ACTIVATION TRIGGERS AND PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS
OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY CONCEPT ON BUILDING
INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) IMPLEMENTATION
AMONG MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION STAKEHOLDERS.
NUR SHUHADA BINTI MOHD RIDZUAN
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
2018
i
ACTIVATION TRIGGERS AND PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS
OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY CONCEPT ON BUILDING
INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) IMPLEMENTATION
AMONG MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION STAKEHOLDERS.
By
NUR SHUHADA BINTI MOHD RIDZUAN
This report is submitted as a partial requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
DECEMBER 2018
ii
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I NUR SHUHADA BINTI MOHD RIDZUAN, 0147369020 confirm that the work in this
report is my own and the appropriate credit has been given where references have been
made to the work of other researchers.
Student Name
:
NUR SHUHADA BINTI MOHD RIDZUAN
Student ID
:
2016209494
Date
:
16th DECEMBER 2018
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and Most Merciful, all praises be to Allah.
Blessings and peace be upon Muhammad his Messenger of Allah, his pure descendants, his
family and noble companion.
I have taken all efforts in this study but however it would not have been possible without
the kind support help from many individuals and organization. Thus, I would like to extend
my sincere thanks and gratefulness.
Firstly, I would like to portray my extreme sincere gratitude to my beloved parents and
family that always been supporting and helping me in order to complete this study. Without
their love and support over the year, none of this would have been possible.
Humbly I would like to express biggest appreciation to Mr. Assrul Reedza Bin Zulkifli, for
all the guidance, knowledge and information sharing, brilliant ideas, encouragement,
cooperation and last but not least exposing me to the real world of construction industry.
His continuous support since day one has enable me to complete this study. It is an honour
to work under his supervision.
Next, I would like to place my grateful to friends, lecturers and all who directly or indirectly
have lent their helping hand in this study. Also, thanks to the respondents and interviewees
for cooperation and contribution in providing valuable data and information.
Best Regards,
Shuhada Ridzuan.
ii
ABSTRACT
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been exposed in Malaysia and the thought of
executing BIM in Malaysia was presented by the Chief of Public Work Department.
However, BIM implementation among construction stakeholders in Malaysia Construction
Industry (MCI) is slow and stagnant. Hence, this study has been carried out to recognize
the implementation of BIM in construction projects. Two objectives have been achieved
which are to examine the absorptive capacity concept on activation triggers element for
BIM implementation among Malaysian construction project stakeholders and to study the
absorptive capacity concept in organization performance element after BIM
implementation. The data was collected by using questionnaire survey which has been
distribute among construction stakeholders in Kuala Lumpur and by doing three interview
session with construction stakeholders. The finding of the data was analysed by using
Microsoft office – excel and presented in table and chart form. Then, discussion and
conclusion were derived from the analysed data. The implementation of BIM is expected
to be fully utilized in the construction industry for many well develop projects.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
ABSTRACT
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
LIST OF TABLES
vii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
1
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
3
1.3
OBJECTIVES
4
1.4
SCOPE OF STUDY
5
1.5
SIGNIFICANT OF RESEARCH
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
INTRODUCTION
7
2.2
DEFINITION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
8
2.3
HISTORY
OF
BUILDING
INFORMATION
MODELING
(BIM)
IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
10
2.4
ABSORPTIVE CAPASITY CONCEPT
12
2.5
BIM USER AND TOOLS PLATEFORM
17
METHODOLOGY
19
3.1
INTRODUCTION
19
3.2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROCESS
20
3.3
RESEARCH APPROACH
23
iv
3.4
COLLECTION OF DATA
25
3.5
RESEARCH DESIGN
29
3.6
SAMPLING SIZE
34
3.7
PILOT STUDY
36
3.8
ANALYSIS OF DATA
36
RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
42
4.1
INTRODUCTION
42
4.2
RATE OF RETURN
43
4.3
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
44
4.4
RELIABILITY TEST
50
4.5
MEAN RANKING ANALYSIS & RELATIVE IMPORTANT INDEX (RII) 52
4.6
PEARSON CORRELATION
58
4.7
QUALITATIVE FINDINGS
62
4.8
DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS
64
CONCLUSION
65
5.1
INTRODUCTION
65
5.2
CONCLUSION
65
5.3
RECOMMENDATION
66
REFERENCES
67
APPENDICES
68
v
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2-1 COMMUNICATION, COLLABORATION & VISUALIZATION WITH
BIM MODEL ................................................................................................. 8
FIGURE 2-2 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) SERVICES .................. 9
FIGURE 2-3 AN AC CONCEPT VISUALIZED BY (ZAHRA & GEORGE, 2002) ...... 12
FIGURE 3-1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROCESS .............................................. 20
FIGURE 3-2 COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH APPROACH ........................................ 24
FIGURE 3-3 QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH .................................. 25
FIGURE 3-4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH ................................................................................................. 25
FIGURE 4-1 FREQUENCY OF QUESTIONNAIRE DISTRIBUTION ......................... 43
FIGURE 4-2 NO OF RESPONDENTS BASED ON ORGANIZATION SECTOR ........ 45
FIGURE 4-3 PERCENTAGE OF ROLE OF RESPONDENTS ....................................... 46
FIGURE 4-4 FREQUENCY OF RESPONDENT'S WORKING EXPERIENCE ............ 48
FIGURE 4-5 PERCENTAGE OF BIM SOFTWARE USED BY RESPONDENTS ....... 49
vi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 3-1 TABULATION OF RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................. 29
TABLE 3-2 KREJCIE AND MORGAN DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE TABLE ...... 35
TABLE 3-3 THE RULE OF THUMB FOR INTERPRETING ALPHA .......................... 38
TABLE 3-4 LEVEL OF AGREE AND EVALUATION FOR AVERAGE INDEX
ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 40
TABLE 3-5 DEGREE OF CORRELATION .................................................................... 41
TABLE 4- 1 RETURN RATE ANALYSIS……………………………………………...40
TABLE 4- 2 NO OF RESPONDENTS BASED ON ORGANIZATION SECTOR......... 45
TABLE 4- 3 ROLE OF RESPONDENTS IN ORGANIZATION .................................... 47
TABLE 4- 4 WORKING EXPERIENCE OF RESPONDENTS ...................................... 48
TABLE 4- 5 BIM SOFTWARE USED BY RESPONDENTS ......................................... 50
TABLE 4- 6 RELIABILITY TEST ON ACTIVATION TRIGGERS OF BIM
IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................... 50
TABLE 4- 7 RELIABILITY TEST ON PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS AFTER BIM
IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................... 51
TABLE 4- 8 AVERAGE INDEX OF ACTIVATION TRIGGERS OF BIM
IMPLEMENTATION AMONG MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION
STAKEHOLDERS ....................................................................................... 52
TABLE 4- 9 PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS AFTER BIM IMPLEMENTATION IN
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.................................................................... 55
TABLE 4- 10 PEARSON CORRELATION TOWARDS ACTIVATION TRIGGERS .. 58
vii
TABLE 4- 11 PEARSON CORRELATION ON PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS .......... 60
TABLE 4- 12 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS ON ACTIVATION
TRIGGERS ............................................................................................... 62
TABLE 4- 13 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS ON
PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS ................................................................. 63
viii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The Malaysian government has been pushing every industry – businesses,
public agencies and indeed people – to adopt IT as portion of a bigger objective to
realize the created nation status by the year 2020 Jaafar, Aziz, Ramayah, and Saad
(2007). In line with this development, Malaysian Construction Industry (MCI) was
as of now uncovered to numerous sorts of program; AutoCAD, BIM, Esteem,
Abacus etc. in order to attain way better outcomes in every project and getting more
compelling. Building Information Modeling (BIM) may be a set of advance devices
that can manage construction projects effectiveness. BIM has been used by the
Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries in Malaysia. The first
person to come out with the idea of implementing BIM in Malaysia was the Public
Works Department first man, The Director itself (Latiffi, Mohd, Kasim, & Fathi,
2013).
BIM is a smart 3 Dimension (3D) demonstrates based process that gives AEC
experts the understanding and tools to all the more productively plan, design,
construct and manage buildings and infrastructure. Current BIM software are
utilized by individuals, organizations and government agencies who plan, design,
construct, operate and maintain diverse physical infrastructure, such as water,
refuse, electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, bridges, ports, tunnels, etc.
BIM can conquer development venture issues, for example - delay, conflict of
design by various expert, construction cost overrun, dirty construction sites, risky
and dangerous site conditions and also poor quality of work. Despite the fact that
BIM is viewed as costly technology to be adopted, but it has been proven to provide
solutions to the above-mentioned construction problems. Conventional building
design was to a great extent dependent upon two-dimensional specialized
1
illustrator (plans, elevations, sections, etc.). BIM extends this beyond (3D),
augmenting the three primary spatial dimensions (width, height and depth) with
time as the fourth dimension (4D), cost as the fifth (5D) and even as built operation
(6D) (Smith, 2014a) . Subsequently BIM covers something other than geometry. It
additionally covers spatial relationships, light analysis, geographic information, and
quantities and properties of building components (for example, manufacturers'
details) (Santosh, 2016).
By implementing BIM software to a construction project throughout all
stages, there are many benefits that can be obtained. The most obvious benefits are
the whole project stakeholders can get a better visualization at design stage. Next,
BIM can identify configuration flaws at a beginning time, which limit potential
deferrals in future. By figure out how to anticipate potential deferrals and varieties
in design, this will mean money related problems are uncovered early.
Moreover, with BIM implementation, planners can select optimum sites.
architect can produce more accurate designs with fewer errors, less waste, and
closer alignment with the owner’s vision. Engineers can increase coordination with
architects and other engineering disciplines, improving the reliability of their
designs. Contractors can make sure that constructability issues were flagged early
on when changes are less expensive to make. Ultimately, owners will be able to use
the models far into the future as the basis of a comprehensive facility and asset
management program.
In this way claim will probably be maintain a strategic distance from or
limited. BIM likewise have a superior comprehension of site security and
administration for the development arrange. Adapting to the advantages BIM offers
requires investment in staff, processes and technology. Approaching these changes
with a positive attitude will speed the transition and allow firms to quickly realize
the productivity and quality gains possible with BIM.
2
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Conflict is by all mean seems to be familiar with construction projects and
giving the impressions of issues incorporates into expending project cost, project
delays, decrease productivity, loss of profit or harm in business relationship (Jaafar
et al., 2007). Re-do work and material waste are moreover common issue emerge
among construction project. There are a few elements contribute to the emerging of
conflict in the construction projects such as late handover, delay between instalment
from client, vague of legally binding terms, late instructions from architect or
engineer, reluctant to check for constructability, clarity and completeness and
destitute communication among project team.
With respects to all the conflict emerge, implementation of Building
Information Modelling (BIM) may well be the issue understanding to the conflicts.
BIM has been depicted as a game-changing data communication innovation and
social handle for the construction sector (Hardi & pittard, 2015) and has been
utilized by the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries in
Malaysia. In 2007, BIM has been exposed in Malaysia and the thought of executing
BIM in Malaysia was presented by the Chief of Public Work Department, where
Autodesk tools have been proposed by the government as a BIM tool platform. It is
pivotal for development players to be mindful of the significance of BIM
application in construction projects. This is often since BIM can be one of the
conditions required of a company to qualify for government and private ventures,
comparative to what is practiced in few other nations (Latiffi et al., 2013).
However, the BIM implementation among construction stakeholders in
Malaysia is very small in amount and slow in growth (Bin Zakaria, Mohamed Ali,
Tarmizi Haron, Marshall-Ponting, & Abd Hamid, 2013). Even though Malaysian
government has done many approaches to the AEC industries to use BIM, but the
results are not impressive compared to other developed countries such as United
3
State of America (USA), Australia, Hong Kong, Denmark, Norway, Finland and
United Kingdom (UK) which BIM has been implemented widely.
Before BIM is implemented, there was some elements lead to the
implementation of BIM which called the absorptive capacity. Absorptive capacity
is a systematic study in applying the new external learning in a job scope. The
elements in the absorptive capacity concept are including the activation triggers,
assimilation and exploitation of the new knowledge. The absorptive capacity
concept can be used in order to study the BIM implementation performance.
Therefore, this study will be focuses on the activation triggers of the
absorptive capacity concept on BIM implementation among Malaysian construction
stakeholders in order to measure the performance after BIM implementation.
1.3
OBJECTIVES
Objectives of this study are:
a) To examine the absorptive capacity concept on activation triggers element for
Building Information Modeling (BIM) implementation among construction
project stakeholders.
b) To study the absorptive capacity in organization performance element after
Building Information Modeling (BIM) implementation.
4
1.4
SCOPE OF STUDY
This study’s scope covers and focuses on the activation triggers and
performance elements of absorptive capacity concept on Building Information
Modeling (BIM) implementation among Malaysian construction stakeholders
during designing process, construction process and aftermath of the
construction process. Construction project stakeholders are including
contractor, consultant, architect, building surveyor and client who directly
involved in the construction project life cycle. The amount of construction
project stakeholders in Malaysia whom has utilized the BIM software has
increasing in the city centre of Malaysia day by day. Thus, the study area will
be focuses on the Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur only.
In order to collect data of the study, a set of questionnaire survey was
being distributed by Google form document through email and by hand to vary
respondent represent different stakeholders in construction project in W.P.
Kuala Lumpur. In addition, a few interviews have done with three respondents
in order to achieve all two objectives. Since all respondent involved in this
study gives information and answers based on their knowledge of BIM, it is
crucial to gain their early initiative on implementing BIM.
However, the scope of work for this study are relates to the objectives
which include to examine the absorptive capacity concept on activation triggers
element for BIM implementation among construction project stakeholders and
to study the absorptive capacity in organization performance element after BIM
implementation.
5
1.5
SIGNIFICANT OF RESEARCH
This study present the Building Information Modeling (BIM) software as
agents to identify how construction project stakeholders have a desire and eager to
start and implement BIM in their construction projects. This research is expected to
contribute the systematically study on BIM using absorptive capacity concept in
hopes the industry later can use the absorptive capasity to see their capability and
initiate them to implement BIM on their projects. Perhaps this study can helps
Malaysia to be in one line together with other well developed countries with high
technology implementation in order to be competitive at the international level.
hence keep growing Malaysia’s construction development.
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents about the literature review that cover the previous
researches and references from books, journals, articles and other published
materials that had been done which are related to this study. All references from the
previous researches and readings were able to help in identify the problems that
might come out and provide the possible solutions that related to the study. This
literature review acts as a benchmark and assists me while doing this research.
In this literature review will be discuss about the study of Building
Information Modeling (BIM) implementation in Malaysia and other country as
Hong Kong and United Kingdom (UK) as comparison. This chapter also discuss
about the objectives of the research, which are to investigate and identify relevant
literature related to BIM with specific focus on the factors that encourage the
Malaysian construction stakeholders to implement BIM hence study the
performance in organization from the activation triggers after BIM implementation.
7
2.2
DEFINITION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
Building Information Modeling (BIM) delineates the path towards
organizing a building pleasingly using one sensible game plan of PC models as
repudiated to differing game plans of illustrator (WSP Global, 2013). Moreover
BIM can be upgraded designed and furthermore a virtual set up that conceals all
points, controls and structures of a capacity inside a solitary or virtual illustrate,
allowing all design group members (clients, planners, architects, engineers,
contractors, quantity surveyor, subcontractors and suppliers) to team up more
definitely and productively than utilizing conventional processes (Azhar, 2011).
Figure 2-1 Communication, Collaboration & Visualization with BIM model
Figure 2-1 shows how BIM model display functions ponder with the
correspondence, joint effort and presentation of the information. Some examples of
the information acquire that required for the particular project are including legal
data, geospatial data, financial data, specifies data, environmentalist data,
8
sustainers’ data, owner or occupier and also designer data are being stored and kept
in one system, which is Building Information Modeling.
Plus, BIM works in improving planning process, enhance the project design
and develop better performance in construction of projects. As many challenges
faced by Architectures, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries before such
as delay in completing projects, construction cost overrun, dirty construction sites,
clash of design by different professionals, BIM comes as a solution for a better
construction process from sketch to an end.
In addition, it is important to understand that the BIM is not a technology.
Even in fact, technology help in the creation of BIM, the software used does not
equate to BIM. BIM is more about processes and collaboration where BIM is to be
claim as the marriage of a technology and a set of work processes. It is the way in
which the model is create, share and use throughout the entire design and build
project.
Figure 2-2 Building Information Modeling (BIM) Services
above shows the works that administrations could do by utilizing BIM, for
example designing, analysis, documentation, fabrication, construction 4D/5D,
construction logistic, operation and maintenance, renovation, demolition,
programming and more.
9
2.3
HISTORY OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
The innitials idea about Building Information Modeling (BIM) has taken
place in construction industries more than 50 years. The idea of BIM can be
followed back to the earliest days of computing in the 1960s and strong computer
programs started to develop in the 1970s and 1980s. The development of the
ArchiCAD programming software in 1982 in Hungary is seen by numerous as the
genuine start of BIM and the advancement of the Revit programing program in 2000
saw a genuinne move towards compelling BIM execution (Smith, 2014b). Eventho
BIM implementation is slow and stagnant, however there has been an improvement
for the consrtuction isues in most of construction project that utilized BIM, which
means they aware of the benefits or advantages can be gain by simply implement
BIM.
The implementation of BIM has goes around the world spreadly. BIM has
been implemented in many successful countries in Europe such as the United
Kingdom (UK), Denmark, Norway, and Finland, American countries the United
State of America (US) and also Asian country such as Australia, Hong Kong,
Singapore and not getting left behind, Malaysia. The appropriation of BIM in
Malaysia was driven fundamentally by the private segment since early 2000. Be
that as it may, BIM has as it were ended up a buzzword when the Public Work
Department of Malaysia presented BIM in development extend arranging for open
works in 2007 through their BIM standard manual and guidline. This approach was
a result of the Malaysian government’s mindfulness of the potential of BIM to
decrease development cost and maintain a strategic distance from plan issues in
planning stage (Latiffi et al., 2013). In an exertion to foater BIM environment in
Malaysian Construction Industries (MCI), the Construction Industry Development
Board (CIDB) has shaped the BIM controlling committee, BIM Guides, and
academicians (CIDB, 2016). In arrange to assist and advance the potential and
benefits of BIM, PWD, CIDB and Multimedia Super Corridor Malaysia (MSC) also
10
offer activities specificially roadshows, seminars, workshops, on top of afordable
training program (Latiffi et al., 2013).
However, the Malaysian Construction Industry (MCI) is getting no
exemption to confront clashing issues and the ventures in Malaysia persevere to
experience from such view. The issues like development claims, plan mistakes,
ineffectively characterized scope of work, destitute communications, unlikely
desire, venture conveyance strategies, supportability issue, incapable and wasteful
strategies and hones, trouble in securing convenient and satisfactory financing at
different stages of development and trouble in repatriating benefits or profits, failure
to supply add up to coordinates arrangements in remote ventures and insufficiently
prepared workforce too disables the industry’s capacity to adopt new advances and
to manage with unused challenges (Gardezi, Shafiq, & Khamidi, 2013).
In the other hand, BIM can be classified as a joined together activity to
guarantee organization between development players such as engineers, project
directors, planners and contractors. For this matter, the Architectures, Engineering
and Construction (AEC) industries and other stakeholders have forcefully grasped
new innovation in arrange to stay competitive within the current market (Takim,
Harris, & Nawawi, 2013).
Moving into the implementation of BIM in Malaysia, the first project in
Malaysia that use BIM as aide of the development of Multipurpose Corridor of
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in the Southern region of Malaysia.
Other BIM ventures in Malaysia are Educity Sports Complex in Nusajaya, Johor,
National Cancer Institute of Malaysia, which is anticipated to be completed on 31
August 2013 and Ancasa Hotel in Pekan, Pahang (Latiffi et al., 2013). Base on the
first two project that has been using BIM, it is safe to say that BIM implementation
was a successful in MCI.
11
2.4
ABSORPTIVE CAPASITY CONCEPT
ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY
Knowledge Source
and Complementarity
Experience
POTENTIAL
REALIZED
-Acquisition
-Assimilation
-Transformation
-Exploitation
Activation
Trigger
Social Integration
Mechanism
Competitive
Advantages
-Strategic flexibility
-Innovation
-Performance
Regime of
Appropriability
Figure 2-3 An AC concept visualized by (Zahra & George, 2002)
Figure 2-3 shows the elements in the Absorptive Capacity (AC) concept
visualized by Zahra and George, 2002. Due to Zahra and George, absorptive
capacity is a firm’s capacity to absorp external knowledge and experiences in their
organization and see the potential of the knowledge which are the acquisition and
assimilation. When they realized the potential, they are eager to have transformation
in their organization in order to obtain the advantages. In another hand, absorptive
capacity may be a restrain to the rate or amount of logical or technological data that
a firm can assimilate. It can be a study in booth individual and group too or as stated,
within the firm. Studies involve the firm's innovation performance, aspiration level
and organizational learning. In another see, absorptive capacity is defined by Cohen
and Levinthal (2000) as the capacity to recognize the esteem of modern outside
information, acclimatize it and apply this new information through development
and competitive activities.
12
To build up an efficient absorptive capacity, regardless of whether it be for
general knowledge or critical thinking or learning abilities, it is deficient only to
expose an individual quickly to the applicable earlier information (Cohen &
Levinthal, 2000). One way of measuring absorptive capacity is to find out the level
of research and design (R&D) since R&D itself plays a vital part in building and
expending a firm’s knowledge-sharing and absorptive capacity. Nevertheless,
imperative, R&D is not sufficient on its own. Other variables, such as preparing and
instruction, are too critical for the increment of information exchange and
absorptive capacity.
Despite all of the point claimed in the absorptive capacity section above, the
absorptive capacity itself, have to be accepted first. To be accepted, there must be
some push factors that can push the organization to accept the new knowledge hence
start to apply. Sometimes, the push factors leave ones no choice or option. In other
words, the push factors are the activation triggers. Thus, this study will be focuses
on the activation triggers element.
2.4.1
Activation Triggers of BIM implementation in Construction
Industry
2.4.1.1 BIM in United Kingdom (UK)
According to Blanco and Chen (2014), BIM is in the peak of the
evolution of design, construction and administration strategies in United
Kingdom (UK) with a specific end goal to build up any considered bit of
infrastructure. On May 2011, recognizing a window of chance, the UK
Government set up the Construction Strategy requiring "community
oriented 3D BIM on its ventures by 2016." Therefore, this examination to
choose how this new working approach contributes with respects to cost
hold assets and natural effects, surveys challenges, restriction, central
focuses and inconvenience of its utilization in the business, making an
13
undertaking to survey if the present slants are depended upon to meet the
objectives set by the Government (Blanco & Chen, 2014). The guide from
government has gone about as the uptick. In spite of the fact that activities
and help have been the genuine compliances for temporary workers, the
development business remains somewhat distant from an entire BIM get to.
A study conducted by McGraw Hill Construction discovered that the
essential aspiration to realize BIM with 68% was to wipe out monotonous
attracting drawing practices inalienable in the conventional CAD approach
that provoke inefficient usage of time. While 49% from the outcomes say
that, the utilization of BIM in their organization was a direct result of the
owner of the project demanded it. The following reason expressed in the
study asserted that it is a result of the BIM’s capacity itself enhances
correspondence with clients (Construction, 2012).
2.4.1.2 BIM in Hong Kong (HK)
Hong Kong is a standout amongst the most developed nations in
embracing BIM among the world and it has assumed a pivotal part in setting
up norms in the business among the world. With conveying bleeding edge
advances in its undertakings, Hong Kong is outstanding for its viability and
effectiveness in finishing the world class building ventures. Hong Kong has
for some time been a focal point of development, together with its measure
come various sub-segments of the trade counting burrows, lanes, viaducts,
expressway, expansions, rails and etc. Inside this, there are significantly
more specialty work capacities like geotechnical engineers, marine
engineers and more current advances like sustainable & economical
building, which calls for ecological designers and BIM professionals. The
development of BIM is catalysing changes to the building business of Hong
Kong in which all parties in the industry are included. Their conventional
task style has expected to keep pace with the improvement of BIM. This is
14
an open door and in addition challengers for BIM implementation in Hong
Kong.
As a perceived driving supplier of BIM instruments and
arrangements, Autodesk Hong Kong has been sorting out the yearly BIM
meeting since 2005. Autodesk likewise settled "The Autodesk Hong Kong
BIM Award", a yearly occasion since 2007 to commend building industry
experts and instructors in Hong Kong who are driving the change of the
building and development industry through advancement with BIM
innovation (Autodesk, 2010). Furthermore, BIM software in Hong Kong is
a very popular helping tool among large architecture firms. Not to forget
consultation firms that offer specializing service in BIM are happened to be
a popular business in Hong Kong’s local construction market (Fan, Guo,
Jin, & Li, 2010)
According to Kam-Din Andy Wong (2011), The Housing
Department of the Hong Kong Government is continuously advancing the
utilization of BIM in its activities and empowering different partners
including the educational institutes to prepare building and construction
understudies in BIM to meet future requests (K.-d. A. Wong, Wong, &
Nadeem, 2011). Nonetheless, The Hong Kong Institute of Architects
(HKIA) has promoted awareness of BIM implementation in Hong Kong in
early 2009. This means university in Hong Kong has been adopting BIM
courses into their syllabus or even make it as independent course. This is
supported by (Fan et al., 2010) who stated that, Hong Kong Institute of
building Information Modeling (HKIBIM) was formally established in 2009
to advance the implementation of BIM in HKIBIM and unites all BIM
related stakeholders for concerned endeavours in BIM examine, preparing
advancement, direction and regulation.
15
After an absorptive capacity concept was applied to the certain new
knowledge, only then the advantages of BIM implementation can bee seen. There
are several elements under the advantages which are strategic flexibility, innovation
and performance elements (Zahra & George, 2002). In this study, to obtain the
performance elements after BIM implementation in construction projects is one of
the objectives hence this study will be focuses on performance elements.
Performance can be describe as the achievement of a given assignment estimated
against preset known guidelines of precision, fulfillment, cost, and speed. In an
agreement, execution is esteemed to be the satisfaction of a commitment, in a way
that discharges the entertainer from all liabilities under the agreement.
2.4.2
Performance after BIM implementation in Construction Project
Construction world in United Kingdom (UK) has been successful
since many years ago with the aid of BIM. According to McGraw Hill
Construction studies, they discovered that the level of organization utilizing
BIM bounce from 17% of every 2007, to 49% out of 2009, and to 71% out
of 2012. Curiously, more contractors (74%) are utilizing BIM than the
architects (70%). This is because many contractors company have met the
goods in BIM where they got a smoother process of construction. All of the
BIM users report expanded business profits by BIM including better
benefits, more exact documentation, less adjustment, lesser undertaking
length, lesser claims and the capacity to offer new services. They
additionally discovered that privilege around 40% of BIM customers are
energetically devoted to it, accomplishing over 60% of their work in BIM.
This social event has surged by 44% since 2009. As sign of its extending
affirmation and improvement, half (49%) of BIM clients have not less than
five years of utilizing it (Construction, 2012)
16
In Hong Kong, many mega projects are well develop with the help
of BIM. It is encouraging to see more huge endeavour promoters with their
specific time designations of applying BIM, such as Hong Kong Housing
Authority, Mass Transit Railway and Hong Kong Science and Technology
Park (A. Wong, Wong, & Nadeem, 2009). A Housing Authority IT Manager
has asserted that BIM has maintainability in their activities (Hong Kong
Housing Authority, 2011).
BIM Academy official website stated that the 2017 Hong Kong
government policy address explicitly requesting that consultants and
contractors to use BIM when undertaking the design and delivery of major
capital works projects from 2018 onwards – the interest in BIM is surging.
As reaffirmed by the Chief Executive in her policies address, they will also
promote the technology to the private construction projects.
This combined with the growing international impetus towards a
global digital built environment are clear markers that now is the time to
consider how to embark on your organization’s BIM implementation
strategy. Not to surprise, The Hong Kong Institute of Building Information
Modeling (HKIBIM) is launching the inaugural HKIBIM wards in 2018.
The awards have been created to recognize the companies and
organizations, which actively use BIM technology in their projects.
2.5
BIM USER AND TOOLS PLATEFORM
BIM is widely known as virtual model used to manage in term of project
scheduling, cost estimation and design stage. BIM exposed as a technology to
improve the efficiency and consistency in managing construction project (Gardezi
et al., 2013). The BIM model consists of informative data required by stakeholders
to ensure the efficiency of job delivery of the relevant task including in the
construction process.
17
User of BIM includes Engineers, Architect, Quantity Surveyor, Land
Surveyor, Project Manager, BIM coordinator, Planning Engineer and others. There
are various type of BIM tools in construction such as Revit, Naviswork, AutoCAD,
Primavera, Tekla, ArchiCAD, A360 and others. Each of the tools plays their own
and function for managing different kinds of activities in construction projects
(Enegbuma & Ali, 2013)
18
METHODOLOGY
3.1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the methodology for this study and examine on how the
research approaches, research techniques and information gathering strategy.
Research methodology is the technique to get an appropriate results in the field study.
As a matter of first importance, research planning or an arrangement of the study flow
must be done at the early stage. There are few phases to be directed as to accomplish
or achieve the objectives of the research. This methodology chapter focuses on
explaining the technique used in this research. The technique used to gain information
and to get the results for the objectives to be achived are by using the questionnaires
method. Data collection was done on organization wether private or public sector in
Malaysia.
19
3.2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROCESS
Research methodology process is the process used to gather data and
information for the to make business choises. The methodology may in incorporate
open research, interviews, surveys and other research strategies, and could
incorporate bith present and authentic data.
Figure 3-1 Research methodology process
Figure 3-1 above shows a run of the mill procedure of methodology research
that need to be taken or done one by one respectively. It is a deliberate procudure
that focuses on getting objective and assembling a huge number of data for analysis
so that can arrive at a conclusion. This process is used as a piece of all research and
assessment ventures, regardless of the research method (scientific method of
inquiry, evaluation research, or action research).
The first step in the process is to identify the research area. For this study,
the research area has been decided to cover and focuses on the Wilayah Perseketuan
20
Kuala Lumpur and Selangor only. The targeted respondent are among the
construction stakeholders including contractor, consultant, architect and also client
that directly involved in the construction life cycle project. The significance of this
first stage in the research process is frequently underrate by numerous researcher.
The whole process of writing the study will be much easier when selected area is
truly interesting.
Second step is to determine the research objectives or aim of the study. An
appropriate research objectives and aim or speculation usually result from several
attempts and revisions. However, objectives or aim of the study are present when
there are problems or issues that we want investigate and hence solve the
pproblems. So for this research, it is important for the researcher to study the curent
issues among the Malaysian Construction Industry (MCI) in order to gain solution
and to encourage the construction stkeholders in Malaysia to use Building
Information Modeling (BIM).
Third step for this research methodology process is to conduct a literature
riview. Literature review is generally the longest phase in this research process. The
literature review phase starts even before the objectives and aim was determined;
because researcher have to check if the very same research issue has been addressed
previously. Nevertheless, the fundamental piece of this writing is directed after the
objectives and aims was resolved. For this study, extensive variety of optional
information sources such as books, daily spapers, magazines, journals, online
articles etc. has been utilized as dependable sources.
Next, the forth step in the research methodology process is to select a data
collection method(s). The data collection method(s) need to be choosen based on
critical analysing advantages and disadvantages associated with a few other data
collection methods. There are two types of methods can be use in order to collect
data which are qualitative and quantitative (further explanation can refer sub topic
21
3.4 collection of data). In this study, the data collection method has been decided to
be the qualitative and quantitative methods which a few interviews will be done and
a set of questionnaire will be distributed and answered by respondent; Malaysian
construction stakeholders neither from private nor public sectors. More explanation
on interview and questionnaire can be refer to sub topic 3.5 RESEARCH DESIGN.
The fifth step is collecting the essential information or primary data. Primary
data collection should be gone before an awesome level of arrangement. All
information regarding to this reseach including from books, materials available on
web, journal articles or conference papers will be gathered all together with the data
obtained from the distributed questionnaires.
Sixth step in this research methodology process is the data analysis.
Analysis of data plays an essential parts in the achievement of research objectives
and aims where the data analysis methods may be vary. All data gained from
questionnaires are analyzed using content analysis. The content analysis can be
represented through texts, images, tables or charts, extract from the Microsoft excel
or from the google form website itself in order to assist the analysis data phase.
Now come to the last step, which is research conclusions. Conclusions
identify with the level of accomplishment of research objectives and aims. In this
last step of the reseacrh, the data that has been analysed will be discuss and will be
need to justify either the objectives set at earlier stage are successfully achieved or
either way. The conclusion will be summarize all of the chapters in this study.
Meanwhile, recommendations which are the solutions from the conclusion will be
suggested based on limitation of the study, in order to fulfill this study and help in
improving the research in future.
22
3.3
RESEARCH APPROACH
Research approach is a perspective to find the consequences of an issue on
a particular matter or problems that is referred as research problems. There are
various research techniques that can be utilized while investigating certain subjects.
Some of the very common or famous research approaches are including including
interviews, observations, questionnaire and documentary studies. In this study,
questionnaire and interviews has been selected to be the research approach. Futher
explainatin about questionnaire can be refer to 3.5 RESEARCH DESIGN.
To explain more about research approach, it is a course of action and
strategy that includes the assuming or hypothesis to detailed out the technique for
data collected compilation, investigation and analyze. It is along these lines, in view
of the idea of the previous issue that have been studied before. Nevertheless,
research approach in this study is separated into two catogaries:
i.
Approach of data collection
ii.
Approach of data analysis or reasoning
23
Research
Approach
Data
Collection
Quantittive
-Questionnaire
Data
Analysis
Qualitative
-Interview
Deductive
Inductive
Figure 3-2 Components of Research Approach
This component of research approach ought to be engage through the given
inquiry deliberately in a specific way and found each one of the suitable reactions
until the conclusion. In case the researcher does not work intentionally on the issues,
there would be less probability to locate the ultimate results. For finding or
analysing research questions, confronting a considerable measure of issue can be
sufficiently settle by using the research methodology.
Diverse research methods have unmistakable purposes and distinctive levels
of legitimacy. This is one of the measures that create to discover how precise the
outcomes of a research methods are. Legitimacy is a term that refers to whether a
research measures what it ought to evaluate or not. The aftereffects of a research
give more grounded confirm if the study has a higher measure of legitimacy. With
a specific objective and aims to accomplish the most grounded legitimacy for this
research, one method has been picked and discussed on the following sub topic refer
3.5 research design
24
3.4
COLLECTION OF DATA
There are two types of research strategies, namely, ‘quantitative research’
and ‘qualitative research’.
Quantitative
•Objective measurement
•Placement of theory
Qualitative
•Exploratory research
•Attitudanal research
•Placement of theory
Figure 3-3 Quantitative & Qualitative Research
Figure 3-4 Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research
(Bryman, 1998)
ITEMS
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
1. Role
Fact – finding based
on evidence or
records.
Attitute measurement
based on opinions, views
and perceptios
measurement.
2. Relationship between
researcher and subject.
Distant
Close
3. Scope and finding
Nomothetic
Idiographoc
4. Relationship between
theory / concepts and
research.
Testing / confirmation
Emergent / development
5. Nature of data
Hard and reliable
Rich and deep
25
3.4.1
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is ‘subjective’ in nature. It underscores
meanings, encounters (regularly verbally depicted), depiction and so on.
Qualitative research moreover can be potray as in general sense exploratory
research. It is utilized to choose up a comprehension of essential reasons,
estimations and suppositions. It gives bits of information into the issue or
makes considerations or theories for potential qualitative research.
Qualitative research to boot utilized to uncover floats in thought and dive
advance into the issue.
Furthermore, data collection methodologies alter in between
unorganized or semi-organized strategies in qualitatives research about.
Methods best approach qualitative research is by doin interview which
including gatherings (assemble talks), individual meetings, and by
observing the cooperation or perceptions. For this method, the sample size
estimate is commonly small in number. Plus, the respondents are chosen in
order to satisfy a given quota.
Interview is a major technique for collecting factual information as
well as opinions. It gives bits of knowledge into the issue or makes a
difference to create thougts or theories for potential quantitative research.
Interview is additionally utilized to reveal patterns in thought and opinions,
and dive deeper into the issue. It is a face-to-face interpersonal role situation
in which an interviewer asks respondents questions designed to elicit
answers pertinent to the research hypothesis. The questions, their wording
and their sequence define the structure of the interview.
26
In this study, the interview technique is suitable under the following
circumstances:
I.
The interpersonal contact is essential to explain and describe the
questions.
II.
The research requires an explaination as why the respondents are
answering or feeling the way they do which requires more than yes
or no answer in questionnaires.
Interviews can take three forms, unstructured, structured, and semistructured. Some research may required one form of interview, while others
may required a combination of the three forms. Further explaination will be
discuss in 3.5.1
3.4.2
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is ‘objective’ in nature. It is potrayed as an
exploring and understanding the significannce people or gathering credit
into a social or human issue, in pers[ective of testing a theory or speculations
or hypothesis made out of variables, assessed with numbers, and analyzed
with quantifiable strategies, keeping in mind the end goal and to decide if
the theory or the hypothesis remain true (Creswell, 1994). Quantitative
information is, therefore, in this way, not extract, they are hard and solid;
they are estimation of unmistakeable, countable, sensate highlight of the
world (Bouma and Atkinson, 1995).
According to Creswell (2010) , the technique of research
incorporates creating request and system, data consistently assembled in the
part’s setting, information investigation inductively made up from
27
particulars to general subjects, and the researcher making understandings of
the significance of the information obtained. The people who partake in this
kinf od request bolster a strategy for taking gander at study that
qualifications an inductive style, an attention on singular significance, and
the significance of rendering the multifaceted idea of a condition.
In quantitative study, the theory, research questions and objectives
can be better comprehended when they are grounded in a theoretical
framework. As research done by (Creswell, 1994), he stated that the goal is
to test or confirm a theory, rather than create it. One thus begins the study
advancing a theory, collects data to test it, and reflects on whether the theory
was confirmed or unconfirmed by the results in the study. One consequently
starts the research propelling a theory, gathers information to examine it,
and thinks about whether the theory was affirmed or unsubstantiated by the
outcomes in the examination. The theory turns into a structure for the whole
research, an arranging model for the research inquiries or theories and for
the information gathering methodology.
As an example, data that can be collection thru quantitative research
is by doing questionnaires approach (refer sub topic 3.5.2 questionnaire
design).
Quantitative
research
is
selected
under
the
following
circumstances:
i.
When there is the need to discover actualities about an idea,
an inquiry or a characteristic.
ii.
When there is the need to gather real confirmation and study
the connection between these certainties with a specific end
goal to research a specific theory or hypothesis.
28
3.5
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design could be an arrange where researcher found a way on how
to gather data information. numerous solutions can be obtained by doing the
research design. This study is carried out through quantitative method which may
be a closed-ended survey because it is the foremost reasonable strategies to gain
data.
Table 3-1 Tabulation of Research Design
NO
OBJECTIVES
To examine the
1.
absorptive capacity
concept on activation
triggers element for BIM
implementation among
construction project
stakeholders.
To study the absorptive
2.
capacity in organisation
performance element
after Building
Information Modeling
(BIM) implementation.
DATA COLLECTION
METHOD
Questionnaire survey
• Closed-ended
survey
• Method: Google
Form document
and E-mail.
• Period: 4 weeks
Interview
• Closed interview
• Method: self
recorded
• Periods: during the
interview session
RESPONDENTS
Population:
Construction
Stakeholders
• Contractor
• Consultant
• Architects
• Quantity
surveyor
• Client
Sample: within W.P.
Kuala Lumpur
Questionnaire survey
Population:
Construction
• Closed-ended
Stakeholders
survey
• Contractor
• Method:
Google
• Consultant
Form document and
E-mail.
• Architects
• Period: 4 weeks
• Quantity
surveyor
Interview
•
Client
• Closed interview
Sample: within W.P.
• Method: self
Kuala Lumpur
recorded
•
Periods: during the
interview session
29
3.5.1
Data Collection Procedure; Interview
Personal interview is a major technique for collecting factual
information as well as opinions. It gives bits of knowledge into the issue or
makes a difference to create thougts or theories for potential quantitative
research. Interview is additionally utilized to reveal patterns in thought and
opinions, and dive deeper into the issue. It is a face-to-face interpersonal
role situation in which an interviewer asks respondents questions designed
to elicit answers pertinent to the research hypothesis. The questions, their
wording and their sequence define the structure of the interview.
A few common strategies incorporate focus groups (group
discussions), individual interviews, and participation or observations. As
mention in chapter 1, under 1.4 scope of study , choosing interviews as the
method of qualitative research can help to achieve both objectives of the
study. By preparing some interview questions for the Malaysian
construction stakeholders who has been using BIM, it can discover how they
think and feel about the study and why the hold certain opinions. Interviews
are partially useful for getting the story behind a participant’s experiences.
The interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Also, interview method is useful to obtain detail information about
the interviewer’s feelings, perceptions as well as opinions, allow more
detailed questions to be ask, usually achieve a high response rate and their
words are recorded. The interview processes are including determining what
is required, choosing the respondents and draft the interview schedule,
considering content, wording, format, structure and layout.
30
For this study, the interviewee will have at least four questions. All
of the questions are structured to achive the objectives and to produce the
data based on the study. The examples of the questions are;
I.
What are background of the interviewee, company sector,
role and positions, working experiences and current software
use?
II.
What are activations triggers of the company to start
implement BIM in their company?
III.
What are the company’s performance after BIM is
implemented?
IV.
3.5.2
What are their thought on the BIM it self?
Data Collection Procedure; Questionnaire Design
Questionnaires is the most popular instrument for gathering
information in survey research. Fundamentally, it is an arrangement of a set
of questions, regularly called things, which take after a settled plan in order
to collect individual data about one or more specific objectives. The
questionnaires includes a specific sort of meeting, a formal contact, in which
the discussion is represented by the wording and request of questions in the
instrument. The questionnaires frequently is regulated in an institutionalized
manner, that is, similarly to every one of the respondents of the survey. A
few rules in creating and utilizing survey are to guarantee questions are well
laid out and it is clear how to 'score them' (tick, circle, erase), questions are
clear and not confusing and code up the questionnaires with the objectives
that it can be analyze later.
31
Furthermore, survey is ready to cover all parts of the research by
ready to ask as much number of questions the writer can, moderately simple
to break down, and a large number of sample can be reached at generally
low cost. The outline procedure to design the questionnaires are including
the assurance of what data is required, choosing the respondents for the
survey and finally draft the questionnaires by considering about wording,
content, structure, layout and format.
As said in the Chapter 1, under 1.4 scope of study, it has been
highlight that this research will be doing the quantitative mothod which is
by doing questionnaire. It is stated that that in order to collect the data for
this study, a set of questionnaire survey need to be distributed by using
closed questions in Google form document through email or handling by
hand to the selected respondents among the construction stakeholders who
involved in construction project in Malaysia as a data collection for this
study. A random numbers of respondent are selected to answer this set of
questionnaire which designed to achive the objectives and aims of the study.
The data collection on questionnaire comprises on Dichotomous
question and Likert scale. Dichotomous question is a question that will have
two options either Yes/No, True/False or Agree/Disagree that usually
respondents need to answer in surveyOn the other hand, the Likert scale will
be utilized to rate or measure the agreement or disagreement of the
respondents’ answers and usually consisted of five (5) options; 5-strongly
agree, 4-agree, 3-neutral, 2-disagree and 1- strongly disagree. However,
some questions will have the option of “other (please specify)” in order to
give respondents the freedom in anwering questionnaire. The questionnaire
will be devided into Three Section now:
32
i.
SECTION A – DEMOGRAPHY INFORMATION
In demography section, the questions will be design and
applied the Dichotomous questions. The questions will be cover for
the background of the respondents, respondent’s role, respondent’s
working experiences, respondent’s academic qualification and some
company’s background. This section will also cover the
respondent’s involment in the BIM implementation in their project.
ii.
SECTION B -
TO DETERMINE THE ACTIVATION
TRIGGERS THAT ENCOURAGE THE USAGE OF BIM
In this section, the questions will be design and applied the
Likert scale. The questions are related to the implementation of BIM
among the construction project stakeholders in Malaysia which will
help in determining the activation triggers or the push factors of the
BIM usage. Respondents are strictly required to choose only one (1)
point from each question consisting of strongly disagree / disagree /
neutral / agree / strongly agree boxes.
iii.
SECTION
C
–
TO
IDENTIFY
THE
GENERAL
PERFORMANCE AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF BIM
In this last section, Likert scale is being used again to obtain
much more data. The questions will be the continuiti from the
section B, where to obtain general performance after the
implementation of BIM in their project. Respondents are strictly
required to choose only one (1) point from each question consisting
of strongly disagree / disagree / neutral / agree / strongly agree boxes.
All of the data obtained from this section, or from the other two
group will be analyse in Chapter 4.
33
3.6
SAMPLING SIZE
Sample size if study is required and compulsory to be determined during
designing stage. Before determining the sample size, few factors must be taken in
consideration such as population size and sampling error that can be consider.
Method of determining sampling size that is popular in quantitative data collection
is Krejcie and Morgan method. Krecjie and Morgan used the following formula to
determine sampling size
𝑥 2 𝑁𝑃 (1−𝑃)
S= 2
𝑑 (𝑁−1)+ 𝑥 2 𝑃(1−𝑃)
Where;
S
= required sample
X2
= the table value of chi-square for one degree of freedom at the desired
confidence level
N
= the population size
P
= the population proportion (assumed to be 0.50 since this would
provide the maximum sample size)
d2
= the degree of accuracy expressed as a proportion (0.05)
To address the existing gap, (Krejcie & Morgan, 1970) came up with a table
for determining sample size for a given population for easy reference. The Krejcie
and Morgan table helps the researcher to determine the sample size. Hence, the
researcher does not need to make the study on each of the sample. No calculation is
needed by using Krejcie and Morgan table.
For this study, the number of required respondents is determining from the
official website of registered organisational body such as CIDB and others. Based
on main website of CIDB for population of contractor registered with CIDB, the
number of contractor grade 7 in W.P. Kuala Lumpur is 2158. For the consultant,
34
numbered of registered consultant from the e-perunding of Kementerian Kewangan
Malaysia is 786. Next, numbers of architect registered with Lembaga Arkitek
Malaysia (LAM) is 535 numbers and from Board of Quantity Surveyor Malaysia,
numbers of registered quantity surveyor is 200. It gives 3679 numbers of registered
construction stakeholders in W.P. Kuala Lumpur. Therefore, with refer to the below
table of Krejcie and Morgan, the sample size needed for distribution questionnaires
to collect data is 349 numbers. (N= population size, S= sampling size)
Table 3-2 Krejcie and Morgan Determining Sample Size Table
35
3.7
PILOT STUDY
Before distributing questionnaire to construction project stakeholder within
W.P. Kuala Lumpur, small scale of preliminary study known as pilot study was
conducted. The two respondent were from Publick Work Department which have
more than 10 years of experiences in construction industry and very knowledgeable
about BIM. The respondents comment on the content of the questionnair and agreed
that all sort of question are understandable to distribute to construction stakeholders
in order to achieve the objective of the study.
3.8
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Microsoft Excel will be use to analyze the collected questionnaires that has
been distributed. By using Microsoft Excel, the results can be analyze easily and can
be converted into a simpler form such as graphs, tables, and chart which can helps in
more understanding of the study results by using the descriptive analysis. Statistics
are applied in this research to become more logical about the decisions that should be
made. The validity of the data used is conducted to check the Reliability test. Then,
frequency analysis is used to deal with the number of occurrence from the data.
3.8.1
Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive Analysis is used to introduce quantitative data in a manageable
form. In a research study, it may have a lot of measures or measure a large
number of people on any measure. Descriptive analysis helps to simplify large
amounts of information in a sensible way. Each descriptive analysis reduces
the information into a simpler summary. The single number describes a large
number of discrete events. Thus, in this survey, the single number describes the
general performance of a respondent across a potentially wide range of survey.
It provides the sample and the measures in a simple graphic analysis such as
table, bar chart and graph.
36
3.8.1
Reliability Test
The importance of measuring the accuracy and consistency of research
instruments (especially questionnaires) known as validity and reliability,
respectively. This Reliability Test needs to be conducted in order to ensure the
accuracy of the collected data. The Reliability Test is the degree to wh ich a
questionnaire will produce the same result if administered again, or the “testretest” concept. It is also a measure of the degree to which a questionnaire can
reflect a true change.
Cronbach's alpha is the most common measure to test the realibility of
the questionnaire and the internal consistency. It is most commonly used since
this study has multiple Likert questions in a this questionnaire that form a scale
and need to determine if the scale is reliable. These questions measure dormant
factors either covered up or inconspicuous factors like a respondent's scruples,
anxiety or receptiveness. These are exceptionally hard to gauge, in actuality.
Cronbach’s alpha will tell if the test is accurately measuring the variable of
interest. The formula for Cronbach’s alpha is:
𝛼=
𝑁. 𝑐̅
𝑣̅ + (𝑁 − 1). 𝑐̅
Where:
N = the number of items
𝑐̅ = the average covariance between item-pairs
𝑣̅ = the average variance
37
A rule of thumb for interpreting alpha for Likert scale questions is:
Table 3-3 The Rule of Thumb for Interpreting Alpha
3.8.2
Cronbach’s Alpha
Internal Consistency
𝜶 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟗
Excellent
𝟎. 𝟗 > 𝜶 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟖
Good
𝟎. 𝟖 > 𝜶 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟕
Acceptable
𝟎. 𝟕 > 𝜶 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟔
Questionable
𝟎. 𝟔 > 𝜶 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟓
Poor
𝟎. 𝟓 > 𝜶
Unacceptable
Ranking Data Analysis (RII)
The collected information in questionnaire will be analyzed by Relative
Importance Index (RII) method to determine the relative importance of i) to
examine the absorptive capacity concept on activation triggers element for BIM
implementation among construction project stakeholders and ii) to study the
absorptive capacity in organization performance element after BIM
implementation, where both will be identified by the survey. A few questions
proposed to catch foundation data of the respondents. The collected
information will be ranked by using the Relative Inportance Index (RII) and
will be calculated by using the following formula:
38
𝑅𝐼𝐼 =
∑ 𝑃𝑖 𝑈𝑖
𝑁(𝑛)
Where:
RII = Relative Importance Index
𝑃𝑖 = Respondents’ rating
𝑈𝑖 = Number of respondent placing an identical
weighting/rating
N = Sample size
n = Highest attainable score (in this study n is 5)
The esteem of RII are between a ranges from (0) to one (1) and the
component which scored the most elevated value or in the first rank of RII
are the foremost critical variables to be considered. In this way, to begin
with rank for RII Method to recognize variables that dishearten the
activation triggers of absorptive capacity on BIM implementation and the
performance after BIM implementation phase could be find by using this
method.
3.8.3
Mean Ranking
In mean analysis, the results encourage summarized to get required result
among the construction stakeholders. The questionnaires are based on five (5)
focuses scales begins with 5-strongly agree, 4-agree, 3-neutral, 2-disagree and
1- strongly disagree. According to Al-Hammad et al., (1996) pointed out that
the average index analysis for each variable can be calculate by using formula
in the next page:
39
Average Index (A.I) =
∑ 𝑎𝑖.𝑥𝑖
∑ 𝑥𝑖
Where;
ai = constant expressing the wight given to i
xi = variable expresing the frequency of response for
i = 1,2,3,4,5…..n
i = 1,2,3,4,5 similar to explaination below
x1 = respondent frequent for “Strongly Disagree” for a1 = 1
x2 = respondent frequent for “Disagree” for a2 = 2
x3 = respondent frequent for “Neutral” for a3 = 3
x4 = respondent frequent for “Agree” for a4 = 4
x5 = respondent frequent for “Strongly Agree” for a5 = 5
In general, the level of understanding by the respondents with respects
to the variables debilitate execution of BIM utilization among stakeholders are
summarized based on the classification of the rating scale has been adjusted by
Cokla and Sahin (2011). The classification of the rating scale are apeared in
table below:
Table 3-4 Level of Agree and Evaluation for Average Index Analysis
Evaluation Interval
Evaluation Criteria
1.0 ≤ Average Index ≤ 1.8
Strongly Disagree
1.8 ≤ Average Index ≤ 2.6
Disagree
2.6 ≤ Average Index ≤ 3.4
Neutral
3.4 ≤ Average Index ≤ 4.2
Agree
4.2 ≤ Average Index ≤ 5.0
Strongly Agree
Source: (Coklar & Sahin 2011)
40
3.8.1
Pearson Correlation
The Pearson Correlation coefficient is a measure of the quality and heading
of two-between connection between factors. The most vital thing on this
relationship is about how solid the aftereffects of variable in P-esteem portrayal
and the indication of the Pearson Correlation (r) which speak to the heading of
the connection. In this study, Pearson Correlation P-value below standard
significant level of 0.05 represents a significant relationship while P-value
above 0.05 refers to insignificant relationship. Meanwhile correlation
coefficient (r) with range of 0 to 1 represent the strength of linear dependence
between the correlated variables. The table below shows the degree of
correlation.
Table 3-5 Degree of Correlation
Correlation Coefficient
Description
0.8-1.0
Very strong
0.6-0.8
Strong
0.4-0.6
Moderate
0.2-0.4
Weak
0.0-0.2
Very Weak
Source: Salkind (2014)
41
RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter four (results analysis and discussion) is about the outcomes based
on the responses gained from the respondents from the survey forms that has been
distributed to construction stakeholders whom impliment Building Information
Modeling (BIM) in Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur (WPKL) and findings gain
from the interview session with three BIM user that has been done. A set of
questionnaire survey was distributed using Google Form Document through email
to the respondents involved in constrution industry. The findings presented in this
chapter are to explain the answers to the research questions which to determine the
activation triggers and performance elements of absorptive capacity concept on BIM
implementation among malaysian construction stakeholders. The study was analysed
using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). Also in this chapter, the
findings from the interview session will be discussed and compare with the results
from questionnaires that has been distributed. In this chapter, all the result obtained
is presented in table, pie charts and bar charts to facilitate analysis. In addition,
information such as the background of respondents who are nominal variable data
were analyzed using percentage value easy to explain the relationship between each
other. A few data from the result of the questionnaire responses were brought in
the second method which is interview session and were discussed with the BIM
user.
42
4.2
RATE OF RETURN
From the sampling size, data that being distributed is 150 set of
questionnaires to the selected construction stakeholders whom implement BIM in
WPKL. Out of the number distributed, only 72 questionnaires were received which
give 48% for rate of return from the responses received.
FREQUENCY OF QUESTIONNAIRE
DISTRIBUTION
Distribute
Respond
150
160
140
120
100
72
80
60
40
20
0
Questionnaires Distribution
Figure 4-1 Frequency of Questionnaire Distribution
Table 4- 1 Return Rate Analysis
Items
Number of sets
Percentage (%)
Questionnaires
150
100
Distribution
150
100
Questionnaires responses received
72
48
43
Frohlich, 2002 said that the response rate was considered average and
acceptable if the normal avearge rosponse rate survey are about 30 to 40 percent
(Frohlich, 2002). On the other hand, table 4.1 shows that the response rate of 48%
is not uncommon and acceptable as refer to the other researcher. The opinion of
Akintoye, (2000) and Dulami et al, (2003) they reported that the normal response
rate for questionnaires is around 20-30 percent. It shows that this return rate is
accepted and data can be used.
Meanwhile, there are several limitations for this study. First of all, it is
because of the time limitation as the time to conduct this study is only one year.
Hence, to prepeare and distribute questionnaire in a limited time to conduct the
survey could be the factor of time limitation. The data obtained could be more
comprehensive if the survey was carried out in longer time. Second of all, the type
of survey approach limitation as this survey was conducted in an email which could
affect the number return rate. This is because the selected respondents might not
receive the email since the email not addresed correctly or they were too busy to
respond the questionnaires. Therefore, the usage of data collected need to be
proceed since there is no time to conduct more questionnaire.
4.3
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ON DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
A total of 150 sets of questionnaire were distributed by email to the selected
respondents which are the BIM user around WPKL areas. Unfortunately, only 72
respondents answered the question and return the questionnaires. Based on the
responses received, it shown that 72 respondents have cooperated for the purposes
of this study. The result was analyzed based on the 72 respondents only.
4.3.1
Organization Sector of the Respondents
Referring to Figure 4.2 and Table 4.2, the highest numbers of
respondent that had answered the questionnaire is from Construction sector
44
with the percentage of 41.7% (30 respondents), followed by the Consultant
with 27.7 % (20 respondents), then followed by the Government Agency
with 15.3% (11 respondents), followed by Developers with 12.5% (9
respondents). and lastly the Private Agency with 2.8% (2 repondents).
FREQUENCY OF ORGANIZATION
SECTOR
30
20
11
9
2
DEVELOPER
GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTION CONSULTANT
AGENCY
SECTOR
PRIVATE
AGENCY
Figure 4-2 No of respondents based on organization sector
Table 4- 2 No of respondents based on organization sector
Organization Sector
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Developer
9
12.5
Government Agency
11
15.3
Construction sector
30
41.7
Consultant
20
27.7
Private Agency
2
2.8
Total
72
100
45
4.3.2
Role of Respondents in the Organization
The respondents that have been answered the questionnaires are
consisting of many type of role in the company. The role of respondent
which contributed in these questionnaires are C&S engineer with the highest
number of respondents which is 23 respondents with 31.9%, followed by
Project Manager with 14 respondents which is 19.4%, M&E engineer with
10 respondents which is 13.9%, followed by Quantity Surveyor whice is 8
respondents with 11.1%, Architect with 6 respondents which contribute to
8.3% then followed by Land surveyor with total of 5 respondents (6.9%),
Planning engineer which only 3 respondents up to 4.2% and lastly by others
with 3 respondents which is 4.2%.
Percentage of Role of Respondents
4%
4%
8%
32%
20%
14%
11%
7%
C&S Engineer
M&E Engineer
Land Surveyor
Quantity Surveyor
Project Manager
Architect
Planning Engineer
Others
Figure 4-3 Percentage of Role of Respondents
46
Table 4- 3 Role of Respondents in Organization
Role of Respondent
4.3.3
Frequency
Percentage (%)
C&S Engineer
23
32
M&E Engineer
10
14
Land Surveyor
5
7
Quantity Surveyor
8
11
Project Manager
14
20
Architect
6
8
Planning Engineer
3
4
Others
3
4
Total
72
100
Working Experience of Respondents
From the Figure 4.4 and Table 4.4, it is found that the majority of the
respondents have 1 to 3 years of experience working in the construction
industry with 34.7% from the total of the respondents. Followed by 4 to 6
years of working experience with the percentage of 27.8%. Then, followed
by less than a year of working experience with 16.7% of respondents. Next,
continued with 11.1% respondents for more than 10 years of working
experience and lastly 9.7% of the respondents 7 to 9 years working
experience. The acquired experiences may have been given some indication
of good reliability and contributed significantly to the opinion given in this
study.
47
FREQUENCY OF WORKING
EXPERIENCE
25
20
12
7
< 1 YEAR
1-3 YEARS
4-6 YEARS
7-9 YEARS
8
> 10YEARS
Figure 4-4 Frequency of respondent's working experience
Table 4- 4 Working Experience of Respondents
Working Experience
Frequency
Percentage (%)
< 1 year
12
17
1-3 years
25
35
4-6 years
20
28
7-9 years
7
9
> 10years
8
11
Total
72
100
48
4.3.4
BIM Software used by Respondents
From the Figure 4.5 and Table 4.5, it is found that the majority of the
repondents are using AutoCad as their current software with the percentage
of 30.5% followed by Revit which only less one respondent which is 21
respondents with 29.2%. Next are ArchiCad, Tekla and others with 6
respondents contribute to 8.3% each. Then, 6.9% follow up by Naviswork
with total of 5 respondents and lastly is Primavera with only 4 respondents
ccontribute 5.6%. This response shows that majority of respondents are
using software from AutoDesk which are Autocad and Revit.
PERCENTAGE OF BIM SOFTWARE
Revit
A360
ArchiCad
Tekla
Navisworks
Primavera
Autocad
Others
Others
8%
Revit
29%
Autocad
31%
A360
3%
ArchiCad
8%
Primavera
NavisworksTekla
6%
8%
7%
Figure 4-5 Percentage of BIM software used by respondents
49
Table 4- 5 BIM Software used by Respondents
BIM Software
4.4
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Revit
21
29.2
A360
2
2.8
ArchiCad
6
8.3
Tekla
6
8.3
Navisworks
5
6.9
Primavera
4
5.6
Autocad
22
30.5
Others
6
11.2
Total
72
100
RELIABILITY TEST
4.4.1 Reliability test on the Activation Triggers of BIM Implementation among
Malaysian Construction Stakeholders
This reliability test analysis was conducted by researcher on the
activation triggers of BIM implementation among Malaysian construction
stakeholders by using Microsoft Excel. The reliability test of the questionnaire
was analysed in order to measure the consistency of the method used for this
study. The questionnaire method must be in a reliability range to check the
internally consistency as shown in Table 3.3 The Rule of Thumb for
Interpreting Alpha, in chapter 3; research methodology.
Table 4- 6 Reliability test on activation triggers of BIM implementation
Cronbach’s Alpha Value
N of items
1.097
11
Activation triggers of BIM
implementation
50
Table 4.6 shows the reliability test analysis results for activation triggers
of BIM implementation among construction stakeholders in Malaysian
construction industry. By referring to the rule of riliability, the value of 1.097
lies in the range of excellent which α ≥ 0.9 . Thus, the questionnaire distribution
regards to activation triggers is reliable which the results produced are within
the internal consistency.
4.4.2
Reliability test on the Performance Elements after BIM
Implementation in Construction Projects.
The reliability test has been carry out on the performance elements after
BIM implementation among construction stakeholders in Malaysia. The result
tabulated in Table 4.7 as below:
Table 4- 7 Reliability test on performance elements after BIM
implementation
Cronbach’s Alpha Value
N of items
1.088
12
Performance elements after
BIM implementation
Based on the Table 4.7- reliability test on performance elements after
BIM implementation, the Cronbach’s alpha value is 1.088 with 12 no f items
lie in the range of α ≥ 0.9, which mean it is excellent. Therefore, the
questionnaire distribution regarding the performance elements after BIM
implementation among construction stakeholders is reliable in which the
produced result is within the internal consistency.
51
4.5
MEAN RANKING ANALYSIS & RELATIVE IMPORTANT INDEX (RII)
4.5.1
Mean ranking & RII on the Activation Triggers of BIM
Implementation among Construction Stakeholders
There are a few factors that can triggers someone to start gaining
knowledge about BIM and hence start to implement BIM for their
construction project. These activation triggers will give effects to the growth
of BIM implementation among Malaysian Construction Industry. Table 4.6
shows the percentage of the average index and its index classification of the
activation triggers.
Table 4- 8 Average Index of the Activation Triggers of BIM Implementation
among Malaysian Construction Stakeholders
No
Activation Triggers
Mean
1
2
To follow the market trend.
Demand by the project owner/ client.
3.792
3.542
3
The BIM's capacity itself enhances
correspondence with clients.
4.417
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
To eliminate uninteresting drawing
practices.
BIM is a very popular helping tool in
construction industry.
To be recognize by other big
company.
Awareness of BIM implementation by
government agencies.
Invitation from the government to
collaborate in project using BIM.
Invitation to attend BIM courses.
Continuous advancement by the
government in utilizing BIM in their
projects.
Persuade by consultation firm who
offer specializing services in BIM.
52
Level of
Agreement
RII
Ranking
Agree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
0.758
0.708
4
10
0.883
3
3.556
Agree
0.711
9
4.556
Strongly
Agree
0.911
1
3.556
Agree
0.711
8
4.438
Strongly
Agree
0.888
2
3.575
Agree
0.715
7
3.458
Agree
0.692
11
3.583
Agree
0.717
6
3.625
Agree
0.725
5
Table 4.6 interprets the result mean and RII values that covers the
activation triggers of BIM implementation among construction stakeholders
in Malaysian Construction Industry. This can be concluded that the highest
score for activation triggers is BIM is a very popular helping tools in
construction industry with mean of 4.556 and RII value of 0.911. Next, for
the second activation triggers ranked in the ranking list is the awareness of
BIM implementation by government agencies as it gives a mean value of
4.438 and RII of 0.888 which can be considered as a second highest value
for both ranking analysis RII and mean. Then, continue with the third
highest ranked in both mean and RII value which is the option number 3;
the BIM capacity itself enhance the correspondence with clients as the mean
value is 4.417 and the RII value is 0.883. These values shows that both RII
and mean analysis give the same rank as per activation triggers to be
considered in top three of the highest list. On the other hand, the lowest score
is to eliminate uninteresting drawing practices with a mean value of 3.556
and the RII value of 0.711.
On the top three of the activation triggers result, BIM is a very
popular helping tool in construction industry shows that the value of 4.556
falls in the range of “strongly agree” for level of Agree and Evaluation since
it can be considered in the range of 4.2 ≤ Average Index < 5.0. It means that
this study can give impact to the construction stakeholders perceptions and
thoughts to start using BIM as a helping tools for their projects in the
Malaysian construction industry as BIM was proved as a very popular
helping tools in this study.
Next, the value of 4.438 also falls in the range of “strongly agree”
for level of Agree and Evaluation and this can be concluded that the
53
awareness of BIM implementation spread by government agencies is really
helping in BIM implementation growth among Malaysian conatruction
stakeholders. MyBIM centre Malaysia is a independent committee
supported by Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) has published a book tittled BIM
Guide 1; Awareness, which can be taken as a proof of spreading awareness
of BIM implementation by the government agencies. The BIM Guide is
formulated as a fundamental approach to educate construction players for
the BIM adoption in Malaysia. The Guide enables construction industry
players to improve productivity and efficiency of the construction process
by adopting higher usage of modern technology. This is in line with the
Construction Industry Transformation Programme (CITP) to raise
productivity level across the Malaysian construction industry (MyBIM
Centre, 2017).
Then, the value of 4.417 for activation triggers- the BIM capacity
itself enhance the correspondence with clients falls in the range of “strongly
agree” for the level of Agree and Evaluation. BIM was prooved in this study
as a medium in enhancing the engagement with clients as BIM present exact
documents, provide a smoother procees, and thus makes everything faster.
All the factors mention before makes clients becomes more confidence with
the work done by the appointed personel or toward the progress on site. With
that, the relationship with clients is in a safe place.
Lastly, it shows that activation triggers of BIM implementation
among construction stakeholders in Malaysian construction industry to
eliminate uninteresting drawing practices with a mean value of 3.556 is the
last factors choosed in this study. An example of the conventional
construction drawing practises are civil & structural drawings, mechanical
& electrical drawings, architect drawings, shop drawings and a few more.
All these drawings are presented in 2-Dimension which somehow obtain a
54
dull impression by the stakeholders. However, with BIM implemantation,
coordination drawings in 3-Dimension can be produced and hence improve
the impression or feelings of the construction stakeholder. It can be
concluded that this last ranked is the small activation triggers of BIM
implementation among construction stakeholders in Malaysian construction
industry.
4.5.2
Mean ranking & RII on the Performance Elements after BIM
Implementation Construction Projects.
There are a few list of performance elements after BIM
implementation among construction stakeholders in Malaysian construction
industry. These findings on performance elements can help in improving the
perception of BIM implementation towards construction projects.. Table 4.7
shows mean, level of agreement, RII and ranking of performance elements
of BIM implementation.
Table 4- 9 Performance Elements after BIM Implementation in
Construction Projects
1
More exact documents.
3.667
Level of
Agreement
Agree
2
Lesser adjustment/ changing during
designing process.
Lesser adjustment/ changing during
construction process.
Smoother construction process.
Lesser undertaking delay of
construction time.
Well developed projects.
3.597
Agree
0.719
10
4.403
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Agree
0.881
2
0.839
0.764
3
4
0.883
1
Expending affirmation and
improvement of construction.
3.583
Strongly
Agree
Agree
0.717
11
No
3
4
5
6
7
Performance Elements
Mean
55
4.194
3.819
4.417
RII
Ranking
0.733
8
8
9
10
11
12
Lesser claims due to changes while
in construction phase.
Higher business profits due to early
discrepancies detected (avoid
changes & double work).
Better construction quality due to
lesser sudden changes in
construction phase.
Improve communication among
stakeholders.
Higher capacity to receive new
projects that utilize BIM.
3.625
Agree
0.725
9
3.556
Agree
0.711
12
3.694
Agree
0.739
7
3.708
Agree
0.742
5
3.694
Agree
0.739
6
Table 4.7 interprets the result mean and RII values that covers the
performance elements from the construction stakeholders after BIM
implementation in Malaysian construction industry. This can be concluded
that the highest score for the performance elements is well developed
projects with mean of 4.417 and RII value of 0.883. Next, for the second
performance elements ranked in the ranking list is the lesser adjustment or
changing during construction process as it gives a mean value of 4.403 and
RII of 0.881 which can be considered as a second highest value for both
ranking analysis RII and mean. Then, continue with the third highest ranked
in both mean and RII value which is smoother construction process as the
mean value is 4.194 and the RII value is 0.839. These values shows that both
RII and mean analysis give the same rank as per performance elements to
be considered in top three of the highest list. While the lowest score is higher
business profits due to early discrepancies detected (avoid changes & double
work) with a mean value of 3.556 and the RII value of 0.711.
On the top three of the organizational strategies, this shows that
performance elements of well developed projects with mean of 4.417 falls
in range of “strongly agree” for level of Agree and Evaluation since it can
be considered in the range of 4.2 ≤ Average Index < 5 and this means that it
can help in persuade other construction stakeholders to start implement BIM
56
for their projects. BIM as a helping tools give a smoother construction
process which it enhance the communication between stakeholders. Thus, it
leads to a well developed projects.
Next, the value of 4.403 for lesser adjustment or changing during
construction process falls in the range of “strongly agree” for level of Agree
and Evaluation since it is in between 4.2 ≤ Average Index < 5 and this can
be concluded that this performance element is well noticed by the
respondents. In construction, changes during construction process is a
common thing occurs which somehow will effects other structure too either
structure that has been construct or vice versa. However, by implementing
BIM, changes during construction stage can be reduce due to early
descripency detected in designing stage. Plus through BIM, sudden changes
tend to get faster approval since BIM shows clear 3-Dimension view. This
can help in reducing cost and period of construction.
Then, the value of 4.194 falls in the range of “agree” for the level of
Agree and Evaluation as it falls in between 3.4 ≤ Average Index < 4.2 for
smoother construction process element. From the interview session, BIM
was said will produced accurate drawings up to 90%. Moreover, BIM’s
ability to produce 3-Dimension model and generate coordination drawings
makes the drawings more clearer thus helps in smoothing the construction
process.
Lastly, it shows that mean 3.556 for performance element of higher
business profits due to early discrepancies detected (avoid changes & double
work) is the least choosen. It can be concluded that this last rank is the last
choice of performance elements after implemention of BIM among
construction stakeholders in Malaysian construction industry.
57
4.6
PEARSON CORRELATION
4.6.1
Pearson correlation between activation triggers of BIM implementation among Malaysian construction
stakeholders.
Table 4- 10 Pearson correlation towards activation triggers
Variable Process Factors
Follow the market trend (A)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
1
Demand by clients (B)
.523
1
BIM's capacity itself enhances correspondence with clients (C)
.185
.314
1
Eliminate uninteresting drawing practices (D)
.328
.523
.103
1
BIM is a very popular helping tool in construction industry (E)
.048
.063
.523
.126
1
To be recognize by other big company (F)
.263
.329
.137
.523
.108
1
Awareness of BIM implementation by government agencies
(G)
.106
.128
.806
.114
.515
.040
1
Invitation from government to collaborate in project using
BIM (H)
.161
.260
.091
.425
.013
.598
.061
1
Invitation to attend BIM courses (I)
.033
.375
0067
.441
.119
.552
-.029
.507
1
Continuous advancement by the government in utilizing BIM
in their projects (J)
.219
.438
.193
.272
.127
.387
.159
.248
.532
1
Persuade by consultation firm who offer specializing services
in BIM (K)
.337
.448
.060
.403
-.096
.460
.045
.472
.416
.583
58
1
Table 4.10 shows the Pearson correlation between activation triggers of
BIM implementation among construction stakeholders in Malaysian construction
industry. The table shows the correlation between eleven (11) variables of
activation triggers that encourage the implementation of BIM. Based on the table
above, there is a significant and majority of positive relationship between all the
variables listed although there are two (2) data were resulted in negative value. The
highest r-value is 0.806, which resulted awareness of BIM implementation by
government agencies is in significant positive relationship with BIM’s capacity
itself enhance the correspondence with clients. Therefore, it means that government
agency should increase the awareness campaign of BIM implementation in order to
show the BIM’s capacity itself can enhance the correspondence with clients.
59
4.6.2
Pearson correlation between performance elements after BIM implementation
in construction projects.
Table 4- 11 Pearson correlation on performance elements
Variable Process Factors
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
More exact documents (A)
1
Lesser changes during designing process (B)
.381
1
Lesser changes during construction process (C)
.319
.218
1
Smoother construction process (D)
.386
.486
.547
1
Lesser undertaking delay of construction time (E)
.315
.312
.401
.092
1
Well developed projects (F)
.329
.416
.818
.617
.427
1
Expending affirmation and improvement of construction
(G)
.368
.452
.037
.294
.029
.145
1
Lesser claims due to changes while in construction
phase. (H)
.309
.402
.397
.324
.401
.407
.494
1
Higher business profits due to early discrepancies
detected (I)
.398
.303
.196
.162
.343
.197
.436
.687
1
Better construction quality due to lesser sudden changes
in construction phase (J)
.282
.478
.268
.227
.248
.394
.329
.505
.324
1
Improve communication among stakeholders (K)
.397
.240
.131
.001
.352
.131
.331
.266
.448
.239
1
Higher capacity to receive new projects that utilize BIM
(L)
.238
.255
-.017
.044
.221
.002
.442
.254
.379
.244
.594
60
L
1
Tables 4.11 shows the pearson correlation between performance elements
after BIM implementation among construction stakeholders in Malaysian
construction stakeholders. Based on the table 4.11, there is a significant and all
posotive relationship between twelve (12) variables. It shows that the highest r value
is 0.818 which resulted in correlation of well developed projects and lesser changes
during construction process with significantly positive relationship. By refering to
Table 3.5 – degree of correlation (Salkin, 2009) it is confirmed that this two
variables has a very strong relationship since it falls in between 0.8 to 1.0. To be
conclude that, lesser changes during construction process leads to a well developed
projects.
61
4.7
QUALITATIVE FINDINGS
4.7.1
Qualitative vs. Quantitative findings on activation triggers of BIM
implementation among Malaysian construction stakeholders
Table 4- 12 Qualitative vs. Quantitative Findings on Activation Triggers
Interviewee
Qualitative Findings
•
•
Zainal Ali Piah
C&S Engineer
•
•
•
•
Siti Norfatma
Aziz
BIM Coordinator
•
•
Ar. Nik Samhan
Professional
Architect
Quantitative Findings
Ranking
Following the market
trend.
BIM enhances
correspondence with
clients.
BIM as helping tool.
4
6
•
Continuous advancement
by government
Continuous advancement
by government
Demand by the clients
•
BIM as a helping tools
1
•
Enhance correspondence
with clients
3
•
Awareness of BIM
implementation by
government
Invitation to collaborate
from government
2
Invitation to attend
courses
BIM is a popular helping
tools
11
To meet the demand by
the clients
To strengthen
engagement with clients
•
BIM can invade
construction software
capability
Persuade by PWD and
CIDB
Encourage by the
government
Following project
requirements
New drawing called
coordination drawings
from BIM software
To boost up relationship
between construction
stakeholders
•
•
•
•
•
High level of awareness
•
Opportunities to
collaborate BIM based
projects
Approach by CIDB
•
Curiosity towards BIM
capability
•
•
•
•
Table 4.12 shows the similarity of point of view from interviewees and
findings on factors those encouraging construction stakeholders to implement
BIM from the questionnaire distribution.
62
3
1
6
10
7
1
4.7.2
Qualitative vs. Quantitative findings on performance elements after
BIM implementation in construction projects.
Table 4- 13 Qualitative vs. Quantitative Findings on Performance Elements
Interviewee
Qualitative Findings
•
Integration easy to
check
Early discrepancies
detected reduced
sudden changes
Peaceful construction
process
High quality end
products
Better
communication
within construction
stakeholders
90% accurate
drawings
•
Quick approval for
changes
Lesser construction
claims
Well organize
documents
Satisfying at the end
•
•
Reduce in wasting
time due to changes
•
•
Smoother
construction process
Reduce cost due to
lesser changes
•
•
Zainal Ali Piah
C&S Engineer
•
•
•
•
Siti Norfatma
Aziz
BIM Coordinator
•
•
•
•
Ar. Nik Samhan
Professional
Architect
Quantitative Findings
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ranking
More exact
documents
Lesser changes
during construction
8
Smoother
construction process
Better construction
quality
Improve
communication
among stakeholders
3
Lesser adjustment
during designing
process
Smoother
construction process
Lesser claims due to
changes
More exact
documents
Well develop
projects
Lesser undertaking
delay of
construction time
Smoother
construction process
Higher business
profits
10
2
7
5
3
9
8
1
4
3
12
Shows above Table 4.13 are the contents of the similarity of point of view
from interviewees and findings on performance elements after BIM
implementation from the questionnaire distribution.
63
4.8
DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS
4.8.1
Objective 1; Activation Triggers on BIM implementation
Based on the questionnaire results, the top 3 of the activation triggers
on BIM implementation among Malaysian construction stakeholders are
BIM is a very popular helping tool in construction industry, awareness of
BIM implementation by government agencies and the BIM's capacity itself
enhances correspondence with clients. BIM is a very popular helping tools
means that the BIM capability itself can aid project teams in familiarizing
themselves with a construction task before commencement of the task onsite. Secondly, in line with the awareness of BIM implementation by
government agencies factor, CIDB has done many campaign, tour and
conference in order to reach many construction stakeholder as to spread the
awareness on BIM itself. Third, the BIM's capacity itself enhances
correspondence with clients makes construction process smoother. With
BIM, the report of the clash is easy to obtain, thus makes the changing
process more faster. However, the least factor resulted in the questionnaire
survey was to eliminate uninteresting drawing practices. This mean, the
respondents are still bearable with the old drawing practices.
4.8.2
Objective 2; Performance Elements after BIM implementation
The top 3 of the performance elements after BIM implementation in
construction projects resulted from the questionnaire survey are well
developed projects, lesser adjustment or changing during construction
process and smoother construction process. A smoother construction process
is a result that only came after a lesser adjustment during construction
process. With BIM, the construction process are smoother because of the
BIM’s capacity to detect early descripency during designing stage thus
reduce the possibility of changes during construction process. Both of the
performance elements discussed above can entittle the construction project
as a well developed project.
64
CONCLUSION
5.1
INTRODUCTION
This study are to examine the absorptive capacity concept on activation
triggers on Building Information Modeling (BIM) among construction stakeholders
and to study the organization performance elements of construction projects after
BIM implementation. The conclusion is made based on the results from from
questionnaire survey and interview session. The recommendations for future
research are also included in this chapter.
5.2
CONCLUSION
In general, this study identify that BIM is a very popular helping tool in the
construction industry. Awareness of BIM implementation by the government
agency (PWD), CIDB and other independent commitee and also persuation by
consultancy firm whom offer specializing services in BIM are also has been
choosen as top factors of BIM implementation among construction stakeholders.
Other than that, the BIM’s capacity itself helps in enhancing correspondance with
clients is strongly agreed as one of the activation triggers of BIM implementation.
Lastly, to follow the market trend was picked as top 5 of the activation triggers on
BIM implementation. From the results analysis, it can be conclude that respondents
are well aware of the activation triggers elements of absorptive capacity that can
accelerate the BIM adoption in Malaysian construction industry.
Meanwhile, there are numerous performance elements that can be achive
after implementation of BIM in construction projects. Few of the list are well
developed projects, lesser adjustment or changes during construction process,
smoother construction process, lesser delay undertaking of construction period,
improve communication among stakeholders and some others. All of the
65
performance elements mentioned above can enhance the usage and knowledge of
BIM in Malaysian construction industry rapidly in future development. It can be
conclude that, all two of the objectives of this study were achived.
5.3
RECOMMENDATION
BIM is a technology that has not been fully implemented in construction
industry both locally and internationally due to certain barriers. In a recent time,
BIM is still in a continuous study from many perspective. After done with this
study, it is recommended for the future researcher to do a research on how to
persuade the construction stakeholders to start implementing BIM in their
organization for future development. It is also recommended that for future
research, to study on how to eliminate the sceptical point of view of BIM among
construction project stakeholders. Various research can be done in BIM related
topic.
66
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APPENDICES
69