BILL OF RIGHTS
ART IC L E III O F T H E 1 9 8 7 PH IL IPPIN E C O N ST IT U TION
No person shall be deprived of
l i f e , l i b e r t y, o r p r o p e r t y w i t h o u t
due process of law, nor shall any
person be denied equal
protection of the laws.
Article III, Section 1, 1987 Constitution
Rights
1
Right to Life
3
Right to Property
2
Right to Liberty
EXCEPTIONS TO
DUE PROCESS
1
Conclusive
Presumption
2
Need for Expeditious
Actions
3
Inherently Pernicious
4
5
In the Interest of Public
Safety & Public Morals
Cancellationofthe
Passport ofaPerson
SoughtforaCriminal
Offense
IS DUE PROCESS UNIFORM
FOR ALL?
SUBSTANTIVE VS.
PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF NONCOMPLIANCE WITH/BREACH OF
DUE PROCESS?
DOES DUE PROCESS APPLY
ONLY TO PERSONS?
EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAWS
REQUISITES FOR A VALID
CLASSIFICATION
1
Itmustrest onsubstantial
distinctions.
2
Itmustnotbelimitedto
existingconditionsonly.
3
Itmustbegermanetothepurpose
ofthelaw.
4
Itmustapplyequallytoall
membersofthesameclass.
DOES THIS DEMAND ABSOLUTE
EQUALITY?
The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable
searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any
purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or
warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable
cause to be determined personally by the judge after
examonation under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and
particularly describing the place to be searched and
the persons or things to be seized.
Article III, Section 2, 1987 Constitution
Nature of Right
1. Personal
2. State Action is Required
Scope of Right
1. Natural Persons
2. Artificial Persons
Two Types of Warrant:
1. Search Warrant
2. Warrant of Arrest
The warrant must
refer to one specific
offense.
REQUISITES FOR A VALID
SEARCH WARRANT VS.
WARRANT OF ARREST
REQUISITES FOR A VALID SEARCH WARRANT VS.
WARRANT OF ARREST
1
PROBABLECAUSE
3
PERSONALEXAMINATION
5
PARTICULAR DESCRIPTION
2
DETERMINATIONOF
PROBABLECAUSEBYTHE
JUDGE
4
PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE
ARE THESE WARRANTS VALID?
1
JOHN DOE
WARRANT
2
GENERAL
WARRANT
Conduct of the Search:
1. In the presence of a lawful occupant thereof or
any member of his/her family;
2. If occupant or members of the family are absent,
in the presence of 2 witnesses of sufficient age
and discretion, residing in the same locality.
IS FORCIBLE ENTRY
JUSTIFIED?
WARRANTLESS SEARCHES
Probable Cause in Warrantless Searches:
Probable cause must be based on reasonable
ground of suspicion or belief that a crime has
been committed or is about to be committed.
VALID WARRANTLESS SEARCHES AS
RECOGNIZED BY JURISPRUDENCE
1. Search incidental to a lawful arrest
2. Plain view doctrine
3. Search of a moving vehicle
4. Consented warrantless search
5. Customs search
6. Stop and frisk
7. Exigent and emergency circumstances
8. Visual search at checkpoints
PROPERTIES SUBJECT TO SEIZURE
1. Property subject of an offense
2. Stolen or embezzled property and other proceeds or
fruits of an offense
3. Used or intended to be used as a means of
committing an offense
WARRANTLESS
ARRESTS
Requisites of a Valid Warrantless Arrest
1. Inflagrante Delicto
2. Hot Pursuit
3. Escaped Prisoners
* Estoppel
* Violent Insanity
(1) The privacy of communication and
correspondence shall be inviolable except
upon lawful order of the court, or when
public safety or order requires otherwise,
as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of
this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any
proceeding.
Article III, Section 3, 1987 Constitution
Test of Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
1. Subjective
2. Objective
WHEN IS INTRUSION ALLOWED
1. By lawful order of the court
2.
When
public
safety
or
public
order
requires otherwise, as may be provided by
law
EXCLUSIONARY
RULE
WRIT OF
HABEAS DATA
No law shall be passed abridging the
freedom of speech, of expression, or
of the press, or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances.
Article III, Section 4, 1987 Constitution
WHAT DOES IT
INCLUDE?
PRIOR
RESTRAINT
SUBSEQUENT
PUNISHMENT
C O N T E N T- B A S E D V S .
C O N T E N T- N E U T R A L
A L L E G AT I O N S
H E C K L E R ’ S V E TO
No law shall be made respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting
the free exercise thereof. The free
exercise and enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever
be allowed. No religious test shall be
required for the exercise of civil or
political rights.
Article III, Section 5, 1987 Constitution
CRITERIA TO QUALIFY AS RELIGION
1. There must be belief in God or some parallel belief
that occupies a central place in a believer’s life
2. The religion must involve a moral code transcending
individual belief.
3. Demonstrable sincerity in belief is necessary
4. There must be associational ties.
N O N - E S TA B L I S H M E N T
CLAUSE
Acts permitted vs. Acts not permitted
by non-establishment clause
DOCTRINE OF BENEVOLENT
NEUTRALITY
FREE EXERCISE
CLAUSE
1. Freedom to believe
2. Freedom to act on one’s belief
TESTS
1. Clear and Present Danger
2. Compelling State Interest
3. Conscientious Objector
The liberty of abode and of changing
the same within the limits prescribed
by law shall not be impaired except
upon lawful order of the court. Neither
shall the right to travel be impaired
except
in
the
interest
of
national
s e c u r i t y,
public
s a f e t y,
or
public
health, as may be provided by law.
Article III, Section 6, 1987 Constitution
FREEDOM OF
MOVEMENT
1. Liberty of abode
2. Liberty of travel
LIBERTY OF ABODE vs.
L I B E R T Y TO T R AV E L
- Who may curtail?
PHDO vs. HDO
- Who issues?
- When is this issued?
ISTHE RIGHT TO RETURN
THE SAME WITH THE RIGHT
T O T R AV E L ?
The right of the people to information on
matters
of
public
concern
shall
be
recognized. Access to official records, and
to documents and papers pertaining to
official acts, transactions, or decisions,
as well as to government research data
used as basis for policy development,
shall be afforded the citizen, subject to
such limitations as may be provided by law.
Article III, Section 7, 1987 Constitution
POLICY OF FULL PUBLIC
DISCLOSURE VS. RIGHT TO
I N F O R M AT I O N O N M AT T E R S
OF PUBLIC CONCERN
SCOPE OF RIGHT TO
A C C E S S F O R I N F O R M AT I O N
1. Official records
2. Documents pertaining to official acts
3. Government research data used as
basis for policy development
L I M I TAT I O N S
1. Restrictions based on kinds of information
2. Restrictions based on access
3. Restrictions based on reasonable regulation for
the convenience of and for order in the office that
has custody of the documents
4. Restrictions based on availability
THANK YOU
One warrant= One Offen
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