Particulate
Nature of
Matter
Kerissa Solomon
Matter
1.Matter is anything that occupies
space and has mass.
2.The particle theory of matter states
that matter is made up of a large
number of tiny and discrete
particles.
Particulate Nature of Matter
• The particulate theory of matter has four main ideas:
• All matter is made of particles
• The particles are in constant, random motion.
• There are spaces between the particles
• There are forces of attraction between the particles
Types of Particles
1.Particles can exist as atoms, molecules
or ions.
2.Atom is the smallest, indivisible particle
of an element.
3.Molecules are particles that made up of
two or more atoms.
4.Ions are particles that carry charge.
1. Positive ion – Cation
2. Negative ion – Anion
Proof of Particle Theory of Matter
– Diffusion
1.At CSEC level, you need to know diffusion
is one of the proofs of the particle theory of
matter.
2.the definition of diffusion.
3.diffusion in solid, liquid and gas
4.factors that affect the rate of diffusion and
the related experiments.
What is Diffusion?
1.Diffusion is a process of
spreading a substance from a
region of high concentration
to a region of low
concentration.
2.It occurs when the particles
of the substance move
through the space between
the particles of another
substance.
3.Figure shows how the
bromine particles diffuse into
the air.
What is Diffusion?
1.Diffusion occurs in solid, liquid and
gas.
2.The rate of diffusion is highest in gas
and lowest in solid.
3.Diffusion is proof of the particle theory
of matter.
MUST KNOW!
•The rate of diffusion is
highest in gas and lowest in
solid.
•Diffusion is the proof of the
particle theory of matter.
Diffusion
• https://youtu.be/H7QsDs8ZRMI
Diffusion in Solid
• Observation
• The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate
fills up the entire test tube after a few
days
• Copper(II) sulphate crystals are made
of copper(II) ions and sulphate ions
which are tiny and discrete.
• The particles in the copper(II) sulphate
crystal will separate to become ions
and diffuse randomly upwards until the
whole gel turns blue.
Diffusion in Liquid
• Observation
• The purple colour of potassium
manganate(VII) fills up the entire test tube
after a few hours
• Diffusion has taken place in the liquid.
• The rate of diffusion of the particles in
water is faster than the diffusion rate of
particles in solid.
• The occurrence of diffusion proves that
potassium permanganate(VII) consist of
tiny and discrete particles.
Diffusion in Gas
• Observation
• The brown colour bromine vapour spreads
evenly throughout the gas jar in a few
minutes
• Bromine vapour is made of tiny and discrete
molecules that move randomly to fill up
space.
• Bromine vapour moves randomly and
diffuses in all directions in air from areas of
higher concentration to areas of lower
concentration.
• Conclusion :
The rate of diffusion is highest in gas and
lowest in solid.
Brownian Motion
1.Brownian motion is the physical phenomenon that
tiny particles immersed in a fluid move about
randomly.
2.A fluid can be a liquid or a gas.
3.Brownian movement, an example of diffusion,
supports the kinetic theory of matter.
4.Examples of Brownian movement are
1. movement of smoke particles in air
2. movement of pollen grains in water
Symbol of Elements
•A symbol of element is the chemical
symbol written in short form to
represent a particular
element. Some elements are
represented by the first letter of its
name.
Element
Symbol
Flourine
F
Hydrogen
H
Iodine
I
Nitrogen
N
Oxygen
O
Phosphurus
P
Sulphur
S
Carbon
C
Vanadium
V
Symbol of Elements
•If there are two or more elements that
have same start with the same
alphabet letter, a second letter is added
to differentiate between these
elements. The second letter used is
always lowercase.
Symbol of Elements
•Some elements are
represented by
their Latin names.
Elements
Latin Name
Symbol
Copper
Cuprum
Cu
Iron
Ferrum
Fe
Lead
Plumbum
Pb
Mercury
Hydragyrum
Hg
Potassium
Kalium
K
Silver
Argentum
Ag
Sodium
Natrium
Na
Tin
Stannum
Sn
•You MUST Memorize
the symbol for all
these 31 elements
Elements
Symbol
Bromine
Br
Calcium
Ca
Chlorine
Cl
Chromium
Cr
Magnesium
Mg
Manganese
Mn
Neon
Ne
Nickel
Ni
Silicon
Si
Helium
He
Argon
Ar
Aluminium
Al
Zinc
Zn
Platinum
Pt
Elements and Compounds
Elements and Compounds
Matter can be divided into elements and compounds.
Elements
1.An element is a substance
that consists of only one
type of atom.
2.Element can be either
atoms or molecules
Both the iron and oxygen are
elements because they
consist of only one type of
atoms.
• Examples:
Compounds
• A compound is a substance
composed of molecules made up
of atoms of two or more elements.
• A compound is made up of either
molecules or ions
• Both the sodium chloride and
carbon dioxide are compound
because they consist of more than
one type of atoms
States of Matter
•Matter exists in 3 states of
matter, namely, solid
state, liquid state and
gaseous state.
Characteristics of Matter in Solid,
Liquid and Gaseous State
Arrangement of Particles
• Solid
Liquid
• Particles are
arranged in an
orderly manner and
close to one another.
Particles are not
arranged in order. The
space between particles
is moderately large.
Gas
The particles are
very far apart
and randomly
arranged.
Movement of Particles
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Particles vibrate at fixed
positions.
Particles move randomly and
slowly and sometimes will
collide against each other.
The particles move randomly in
all directions at great speed.
The force of Attraction Between
Particles
Solid
very strong
Liquid
Strong but weaker than
in the solid state.
Gas
very weak
Ability to be compressed
Solid
Very difficult to be
compressed because the
particles are packed closely.
Liquid
Not easily compressed
because the particles are
packed quite closely.
Gas
Easily compressed because
the particles are very far
apart.
Heat Energy content
Solid
Lowest Energy Content
Liquid
Moderate Energy
Content
Gas
Highest Energy Content
Volume and Shape
Volume
Shape
Solid
Fixed
Fixed
Liquid
Fixed
Follows the
container
Gas
Follows the
container
Fills the whole
container