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UNIT - V
Planning for Disaster Management
Introduction: In the post independence era, disaster management was considered as a post
disaster activity, focusing mainly on relief, reduce and rehabilitation. In the recent past, these
has been a paradigm shift in India's approach to disaster management. The new approach is
multi-disciplinary, multi holistic and proactive process. The new approach has been incorporated
into national disaster management framework or map prepared by National Disaster
Management division of Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA).
National Disaster Framework:
The framework is comprised the following eight components

Institutional mechanisms

Disaster mitigation

Legal policy framework

Preparedness and response

National network of emergency operation centers

Early warning systems

Human resources development and capacity building

Research and knowledge management
Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) :
The MoHA has advised all the governments, that is central and state government
ministries to prepare their own road maps following the national road map as per broad
guidelines. In order to institutionalize the new approach, the Govt. Of India (GoI) has decided to
frame a National Policy on Disaster Management and accordingly a draft policy has been
formulated.
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Programmes helpful to reduce the vulnerability of disasters
There are few programmes helpful to reduce the vulnerability of people to disasters. Some of
the programmes are

Integrated Rural Developmental Programme (IRDP)

Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)

Integrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP)

Deserts Development Programme (DDP)

Floods Control Programme (FCP)

Indira Awasa Yojana (IAY)

Crop Insurance Scheme

Sampoorna Grameena Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
Current Policies and Strategies:
In 1999, the governments set up a high powered committee to develop disaster
management plans at the national, state and district levels. While the high powered committee
was engaged in consultation with various stake holders around the country, the super cyclone of
Orissa (October, 1999) and the Bhuj earthquake (Gujarath, 2001) exposed major weakness in our
disaster preparedness and emergency response capacities.
National Committee:
The National Committee on Disaster Management constituted by the government of India
reviewed the high powered committee report and approved some of the recommendations. One
of the most significance ones being the shifting of the primary responsibility for disaster
management from the ministry of agriculture to the ministry of home affairs, government of
India.
GoI Commitment on Institutional Mechanism:
India became one of the first countries after the Indian Ocean Earthquake of 2004 to
declare the national committee to set up appropriate institutional mechanisms for more
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effective disaster management at the national, state and district levels. The disaster
management bill was unanimously approved by both the houses of parliament.
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):
A dedicated agency called the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) has been
established with personnel from the paramilitary forces for strengthening the preparedness and
emergency response in the country. The NDRF personnel are also being trained for preparing
and responding to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) emergencies.
The National Institute for Disaster Management (NIDM):
The National Institute for Disaster Management (NIDM) has been established as the apex
training institute for disaster management in India. NIDM coordinates the capacity building
efforts for disaster management faculty in state training institute and is collaboration with
the World Bank Institute. The NIDM also hosts the SAARC Center for 'Disaster Management'.
The disaster management act 2005 also stipulated that disaster response funds and disaster
mitigation funds will be sent up at national state and district levels.
National Disaster Management Authorities (NDMA):
The National Disaster Management Authority shall consist of the chairperson. The NDMA
may have not more than nine members including vice – chairperson. The NDMA is
responsible for

Laying down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management.

Approve the national plan

Approve plans prepared by the ministries or departments of GoI in accordance with the
national plans.

Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different ministries or departments of the GoI.

Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy an dplan for disaster
management.
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Advisory Committee:
The National Authority may constitute an advisory committee consists of experts in
the field of disaster management and having practical experience of disaster management at
the national, state and district levels to make recommendations on different aspects of
disaster management.
Organizational Structure:
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Organization Structure of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) :
The current structure divides the organization into three (3) units:

Early Warning and Emergency Operations

Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction

Cooperate Affairs
a. Early warning and Emergency Operations:

The national emergency operations centre serves as a central coordination and control
facility responsible for carrying emergency management functions at a strategic level in an
emergency situation and ensuring the continuity of the relief and recovery operations during
emergencies.
b. Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction:

DRR unit conducts local and national level programs to prepare and mitigate disaster
risks, including handling all matters related to Disaster Risk Reduction Policies, Flood and
Fire related issues, Conducting Disaster Awareness Programs. (Community-Based Disaster
Risk
Management
(CBDRM) programs and
awareness
programs), Implementation,
project execution.
c. Cooperate Affairs

Administration and HR, Procurement and Logistics and Budget and Finance are
responsible for providing all administrative support to the EOC and DRR unit in
implementing programs and strategies.
Steps for formulating Disaster Risk Reduction:
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and
reducing the risk of a disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well
as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them.
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Few Steps are
+ Using Technology to challenge Poverty
+Preparing for floods
+ Construction of flood resistant houses
+ Construction of earthquakes resistant buildings
+ Coping with drought
+ Encourage a forestation to reduce river erosion
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is at the core of the mission of the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO). Every year, disasters related to meteorological, hydrological and climate
hazards cause significant loss of life, economic loss, property damage etc.
In 2005, governments endorsed, the 'Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA, 2005) 20052015': building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to disasters to built the resilience
of nations and communities to disasters.
Plan for Action:

Assessing and monitoring climate risks, environmental risks and vulnerabilities and
issuing early warnings.

Improving knowledge management, awareness, raising and education on DRRM, Climate
change impacts and adaptation.

Reducing underlying risks and vulnerabilities by promoting technical options and
community-based planning for disaster risk reduction.

Enhancing capacities, facilities and procedures for effective disaster preparedness and
response and integrate climate change adaptation in recovery initiatives.
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Disaster Management Policy – DM Policy:
National Disaster Management Policy 2009 is a holistic and integrated approach evolved
towards disaster management at various levels.
The major themes of the policy is

Community-based DM, including last mile integration of the policy, plans and execution.

Capacity development in all spheres.

Consolidation of past initiatives and best practices.

Cooperation with agencies at national and international levels
Objectives of DM Policy:
The main objectives of National Policy on Disaster Management are:

Promoting a culture of prevention, preparedness and resilience at levels through
knowledge, innovation and education.

Encouraging mitigation measures based on technology, traditional wisdom and
environmental sustainability.

Establishing institutional and techno-legal frameworks to create an enabling regulatory
environment.

Ensuring efficient response and relief with a caring approach towards the needs of the
vulnerable sections of the society.

Ensuring efficient mechanism for identification, assessment and monitoring od disaster
risks.

Undertaking reconstruction as an opportunity to build disaster resilience structures and
habitat for ensuring safer living.

Promoting
a productive
and
proactive partnership with
the
media for disaster
management.
Disaster Management Act, 2005 – DM Act, 2005:
GoI has enacted national disaster management act on 23rd December 2005. It extends to
whole of India. It is also called as DM Act, 2005. It consists of 11 chapters.
Chapter – 1 - Preliminary
Chapter –2 – The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
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Chapter –3 – The State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
Chapter –4 - District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA).
Chapter –5 - Measures by the govt. For Disaster Management
Chapter –6 – Local Authorities
Chapter – 7 – National Institute of Disaster Management
Chapter –8 – National Disaster Response Force
Chapter – 9 – Finance, Accounts and Audit
Chapter – 10 – Offences and Penalties
Chapter – 11 – Miscellaneous
Chapter – 1 – Preliminary:

Affected Area

Capacity Building

Disasters

Hazard

DM

National Authority

District Authority

Local Authority

NEC

Central Govt.

State Govt.

District Plan
Affected Area – an area which is being to affect by the disaster.
Capacity Building – to strengthen or build the capacity of state, district to cope up with the
impacts of disasters.
Disaster – it is a sudden calamity or catastrophe that disrupts the normal functioning of the life.
Hazard - a substance or phenomenon that has the potential to threaten the people, property
and environment.
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Disaster
Management - it
consists of mitigation, preparedness, prevention,
rescue, relief, rehabilitation, respond, reconstruction etc
National Authority – GoI appoints national authority, it will be chaired by chief secretary.
District Authority - it consists of municipalities, gram panchayaths, district boards, cantonment
boards, town and country planning, zilla parishad etc.
Local Authority - it consists local communities, first responders.
Central Govt. - Central govt. Looks after all DM activities at national level, it's major
responsibility is preparation of DM plans, Policy at national level.
State Govt. - state govt. Looks after all DM activities at state level, it's major responsibility is
preparation of DM plans, Policy at state level.
Disaster Plan – at national level central govt, at state and district levels, state Govt prepares
disaster plans for both natural and manmade disasters.
NEC - (National Executive Committee) - national authorities appoint NECs.
Chapter – 2- The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
The National Authority shall consist of the following

The Prime Minister of India, who shall be the chairperson of the National Authority.

Other members, not exceeding nine, to be nominated by the chairperson of the national
authority.

The national authority shall meet as and when necessary, the chairperson of the authority
shall preside over the meeting.

The national authority may constitute of an advisory committee, consist of the experts in
the field of disaster management.
National Executive Committee (NEC):
The National Executive Committee (NEC) shall assist the National Authority (NA) in
the discharge of its functions and have the responsibility of implementing the policies and
plans of the national authority.
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Chapter – 3- The State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):
The State Authority shall consist of the following

The Chief Minister of the state, who shall be the chairperson of the State Authority.

Other members, not exceeding nine, to be nominated by the chairperson of the
state authority.

The state authority shall meet as and when necessary, the chairperson of the authority
shall preside over the meeting.

The state authority may constitute of an advisory committee, consist of the experts in the
field of disaster management.
State Executive Committee (SEC):
The State Executive Committee (SEC) shall assist the State Authority (SA) in the
discharge of its functions and have th responsibility of implementing the policies and plans of
the state authority.
Chapter – 4- The District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):
The District Authority shall consist of the following

The district collector or district magistrate of the district, who shall be the chairperson of
the district Authority.

Other members, not exceeding seven, to be nominated by the chairperson of the
district authority.

The district authority shall meet as and when necessary, the chairperson of the authority
shall preside over the meeting.

The district authority may constitute of an advisory committee, consist of the experts in
the field of disaster management.
District Executive Committee (DEC):
The district Executive Committee (DEC) shall
assist the district,
Authority (DA) in the
discharge of its functions and have th responsibility of implementing the policies and plans
of the state authority.
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Chapter – 5 Measures by the Govt. For Disaster Management:

Coordination of actions of the ministries or departments of GoI, state governments,
national authority, state authorities, governmental and non-governmental organizations in
relation to disaster management.

Ensure
the integration
of
measures for
prevention
of
disasters and
mitigation by ministries and departments of GoI into their development plans and projects.

Ensure appropriate allocation of funds for prevention of disaster, mitigation, capacity
building and preparedness by ministries or departments of GoI.

Cooperation and assistance to state governments, as requested by them

Coordination with the united nations agencies, international
organizations and
governments of foreign countries for the purpose of this act.

Carrying our rescue and relief operations in affected areas.

Assessing the damage from any disaster.

Carrying out rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Providing emergency communication in vulnerable or affected areas.
Chapter –6 – Local Authorities:

Carrying our rescue and relief operations in affected areas.

Assessing the damage from any disaster.

Carrying out rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Providing emergency communication in vulnerable or affected areas.

Cooperation and assistance to state governments, as requested by them.
Chapter – 7 – National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM):

Develop training modules, undertake research and documentation in disaster management
and organize training programmes.

Formulate and implement a human resource development plan covering all aspects of
disaster management.

Provide assistance in a national level policy formulation.
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
Provide requires assistance to the training and research institutes for development of
training and research programmes for stake holders including government functionaries and
undertake training of faculty members of state level training institutes.
Chapter – 8 – National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):
NDRF assist the government at pre, emergency and post disaster stage in evacuation of
people, providing necessities, conduct rescue and relief operations etc with the help of
international agencies, local people, volunteers etc.
Chapter – 9 – Finance, Accounts and Audit:
The National Disaster Response Fund shall be made available to the national executive
committee to be applied towards meeting the expenses for emergency response, relief and
rehabilitation in accordance with the guidelines lay down by the central government.
Chapter – 10 & 11 – Offences and Penalties & Miscellaneous:
Use of Latest Technologies – Remote Sensing (RS)and Geological Information Systems (GIS):
GIS and remote sensing are incredibly useful and effective tools in disaster management.
Remotely sensed data can be used very effectively for quickly assessing severity and impact of
damage due to, earthquakes, landslides, flooding, forest fires, cyclones and other disasters.
During the disaster prevention stage, GIS is used in managing the huge levels of data
required for vulnerability and hazard assessment. In the disaster preparedness stage, it is a tool
for planning evacuation routes, designing centers for emergency operations, and for the
integration of satellite data with other relevant data in the design of disaster warning systems. In
the disaster relief phase, GIS, in combination with GPS, is extremely useful in search and rescue
operations in areas that have been devastated and where it is difficult to find one’s bearings. In
the disaster rehabilitation stage, GIS is used to organize the damage information and postdisaster census information and in the evaluation of sites for reconstruction. Natural hazard
information should be included routinely in developmental planning and investment projects
preparation.
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GIS can play a role at the following levels:

National level

State level

District level

Block level

Ward or village level

Site investigation scale
Disaster Management:
The application of remote sensing and GIS has become a well developed and successful
tool in disaster management. GIS allows for the combination of different kinds of data
using models. It allows for the combination of the different kinds of spatial data with non-spatial
data, attribute data and use them as useful information in the various stages of disaster
management.
Various disasters like earthquake, landslides, flood, fires, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and
cyclones are natural hazards that kill lots of people and destroy property and infrastructure every
year.
Disaster Mapping:
Disaster mapping is the drawing of areas disturbed through excessive natural or manmade
troubles resulting in loss of life, property and national infrastructures. It is normally possible to
define the area affected by the disruption.
Disaster mapping is a tool for assessing, storing and conveying information on the
geographical location and spread of the effects, or probable effects of disasters. The difficulty
with traditional manual maps is that they are tedious and time consuming to prepare, difficult to
update and inconvenient to maintain. Remote sensing is emerging as a popular means of map
preparation while GIS can be used for storage, analysis and retrieval. Under remote
sensing techniques, maps can be prepared using satellite data or aerial photographs and then
digitized and stored on computers using GIS software.
Disaster maps generally show risk zones as well as disaster impact zones. These are
marked areas that would be affected increasingly with the increase in the magnitude of the
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disaster. These could include landslide hazard maps, flood zone maps, seismic zone maps, forest
fire risk maps, industrial risk zone maps etc.
Landslides
Landslide hazard zone mapping involves a detailed assessment and analysis of the past
occurrences of landslides in conditions of their location, size and incidence with respect to
various geo-environmental factors that cause landslides and mass movements. Landslide
hazard zonation map included a map separating the draw out varying degrees of predictable
slope stability. The map has an inbuilt factor of forecasting and hence is of probabilistic
nature. Depending upon the methodology adopted and the comprehensiveness of the input
data used.
A landslide hazard zonation map is able to provide help concerning some or all the
following individual factor maps:

Landslide location

Slope steepness

Land use/ land cover

Geology or lithology

Density of drainages

Rainfall
The use of aerial photographs, satellite images and adoption of remote sensing techniques
helps in the collection of data. For storage, retrieval and analysis, adoption of computerized
techniques would be useful.

Hazard zonation maps have different uses. Some of them are as follows:

Preparation of development plans for cities, dams, roads, and other development works

General purpose master plans and land use plans

Discouraging new development in hazard prone areas

Selection of best activity pattern based on risk zones

Quick decision making in rescue and relief operations.
Earthquakes
Earthquake data collected by the National Seismic Telemetry Network for the past one
hundred years was analyzed using a computer.
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Search and rescue:

Search, rescue and evacuation procedures are carried out immediately after disaster
strikes a certain area. These are major operations, usually performed by local
volunteers, voluntary organizations and district and state agencies.

Search and rescue generally involves local people who are well versed with the local
terrain and can be instrumental in searching and accessing trapped victims. After the
search, rescue and evacuation, some essential steps are required in order to provide relief to
the evacuees.
Prime amongst these are:

Shelter

Food

Communications

Clearance and access

Water and power supplies

Temporary subsistence supplies

Health and sanitation

Public information

Security

Construction requirements

Disaster welfare inquiry
Constitution of Disaster Management Authorities at National, State and District Levels:
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been constituted in
December 2005 consisting of the Prime Minister of India as the Chairperson and other
members not exceeding nine to be nominated by the Chairperson. The National authority
subject to the provisions contained in the Act shall have the responsibility for laying down
the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management for ensuring timely and
effective response to disaster.
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Every state government also is to establish a State Disaster Management Authority
consisting of the Chief Minister of the State as the ex-officio Chairperson and other members
not exceeding eight to be nominated by the Chairperson of the State Authority. This authority
has the responsibility for laying down policies and plans for disaster management in the
State.
A District Disaster Management Authority for every district is to be constituted by the
state government. This is to consist of the Collector or District Magistrate or the state
government may prescribe Deputy Commissioner as the Chairperson in ex-officio capacity
and members not exceeding seven as.
Preparation of State Disaster Management Plans:
State Disaster Management Plan is applicable to all the districts of the State. Each state
government is responsible for preparation of its own state disaster management plans. State
Disaster Management Plans are specific to the state. State Disaster Management Authority
(SDMAs) along with State Executive Committee (SECs) prepare disaster management plans.
These plans should be approved by the national disaster management authority or national
authority.
Important Guidelines for preparation of State Disaster Plans:
The plan preparation process essentially aims at strengthening the communities, elected
local bodies and state administration response and preparedness. The plans should be sensitive to
the special needs of vulnerable sections such as pregnant and lactating mothers, children,
the elderly and physically and mentally challenged persons.
Section – 23 of the Disaster Management Act of 2005 provides that there shall be a DM
plan for every state. It outlines the broad coverage of the plan as well as the requirements of
consultation in the preparation of the state plans.
State Plan Consists of the following Chapters:
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Chapter – 1 – Introduction
Chapter – 2 – Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Analysis
Chapter – 3 – Preventive Measures
Chapter – 4 – Mainstreaming DM Concerns into Development
Chapter – 5 – Preparedness Measures
Chapter –6 – Response
Chapter – 7 – Partnership with other Stakeholders
Chapter –8 – Financial Arrangements
Chapter –9 – Disaster Specific Action Plan
Chapter – 10 – Review and Updation of Plans
Chapter – 11 – Coordination and Implementation
Chapter – 1- Introduction:

State Profile – Social, economic and demographic

Vision

Theme

Legal Mandate

Plan Objectives
Chapter – 2 – Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Analysis:

History of the vulnerability of State to the disasters of different types

Hazard Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping

The Probable threat of man-made disasters

A hazard profile of the state together with maps and details of zonation
Chapter –3 – Preventive Measures:

Manmade disasters

Natural disasters – specific to the state

Early warnings and dissemination systems

Prevention and Mitigation plans
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
Training needs analysis and development of state HR plan
Chapter – 4 – Mainstreaming DM Concerns into Development:

Economic, social infrastructure like irrigation, power, drinking water, sanitation , roads,
buildings, schools and hospitals, housing, heritage monuments etc.

Elements of impact assessment, risk reduction

Classification of disasters and residual agenda
What will be done
How it is to be done
Who will do it
By when
Chapter – 5 – Preparedness Measures:

Resource availability – National and state resources

Community Based DM

Training, Capacity Building and other practice measures ( Civil defence, Home Guards,
NCC, NSS)

Educational and training Institutions ( Fire brigade, state disaster response force, civil
police, awareness generation, knowledge management, medical preparedness).
Chapter –6 - Response:

Incident Command System

Emergency Operation Centers

Alert Mechanisms – Early Warning Systems

Disaster Risk Reduction framework, policy
Chapter – 7 – Partnership with other Stakeholders:
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The roles of academic institutions and scientific and technical organizations which have
an important function in DM may be spelt out from early warnings to recovery, together with
names and designation of the nodal persons.
Chapter – 8 – Financial Arrangements:

Arrangement for the funding of the components of the state plan

Provision of funds for specific mitigation projects aimed at improving prevention,
preparedness and mitigation

Steps taken for the constitution of the disaster response fund and disaster mitigation fund.
Chapter – 9 – Disaster Specific Action Plan:
At national level – NDMA, at state level – SDMA and at district level – DDMA,
must prepare disaster specific plan for specific disaster. District plans should be approved by
the state and state plans must be approved by NDMA.
Chapter –10 – Review and Updation of Plans

Floods

Cyclones

Earthquakes

Landslides

Chemical disasters

Nuclear disasters

Biological disasters

Oil spills and mine disasters

Tsunami
Preparation of District Disaster Management Plan:
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District
Disaster
Management
Plan
is applicable
to
all
the mandals of
the
district. Each district is responsible for preparation of its own disaster management plans.
District Disaster Management plan is more particular about the district, it is district specific
plan.
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) or District Executive Committee
prepares the District plans but these plans should be approved by the state authorities or
SDMAs.
As per the section 31 of the Disaster Management Act of 2005, DDMA of each district
in the state shall prepare the DDMP. It is to be reviewed and updated annually. The DM
act further provides that DDMP shall; include the areas vulnerable to disasters, measures to
be taken for prevention, mitigation, capacity-building, preparedness etc.

Prompt response to disaster and relief

Procurement of essential resources

Establishment of communication links and the dissemination of information to the public
to respond to any threatening disaster.
District Plan Consists of the following Chapters:
Chapter – 1 – Introduction
Chapter – 2 – Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Analysis
Chapter – 3 – Preventive Measures
Chapter – 4 – Mainstreaming DM Concerns into Development
Chapter – 5 – Preparedness Measures
Chapter –6 – Response
Chapter – 7 – Partnership with other Stakeholders
Chapter –8 – Financial Arrangements
Chapter –9 – Disaster Specific Action Plan
Chapter – 10 – Review and Updation of Plans
Chapter – 11 – Coordination and Implementation
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Chapter – 1- Introduction:

District Profile – Social, economic and demographic

Vision

Theme

Legal Mandate

Plan Objectives
Chapter – 2 – Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Analysis:

History of the vulnerability of State to the disasters of different types

Hazard Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping

The Probable threat of man-made disasters

A hazard profile of the state together with maps and details of zonation
Chapter –3 – Preventive Measures:

Manmade disasters

Natural disasters – specific to the state

Early warnings and dissemination systems

Prevention and Mitigation plans

Training needs analysis and development of state HR plan
Chapter – 4 – Mainstreaming DM Concerns into Development:

Economic, social infrastructure like irrigation, power, drinking water, sanitation , roads,
buildings, schools and hospitals, housing, heritage monuments etc.

Elements of impact assessment, risk reduction

Classification of disasters and residual agenda
What will be done
How it is to be done
Who will do it
By when
Chapter – 5 – Preparedness Measures:

Resource availability – National and state resources

Community Based DM

Training, Capacity Building and other practice measures ( Civil defence, Home Guards,
NCC, NSS)
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
Educational and training Institutions ( Fire brigade, state disaster response force, civil
police, awareness generation, knowledge management, medical preparedness).
Chapter –6 - Response:

Incident Command System

Emergency Operation Centers

Alert Mechanisms – Early Warning Systems

Disaster Risk Reduction framework, policy
Chapter – 7 – Partnership with other Stakeholders:
The roles of academic institutions and scientific and technical organizations which have an
important function in DM may be spelt out from early warnings to recovery, together with
names and designation of the nodal persons.
Chapter – 8 – Financial Arrangements:

Arrangement for the funding of the components of the state plan

Provision of funds for specific mitigation projects aimed at improving prevention,
preparedness and mitigation

Steps taken for the constitution of the disaster response fund and disaster mitigation fund.
Chapter – 9 – Disaster Specific Action Plan:
At national level – NDMA, at state level – SDMA and at district level – DDMA,
must prepare disaster specific plan for specific disaster. District plans should be approved by
the state and state plans must be approved by NDMA.
Chapter –10 – Review and Updation of Plans

Floods

Cyclones

Earthquakes

Landslides

Chemical disasters

Nuclear disasters

Biological disasters
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
Oil spills and mine disasters

Tsunami
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) :
The Yokohama Strategy:
The Yokohama strategy emphasised that disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness
are better than disaster response in achieving the goals and objectives of vulnerability
reduction. The Yokohama Strategy for Disaster Reduction centered on the objective of saving
human lives and protecting property.
The strategy focused on:

Development of a global culture of prevention

Adoption of a policy of self-reliance in each vulnerable country and community

Education and training in disaster prevention, preparedness and mitigation

Development and strengthening of human resources and material capabilities and
capacities of research and development institutions


Involvement and active participation of the people.
Priority
to programmes that
promote
community-based
approaches
to vulnerability reduction

Effective national legislation and administrative action

Integration of private sector in disaster reduction efforts

Involvement of non-governmental organizations; and

Strengthening the capacity of the United Nations system in disaster reduction
The International Strategy of Disaster Reduction (ISDR) pronounced in 2001 as a follow
up to the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), intended to enable
all societies to become resilient to the effects of natural hazards and related technological
and environmental disasters to reduce human, economic and social losses.
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World Conference on Disaster Reduction at Hyogo:
The World Conference on Disaster Reduction held in January 2005 at Hyogo, Japan
identified the specific gaps arising out of the Yokohama strategy.
These are:

Governance: organizational, legal and policy frameworks.

Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning.

Knowledge management and education.

Reducing underlying risk factors; and

Preparedness for effective response and recovery.
The Conference identified the following strategies:

Effective integration of disaster risk considerations into sustainable development policies,
planning and programming at all levels, with a special emphasis on disaster
prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and vulnerability reduction.

Development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities at all levels, at
the community level, that can systematically contribute to building resilience to hazards; and

Systematic
incorporation
of
risk
reduction
approaches
into
the design
and
implementation of emergency preparedness, response and recovery programmes in the
reconstruction of affected communities.
Beneficiary groups of Disaster Mitigation Strategies:

At-risk population for example, women, children, scheduled castes and tribes in high risk
disaster prone communities.

Service providers, for example, first responders.

Public and private partners for example, banks, insurers, NGOs, business aid.

Government of India, public policy makers, military, police and disaster management
officials.
Strategy has the following components:
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


Community level disaster planning
Drought Mitigation
Public awareness and Information campaigns

First responder training

Hospital preparedness

Exposure to “best practices” opportunities (in-country, regional and international)

Building code enforcement

Weather and flood forecasting; and

Early warning systems
Crowd Management:
Crowd management is the organized and substantiated planning and the direction given
to the orderly progress of events where large groups of people gather together. As a part
of crowd management, measures can be taken to direct or limit the behavior of groups of
people. This is called crowd control.
Crowd control is a public security practice where large crowds are managed to prevent
the outbreak of crowd crushes, affray, fights involving drunk and disorderly people or riots.
Crowd crushes in particular can cause many hundreds of fatalities.
Event organizers have a responsibility to ensure that health and safety risks are properly
managed for all attendees, including staff, contractors, volunteers and members of the public.
This might not seem like a challenge when walking around your empty venue, but as soon as
a crowd starts forming it doesn’t take much for minor or major injuries to occur.
There are various steps involve in Crowd Management:
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Planning: Crowd management is integral to running a safe, enjoyable event, and should be
considered in the earliest stages of your planning.
Understanding your Crowd: need to under the risk associated with crowd, when more
people gather at one place, the risk of the crowd will be more either in the form of noise
pollution, traffic jams, fighting, nuisance etc. Hence need a proper planning to organize the
event.
Assessing the Risk: Before organizing the event, event organizers need to assess the risk of
the event by categorizing the risks as low risks, medium risks and high risks, according to
prepare the risk plans.
Communicating with the Crowd: event organizers should communicate with the different
group of the people participating as and when necessary to avoid the confusion or doubts about
the event or programme.
Communicating with Team: A group of people should be appointed by the event organizers
to communicate
with
the
people
before, during
and
after
the
event.
This
group
should consists of people who are dynamic, enthusiastic, patient, active etc.
Review: based on the gathering, event organizers needs to conduct the reviews to know
the feedback of the people, any difficulties during the event etc.
Tips for effective crowd management at events

Know your audience. ...

Plan in advance. ...

Inform the relevant parties. ...

Make a risk assessment. ...

Have an emergency plan. ...

Use a lot of signage. ...

Demarcate the different areas. ...

Limit access to alcohol.
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