 28
23 26
1903
1931 1959 1987 2014
3
3
6
6
9
8
11
11
14
14
17
17
20
19
23 26
22 25
2175
2201 2227 2253 2279
3
3
6
5
8
8
11
10
14 16
13 16
19
18
22 24
21 23
2430
2455 2480 2504 2529
3
3
5
5
8
8
10
10
13
12
15
15
18
17
20 23
20 22
2672
2695 2718 2742 2765
2
2
5
4
7
7
9
9
12 14
11 14
17
16
19 21
18 21
2900
2923 2945 2967 2989
2
2
4
4
7
6
9
8
11
11
13
13
16
15
18 20
17 19
0934
1271
1584
1875
2148
2405
2648
2878
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
3010
3222
3424
3617
3802
3979
4150
4314
4472
4624
3032
3243
3444
3636
3820
3997
4166
4330
4487
4639
3054
3263
3464
3655
3838
4014
4183
4346
4502
4654
3075
3284
3483
3674
3856
4031
4200
4362
4518
4669
3096
3304
3502
3692
3874
4048
4216
4378
4533
4683
3118
3324
3522
3711
3892
4065
4232
4393
4548
4698
3139
3345
3541
3729
3909
4082
4249
4409
4564
4713
3160
3365
3560
3747
3927
4099
4265
4425
4579
4728
3181
3385
3579
3766
3945
4116
4281
4440
4594
4742
3201
3404
3598
3784
3962
4133
4298
4456
4609
4757
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
4
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
11
10
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
7
13
12
12
11
11
10
10
9
9
9
15
14
14
13
12
12
11
11
11
10
17
16
15
15
14
14
13
13
12
12
19
18
17
17
16
15
15
14
14
13
30
31
32
33
34
4771
4914
5051
5185
5315
4786
4928
5065
5198
5328
4800
4942
5079
5211
5340
4814
4955
5092
5224
5353
4829
4969
5105
5237
5366
4843
4983
5119
5250
5378
4857
4997
5132
5263
5391
4871
5011
5145
5276
5403
4886
5024
5159
5289
5416
4900
5038
5172
5302
5428
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
5
5
5
7
7
7
6
6
9
8
8
8
8
10
10
9
9
9
11
11
11
10
10
13
12
12
12
11
35
36
37
38
39
5441
5563
5682
5798
5911
5453
5575
5694
5809
5922
5465
5587
5705
5821
5933
5478
5599
5717
5832
5944
5490
5611
5729
5843
5955
5502
5623
5740
5855
5966
5514
5635
5752
5866
5977
5527
5647
5763
5877
5988
5539
5658
5775
5888
5999
5551
5670
5786
5899
6010
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
4
6
6
6
6
5
7
7
7
7
7
9
8
8
8
8
10
10
9
9
9
11
11
10
10
10
40
41
42
43
44
6021
6128
6232
6335
6435
6031
6138
6243
6345
6444
6042
6149
6253
6355
6454
6053
6160
6263
6365
6464
6064
6170
6274
6375
6474
6075
6180
6284
6385
6484
6085
6191
6294
6395
6493
6096
6201
6304
6405
6503
6107
6212
6314
6415
6513
6117
6222
6325
6425
6522
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
8
7
7
7
7
9 10
8
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
45
46
47
48
49
6532
6628
6721
6812
6902
6542
6637
6730
6821
6911
6551
6646
6739
6830
6920
6561
6656
6749
6839
6928
6471
6665
6758
6848
6937
6580
6675
6767
6857
6946
6590
6684
6776
6866
6955
6599
6693
6785
6875
6964
6609
6702
6794
6884
6972
6618
6712
6803
6893
6981
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
6
6
5
5
5
7
7
6
6
6
8
7
7
7
7
9
8
8
8
8
LOGARITHMS
Table 1 continued
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
50
51
52
53
54
6990
7076
7160
7243
7324
6998
7084
7168
7251
7332
7007
7093
7177
7259
7340
7016
7101
7185
7267
7348
7024
7110
7193
7275
7356
7033
7118
7202
7284
7364
7042
7126
7210
7292
7372
7050
7135
7218
7300
7380
7059
7143
7226
7308
7388
7067
7152
7235
7316
7396
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
8
8
7
7
7
55
56
57
58
59
7404
7482
7559
7634
7709
7412
7490
7566
7642
7716
7419
7497
7574
7649
7723
7427
7505
7582
7657
7731
7435
7513
7589
7664
7738
7443
7520
7597
7672
7745
7451
7528
7604
7679
7752
7459
7536
7612
7686
7760
7466
7543
7619
7694
7767
7474
7551
7627
7701
7774
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
60
61
62
63
64
7782
7853
7924
7993
8062
7789
7860
7931
8000
8069
7796
7768
7938
8007
8075
7803
7875
7945
8014
8082
7810
7882
7952
8021
8089
7818
7889
7959
8028
8096
7825
7896
7966
8035
8102
7832
7903
7973
8041
8109
7839
7910
7980
8048
8116
7846
7917
7987
8055
8122
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
65
66
67
68
69
8129
8195
8261
8325
8388
8136
8202
8267
8331
8395
8142
8209
8274
8338
8401
8149
8215
8280
8344
8407
8156
8222
8287
8351
8414
8162
8228
8293
8357
8420
8169
8235
8299
8363
8426
8176
8241
8306
8370
8432
8182
8248
8312
8376
8439
8189
8254
8319
8382
8445
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
70
71
72
73
74
8451
8513
8573
8633
8692
8457
8519
8579
8639
8698
8463
8525
8585
8645
8704
8470
8531
8591
8651
8710
8476
8537
8597
8657
8716
8482
8543
8603
8663
8722
8488
8549
8609
8669
8727
8494
8555
8615
8675
8733
8500
8561
8621
8681
8739
8506
8567
8627
8686
8745
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
75
76
77
78
79
8751
8808
8865
8921
8976
8756
8814
8871
8927
8982
8762
8820
8876
8932
8987
8768
8825
8882
8938
8993
8774
8831
8887
8943
8998
8779
8837
8893
8949
9004
8785
8842
8899
8954
9009
8791
8848
8904
8960
9015
8797
8854
8910
8965
9020
8802
8859
8915
8971
9025
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
80
81
82
83
84
9031
9085
9138
9191
9243
9036
9090
9143
9196
9248
9042
9096
9149
9201
9253
9047
9101
9154
9206
9258
9053
9106
9159
9212
9263
9058
9112
9165
9217
9269
9063
9117
9170
9222
9274
9069
9122
9175
9227
9279
9074
9128
9180
9232
9284
9079
9133
9186
9238
9289
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
85
86
87
88
89
9294
9345
9395
9445
9494
9299
9350
9400
9450
9499
9304
9355
9405
9455
9504
9309
9360
9410
9460
9509
9315
9365
9415
9465
9513
9320
9370
9420
9469
9518
9325
9375
9425
9474
9523
9330
9380
9430
9479
9528
9335
9385
9435
9484
9533
9340
9390
9440
9489
9538
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
90
91
92
93
94
9542
9590
9638
9685
9731
9547
9595
9643
9689
9736
9552
9600
9647
9694
9741
9557
9605
9652
9699
9745
9562
9609
9657
9703
9750
9566
9614
9661
9708
9754
9571
9619
9666
9713
9759
9576
9624
9671
9717
9763
9581
9628
9675
9722
9768
9586
9633
9680
9727
9773
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
95
96
97
98
99
9777
9823
9868
9912
9956
9782
9827
9872
9917
9961
9786
9832
9877
9921
9965
9791
9836
9881
9926
9969
9795
9841
9886
9930
9974
9800
9845
9890
9934
9978
9805
9850
9894
9939
9983
9809
9854
9899
9943
9987
9814
9859
9903
9948
9997
9818
9863
9908
9952
9996
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
139
LABORATORY MANUAL CHEMISTRY
ANTILOGARITHMS
Table 2
140
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
1000
1023
1047
1072
1096
1122
1148
1175
1202
1230
1002
1026
1050
1074
1099
1125
1151
1178
1205
1233
1005
1028
1052
1076
1102
1127
1153
1180
1208
1236
1007
1030
1054
1079
1104
1130
1156
1183
1211
1239
1009
1033
1057
1081
1107
1132
1159
1186
1213
1242
1012
1035
1059
1084
1109
1135
1161
1189
1216
1245
1014
1038
1062
1086
1112
1138
1164
1191
1219
1247
1016
1040
1064
1089
1114
1140
1167
1194
1222
1250
1019
1042
1067
1091
1117
1143
1169
1197
1225
1253
1021
1045
1069
1094
1119
1146
1172
1199
1227
1256
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
1259
1288
1318
1349
1380
1413
1445
1479
1514
1549
1262
1291
1321
1352
1384
1416
1449
1483
1517
1552
1265
1294
1324
1355
1387
1419
1452
1486
1521
1556
1268
1297
1327
1358
1390
1422
1455
1489
1524
1560
1271
1300
1330
1361
1393
1426
1459
1493
1528
1563
1274
1303
1334
1365
1396
1429
1462
1496
1531
1567
1276
1306
1337
1368
1400
1432
1466
1500
1535
1570
1279
1309
1340
1371
1403
1435
1469
1503
1538
1574
1282
1312
1343
1374
1406
1439
1472
1507
1542
1578
1285
1315
1346
1377
1409
1442
1476
1510
1545
1581
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
1585
1622
1660
1698
1738
1589
1626
1663
1702
1742
1592
1629
1667
1706
1746
1596
1633
1671
1710
1750
1600
1637
1675
1714
1754
1603
1641
1679
1718
1758
1607
1644
1683
1722
1762
1611
1648
1687
1726
1766
1614
1652
1690
1730
1770
1618
1656
1694
1734
1774
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
1778
1820
1862
1905
1950
1782
1824
1866
1910
1954
1786
1828
1871
1914
1959
1791
1832
1875
1919
1963
1795
1837
1879
1923
1968
1799
1841
1884
1928
1972
1803
1845
1888
1932
1977
1807
1849
1892
1936
1982
1811
1854
1897
1941
1986
1816
1858
1901
1945
1991
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
1995
2042
2089
2138
2188
2239
2291
2344
2399
2455
2000
2046
2094
2143
2193
2244
2296
2350
2404
2460
2004
2051
2099
2148
2198
2249
2301
2355
2410
2466
2009
2056
2104
2153
2203
2254
2307
2360
2415
2472
2014
2061
2109
2158
2208
2259
2312
2366
2421
2477
2018
2065
2113
2163
2213
2265
2317
2371
2427
2483
2023
2070
2118
2168
2218
2270
2323
2377
2432
2489
2028
2075
2123
2173
2223
2275
2328
2382
2438
2495
2032
2080
2128
2178
2228
2280
2333
2388
2443
2500
2037
2084
2133
2183
2234
2286
2339
2393
2449
2506
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
.46
.47
.48
2512
2570
2630
2692
2754
2818
2884
2951
3020
2518
2576
2636
2698
2761
2825
2891
2958
3027
2523
2582
2642
2704
2767
2831
2897
2965
3034
2529
2588
2649
2710
2773
2838
2904
2972
3041
2535
2594
2655
2716
2780
2844
2911
2979
3048
2541
2600
2661
2723
2786
2851
2917
2985
3055
2547
2606
2667
2729
2793
2858
2924
2992
3062
2553
2612
2673
2735
2799
2864
2931
2999
3069
2559
2618
2679
2742
2805
2871
2938
3006
3076
2564
2624
2685
2748
2812
2877
2944
3013
3083
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
.49
3090 3097
3105
3112
3119
3126
3133 3141 3148 3155
1
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
6
APPENDICES
ANTILOGARITHMS
Table 2 continued
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.50
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
.56
3162
3236
3311
3388
3467
3548
3631
3170
3243
3319
3396
3475
3556
3639
3177
3251
3327
3404
3483
3565
3648
3184
3258
3334
3412
3491
3573
3656
3192
3266
3342
3420
3499
3581
3664
3199
3273
3350
3428
3508
3589
3673
3206
3281
3357
3436
3516
3597
3681
3214
3289
3365
3443
3524
3606
3690
3221
3296
3373
3451
3532
3614
3698
3228
3304
3381
3459
3540
3622
3707
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
.57
.58
.59
3715 3724
3802 3811
3890 3899
3733
3819
3908
3741
3828
3917
3750
3837
3926
3758
3846
3936
3767 3776 3784 3793
3855 3864 3873 3882
3945 3954 3963 3972
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69
3981
4074
4169
4266
4365
4467
4571
4677
4786
4898
3990
4083
4178
4276
4375
4477
4581
4688
4797
4909
3999
4093
4188
4285
4385
4487
4592
4699
4808
4920
4009
4102
4198
4295
4395
4498
4603
4710
4819
4932
4018
4111
4207
4305
4406
4508
4613
4721
4831
4943
4027
4121
4217
4315
4416
4519
4624
4732
4842
4955
4036
4130
4227
4325
4426
4529
4634
4742
4853
4966
4046
4140
4236
4335
4436
4539
4645
4753
4864
4977
4055
4150
4246
4345
4446
4550
4656
4764
4875
4989
4064
4159
42S6
4355
4457
4560
4667
4775
4887
5000
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
.70 5012 5023
.71 5129 5140
.72 5248 5260
.73 5370 5383
.74 5495 5508
.75 5623 5636
.76 5754 5768
.77 5888 5902
.78 6026 6039
.79 6166 6180
5035
5152
5272
5395
5521
5649
5781
5916
6053
6194
5047
5164
5284
5408
5534
5662
5794
5929
6067
6209
5058
5176
5297
5420
5546
5675
5808
5943
6081
6223
5070
5188
5309
5433
5559
5689
5821
5957
6095
6237
5082
5200
5321
5445
5572
5702
5834
5970
6109
6252
5093
5212
5333
5458
5585
5715
5848
5984
6124
6266
5105
5224
5346
5470
5598
5728
5861
5998
6138
6281
5117
5236
5358
5483
5610
5741
5875
6012
6152
6295
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
.80
.81
.82
.83
.84
6310
6457
6607
6761
6918
6324
6471
6622
6776
6934
6339
6486
6637
6792
6950
6353
6501
6653
6808
6966
6368
6516
6668
6823
6982
6383
6531
6683
6839
6998
6397
6546
6699
6855
7015
6412
6561
6714
6871
7031
6427
6577
6730
6887
7047
6442
6592
6745
6902
7063
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
11
12 13
12 14
12 14
1314
13 15
.85
.86
.87
.88
.89
7079
7244
7413
7586
7762
7096
7261
7430
7603
7780
7112
7278
7447
7621
7798
7129
7295
7464
7638
7816
7145
7311
7482
7656
7834
7161
7328
7499
7674
7852
7178
7345
7516
7691
7870
7194
7362
7534
7709
7889
7211
7379
7551
7727
7907
7228
7396
7568
7745
7925
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
.90
.91
.92
.93
.94
7943
8128
8318
8511
8710
7962
8147
8337
8531
8730
7980
8166
8356
8551
8750
7998
8185
8375
8570
8770
8017
8204
8395
8590
8790
8035
8222
8414
8610
8810
8054
8241
8433
8630
8831
8072
8260
8453
8650
8851
8091
8279
8472
8670
8872
8110
8299
8492
8690
8892
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
15 17
15 17
15 17
16 18
16 18
.95
.96
.97
.98
.99
8913
9120
9333
9550
9772
8933
9141
9354
9572
9795
8954
9162
9376
9594
9817
8974
9183
9397
9616
9840
8995
9204
9419
9638
9863
9016
9226
9441
9661
9886
9036
9247
9462
9683
9908
9057
9268
9484
9705
9931
9078
9290
9506
9727
9954
9099
9311
9528
9750
9977
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
11
11
11
11
12
13
13
13
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
15
15
16
16
16
19
19
20
20
20
141
LABORATORY MANUAL CHEMISTRY
NOTES
142
APPENDICES
NOTES
143
LABORATORY MANUAL CHEMISTRY
NOTES
144