Southern Luzon State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BATCH 2027
Science, Technology, and Society
GEC08 - MIDTERM
BSCPE I - GF | 1st SEMESTER |
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
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COURSE OUTLINE
I.
RENAISSANCE
1. Medici Family
2. Humanism
3. Renaissance Artists
a. Leonardo da Vinci
b. Raphael
c. Donatello
d. Michelangelo
4. Impact of Renaissance Period to European
Society
REFERENCE
Module and PPT
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RENAISSANCE
French for “rebirth”
Began in 1300-1600 (14th – 17th Century)
Symbolizes the transition from Middle Ages to
Modern Ages
The Early Modern Period
Printing press of Johannes Gutenberg –
Revolutionized communication and publication in
Europe
Promoted the rediscovery of:
o Classical philosophy
 Philosophy of Humanism
 Man is the center of the
universe
 Human achievements in
art,
literature,
and
science
should
be
considered.
o Literature
 Francesco Petrarch
 Giovanni Boccaccio
o Art
 Leonardo da Vinci
 Michelangelo
 Donatello
 Raphael
MEDICI FAMILY (1434 - 1737)
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Began in Tuscan Village of Cafaggiolo
Emigrated to Florence
Italian bourgeoisie family
First attained wealth and political power in Florence
Got their wealth through commerce and banking
o First was through the trade of wool
An Italian banking family and political dynasty
Had a major influence on the growth of the Italian
Renaissance
o Patronage of the arts and humanism
o Freed artists from financial concerns
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Godfathers of the Renaissance
o Laid the groundwork for cultural prosperity in
Florence
o Their major innovations in banking, art, and
architecture persist today
o One of the wealthiest family in Europe in the
1400s
o Produced great figures such as:
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Four popes
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Pope Leo X (1513–1521)
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Pope Clement VII (1523–
1534)
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Pope Pius IV (1559–1565)
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Pope Leo XI (1605)
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Two queens
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Catherine
de'
Medici
(1547–1559)
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Marie de' Medici (1600–
1610)
o Greatest contribution was the patronage of
the arts
o Helped fund the Renaissance
Supported the works of such Renaissance
Geniuses:
o Donatello
o Filippo Brunelleschi
o Leonardo da Vinci
o Michelangelo
o Raphael
o Galileo Galilei
Their support to arts and humanities made Florence
into the cradle of Renaissance
o Florence – birthplace of Renaissance Period
Ruled the city of Florence throughout the Renaissance
(300 years)
The Medici Dynasty was declined when the last Medici
grand duke died without male heir
o Gian Gastone de’ Medici
Cosimo de Medici (1389 - 1464)
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Born: September 27, 1389 in Florence, Italy
Death: August 1, 1464 in Villa Medici at Careggi,
Florence, Italy
Also known as “Cosimo the Elder”
Founder of one of the main lines of the Medici Family
Patron of the arts and humanism
First Medici to become the leader of the Florence City
Head of the Medici Bank
Cosimo’s Contributions
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Makes the Medici Family the de facto rulers of Florence
Patron of artist such as Donatello and Brunelleschi
Financially support Brunelleschi to finished the
“Duomo”
Work to created peace in Northern Italy
Put the House of Medici on the map as a great power
in Europe
Controlled the government and distributed political jobs
Founded the first public library
Had many church and monasteries built
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Lorenzo de Medici (1449 - 1492)
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Born: January 9, 1449 in Florence, Italy
Death: April 8, 1492 in Villa Medici at Careggi,
Florence, Italy
Successor of Cosimo de Medici
Also known as “Lorenzo the Magnificent”
Italian Statesman and Banker
Stimulated the revival and splendor of Italian literature
Lorenzo’s Contribution
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Catalyst for an enormous amount of art patronage
Helped make Florence the center of Italian
Renaissance
Managed to preserve the independence and territorial
integrity of Florence.
Devoted much of his money to supporting artists,
architects, and writers.
Supported artist such as
o Leonardo da Vinci
o Botticelli
o Michelangelo
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Giovanni Boccaccio (1313 - 1375)
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Worldview centered on the nature and importance of
humanity
Emerged from the study of Classical antiquity
Focused not on religion but on what it is to be human
First began in Italy then spread to the rest of Europe
Helped ignite the curiosity and desire for knowledge
That start the beginning of Renaissance
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An interest in studying literature and art from antiquity
An interest in the eloquent use of Latin and philology
A belief in the importance and power of education to
create useful citizens
The promotion of private and civic virtue
A rejection of scholasticism
The encouragement of non-religious studies
An emphasis on the individual and their moral
autonomy
A belief in the importance of observation, critical
analysis, and creativity
A belief that poets, writers, and artists can lead
humanity to a better way of living
An interest in the question 'what does it mean to be
human'?
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Francesco Petrarch (1304 - 1374)
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Called the “Father of Humanism “
Italian scholar and poet during the Renaissance Period
The First Tourist
o Travelled widely in Europe and often acted
as an ambassador
o Had a deep fascination with ancient Rome
and collected ancient Latin manuscripts
Prime mover in the recovery of knowledge from writers
of Rome and Greece
Helped establish
o Lyric poetry
o The sonnet
o The modern Italian language
Laid the foundations for Renaissance humanism
Crowned as the poet laureate or official state poet
Most of his writings are about his love for a woman
named “Laura.”
Collection of 100 short novels
o Each person tells a story for 10 consecutive
days
o Topics: Deception, morality, religion, sex,
love, and cruelty
All about the people of the merchant class
o 7 women and 3 men
o Travel to the safety of a secluded villa in the
Tuscan town of Fiesole to escape the “Black
Death”
RENAISSANCE ARTISTS
LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452 - 1519)
Main Elements
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An Italian poet, writer and scholar
Father of Italian Literature
Greatest writer of vernacular Italian prose of the
Medieval period
His most famous work is Decameron
o Collection of short stories
o Marked a shift toward literature about
everyday people
Influence of Boccaccio's works was extended to the
rest of Europe
The Decameron
RENAISSANCE HUMANISM
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Most famous for his Canzoniere, a collection of
vernacular poems
o The central theme in the Canzoniere is
Petrarch's courtly love for Laura, with whom
he reportedly fell in love at first sight on 6 April
1327 and who died on that date in 1348.
Italian: “Leonardo from Vinci”
Born: April 15, 1452 in Anchiano
Death: May 2, 1519 in Cloux
Caterina di Meo Lippi (Mother)
Ser Piero (Father)
Has 12 siblings
Educated in his father's house
Compagnia di San Luca in Florence
Workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio (1435–1488)
Renaissance Man
o Painter
o Architect
o Sculptor
o Draftsman
o Engineer
o Scientist
o Inventor
The Last Supper (1495 - 1498)
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Fresco Painting - technique of mural painting
Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza
Beatrice d'Este
Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie in Milan, Italy
Jesus Christ sharing a final meal with his 12 apostles
before his crucifixion
The painting process took about three (3) years.
Techniques
o Linear perspective
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Objects which are closer appear
larger, while more distant objects
appear more smaller
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The size of an object’s dimension
along the line of sight appear
relatively
shorter
than
the
dimensions across the line of sight
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o
o
o
o
o
Chiaroscuro
Sfumato
Subtle details
Emotional expression
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Mona Lisa (1503 - 1519)
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The sitter’s mysterious smile and her unproven identity
have made the painting a source of ongoing
investigation and fascination.
Painted in a poplar wood panel
Measures 30 inches tall by 20-inch wide
Techniques:
o Sfumato
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(derived from the Italian word fumo,
meaning "smoke") refers to the
technique of oil painting which colors
or tones are blended in such a subtle
manner that they melt into one
another
without
perceptible
transitions, lines or edges.
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hailed as a pioneering innovation in
painting
o Chiaroscuro
o Glazes
o Fine details
Despite the years of work, the painting was never
finished, Da Vinci was never paid for his work, and it
never went to the client that originally commissioned.
It became popular because it got stolen.
o When: August 21, 1911
o Where: Louvre Museum in Paris, France
o Who: Vincenzo Perugia
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Art heist of the century
o Why: He attempted to sell the painting to
Alfredo Geri, but then reported to the
authorities.
o How: Two brothers, named Vincenzo and
Michele Lancelotti aided Vincezo with the
theft. Together they hid in a security closet,
waiting for the gallery to close. After dark, they
quickly set to work, lifting the artwork off the
wall, removing its glass case and frame, and
wrapping it up in a blanket.
o Result: He was arrested on December 11,
1913. The painting was returned to Louvre in
1914 as a public property.
Scholars and historians' interpretations:
o Lisa del Giocondo (wife of Florentine
merchant, Francesco di Bartolomeo del
Giocondo) – as a gift
o Caterina (mother)
o Leonardo’s self-portrait
The Vitruvian Man (1487)
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A male figure with outstretched arms and legs,
inscribed within both a circle and a square.
Drawn in pen and ink in paper
Showed his interest in proportion
Inspired by Marcus Vitruvius, a Roman Architect
Describes the proportion of the human body
o Vitruvius’ Proportions
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The head in 1/8 the total height
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The hand is 1/10 the total height
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The foot is 1/6 the total height
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With arms outstretched, a man is
wide as he is tall
Golden ratio
Blend of art and science
Represents his attempts to relate man to nature
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Circle
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Square
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represents the divine & cosmic
Reflection of celestial
Symbol of the earth
For a physical manifestation
For our orientation on earth
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4 directions, 4 seasons,
and 4 elements
Symmetry of Universe
Techniques:
o Combination of ink and wash techniques
o Hatching and cross-hatching
Famous Inventions
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Parachute (1483)
Revolving Bridge (1480)
Famous Sculptures
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The Virgin and the Laughing Child (1472)
o The only surviving sculpture
o 20-inch-tall terracotta sculpture
o Made of red clay
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Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino
Born: April 6, 1483 in Urbino, Italy
Death: April 6, 1520 in Rome
Magia di Battista di Nicola Ciarla (Mother)
Giovanni Santi (Father)
The young Raphael was sometimes taken to the Court
of Urbino
Learned painting from his father
Said to have received some training from Urbino court
painter Timoteo Viti
He trained in the workshop of Perugino
RAPHAEL (1483 - 1520)
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The School of Athens (1509 - 1511)
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Fresco painting
Raphael’s masterpiece
Commissioned by Pope Julius II
Second mural
A gathering of famous philosophers, mathematicians,
and scholars.
Techniques:
o Chiaroscuro
o Atmospheric Perspective
o Classical Composition
o Realistic Portraiture
o Linear perspective
The Sistine Madonna (1509 - 1511)
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Sistine Madonna is the Virgin Mary appearing with
an infant Jesus.
She bears the symbols
o Virtue
o Virginity
o Innocence
o Purity of Spirit
Techniques:
o Oil on canvas
o Light and shadow
o Perspective
o Highly detailed figures
o Meticulous attention to color
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Triumph of Galatea (1512)
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Fresco painting
It is for the Villa Farnesina in Rome.
o The Farnesina was built for the Sienese
banker “Agostino Chigi”, one of the richest
men of that age
Saint Mark (1411 - 1413)
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The Disputa or Disputation of the Holy Sacrament
(1509-1510)
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Fresco painting
Commissioned by Pope Julius II
Painted on the wall of Stanza della Segnatura
o Pope’s library in Vatican City
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Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi
Born: 1386 in Florence Italy
Death: December 13, 1466
Worked mostly in Florence
One of the greatest Italian Renaissance artist
(Renaissance Genius)
Sculptor
o Sculptures are lifelike and highly emotional
Master of sculpture in
o marble
o bronze
Home of Mertalli’s
Trained with Lorenzo Ghiberti
He learned:
o Metallurgy
o fabrication of metals and other substances
DONATELLO (1483 - 1520)
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David (1440 - 1460)
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Bronze sculpture
Bargello Museum, Florence
Commissioned by the Medici Family
After the battle with Goliath
Depicts triumph of brutality and irrationality
First large-scale free-standing nude statue
o His vulnerability is emphasized by the stone
he holds tightly in his left hand
o Standing in “contrapposto” or counterpoise
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Weight rests on one leg
Represents Florentine people
o Defended themselves despite being small
from their powerful enemies like Duke of
Milan
Nudity
o Depicts heroism, glory, triumph, moral
excellence, and values
o Demonstrated interest in humanism
o Influence from Classical Greek & Roman art
o Classical artists always presented mythical
heroes in nude
Carving technique
Magdalene Penitent (1440)
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Wooden sculpture
Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence
Embodiment of Christian devotion
Innovative technique
Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata (1453)
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Marble statue
Orsanmichele Museum, Florence
Away from Gothic style
contrapposto technique
Known for:
o Natural looking pose
o Detail to realism
o Style not recognized
Encapsulate human;
o Personalities
o Expression
o Confidence
o Emotion
Saint George (1415 - 1415)
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Marble sculpture
Bargello Museum, Florence
Liberating status from a niche structure
Schiacciato technique
Zuccone (1423 - 1425)
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Marble sculpture
Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence
Bald head/ large head
Biblical prophet Habakkuk
Light and shallow technique
The Feast of Herod (1423 - 1427)
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Bronze relief sculpture
Baptismal font of Siena Cathedral
Presenting the head of John, the Baptist
Linear perspective technique
Judith and Holofernes (1460)
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Bronze sculpture
Hall of Lilies, Florence
Based from the bible
o Assassination of Holofernes by Judith
Flattened out technique
Impact of Artwork
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Revolutionized sculpture
Inspires early Italian Renaissance painters
Greatest sculptor of the early Renaissance
Bridge between classic to modern art
Explored human emotions and expressions
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Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
Born: March 6, 1475
Death: February 18, 1564
Influenced Western Art
First artist to dissect a corpse
One of the greatest artist of all time (Renaissance
Genius)
Biography was published while alive
1490 – 1492 (studies)
University of Florence
Studied grammar under Francesco da Urbino
Vaguely interested in formal schooling
Fascinated in copying paintings
Workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio
MICHELANGELO (1475 - 1564)
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Bronze sculpture
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David (1501 - 1504)
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Marble statue
Renaissance sculpture
Academia of Florence
Biblical figure from the story Genesis
Portrayal of David patiently waiting for the battle
o Standing 17 ft. tall
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Because It is intended to be placed
in a high location on the church but
never happened.
Looks far away because he is focused on the future
rather than one who is contemplating the past
Pinnacle of male perfection
o Shows peak masculinity or adulthood
Symbol of strength and defiance
Contrapposto technique
Pieta (1499)
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Marble statue
Depicting Virgin Mary supporting the body of
dead Jesus
One of the most poignant visual expression in
the lives of Christ and the Virgin
Usually being represented as painting and
sculpture
Inspires emotion, faith and imitation
There's still secrets hidden until this day
o Who is the real portrayal of the statue?
Impact of Artwork
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Development of Classical Renaissance
Inspires:
o Mannerist period
o Counter - Reformation Period
o Baroque Period
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Contributes:
o Sculpture
o Painting
o Architecture
IMPACT OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD
TO THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY
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Renaissance humanists broke free from medieval
tradition to put focus on personal interests instead
of religious demands.
New ideas spread quickly throughout Europe and
allowed for widespread education reform among the
European people.
Influenced by the humanists, Renaissance painters
drew inspiration from ancient Greece and Rome.
Scientists began to focus on practical
observations instead of religious teachings and
viewed their work with renewed skepticism.
PADAYON! FUTURE ENGINEERS
St. Peter’s Basilica (1626)
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Vatican City
Most renowned and sacred Christian church in
the world
Burial site of St. Peter
Renaissance and Baroque architectural style
Architects:
o Michelangelo
o Gian Lorenzo
o Bernini
o Carlo Maderno
Madonna and Child (1501 - 1504)
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Marble sculpture
Portrays Virgin Mary with the Christ Child.
Sculpture leave Italy during his lifetime
Expression and the elegant drapery of her clothing.
Emotional depth and simplicity
Creation of Adam (1508 - 1512)
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Fresco painting
Painted at the Ceiling of Sistine Chapel in Vatican City
interpreted from Genesis
God gives life to Adam
Relationship between man and God
Buon fresco technique
Doni Tondo (1504 - 1506)
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Tondo – A painting in a round frame
Portrays the Holy Family (the child Jesus, Mary, and
Joseph) in the foreground, along with John the Baptist
in the middle-ground, and contains five nude male
figures in the background. The inclusion of these nude
figures has been interpreted in a variety of ways.
Gift of Angelo Doni to his wife, Maddalena Strozzi
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