Define gravitational potential at a point.
work done in bringing unit mass from infinity (to the point) B1
The gravitational potential
at distance r from point mass M is given by the expression
where G is the gravitational constant.
Explain the significance of the negative sign in this expression.
The mass moves away from the planet through a short distance h.
State and explain why the change in gravitational potential energy
by the expression
where g is the acceleration of free fall.
State the assumption about ideal gas molecules based on
(i) the nature of their movement,
(ii) their volume.
Define specific latent heat.
Define electric field strength.
of the mass is given
Explain what is meant by a photon.
packet/quantum/discrete amount of energy M1
of electromagnetic radiation A1 (allow 1 mark for ‘packet of electromagnetic radiation’)
energy = Planck constant x frequency (seen here or in b) B1
An emission spectrum is seen as a series of differently colored lines on a black
background. Suggest how this observation provides evidence for discrete electron energy
levels in atoms.
each (coloured) line corresponds to one wavelength/frequency B1
energy = Planck constant x frequency
implies specific energy change between energy levels B1 so discrete levels A0
State what is meant by the decay constant of a radioactive isotope.
Show that the decay constant and the half-life
of an isotope are related by the expression
The difference between this value for the half-life and that calculated in (b) cannot be
explained by reference to faulty equipment.
Suggest two possible reasons for this difference.
e.g. random nature of decay / background radiation / daughter product is radioactive
Suggest why the diode is connected to the output of the operational amplifier
(op-amp) in the direction shown.
relay will switch on for one polarity of output (voltage)
switches on when output (voltage) is negative