DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
INTRODUCTION
 Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basic for
classification.
Simple
morphological
characters for
Classification.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Aristotle classification….
Plants
Trees
Shrubs
Herbs
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 The other classification which Aristotle classified animals into….
Animals
Animals with
Red Blood
e.g. Mammals
Lizards
Birds
Fishes
Animals without
Red Blood
e.g. Insects
Jellyfish
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Linnaeus made two kingdom systems of classification.
That includes
both Plants and
Animals.
Classification of the
Organisms into
Plants and animals
was easily done.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Two kingdom
Plantae
(Plants)
Two kingdom system
of classification was
Animalia
used till very recently.
(Animals)
 Linnaeus system did not distinguish between the Eukaryotes and
Prokaryotes, Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms, Photosynthetic
and non-photosynthetic organisms.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Two kingdom classification included under plants….
 Bacteria
 Algae
 Fungi
 Bryophytes
 Pteridophytes
 Gymnosperms
 Angiosperms
The character that
unified the whole
kingdom was the
presence of cell wall
in their cells.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Organisms are grouped under one category even though they widely
differ other characters.
Linnaeus placed
Prokaryotic bacteria, bluegreen algae and other
groups under eukaryotes.
Prokaryotic bacteria
Blue-green algae
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Two kingdom system included unicellular and multicellular
organisms under one group.
e.g. Chlamydomonas
and Spirogyra were
placed together under
algae.
Chlamydomonas
Spirogyra
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 The classification
did
The
cellnot
walldifferentiate
in fungi is between the heterotrophic
group (Fungi) andmade
the autotrophic
green plants.
up with chitin
green plants
 Considering thewhile,
aboveinreasons
two it
kingdom classification found
has a cellulosic
cell wall.
inadequate for classification
organisms.
Plants
Chitin
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Classification system of living organisms have undergone several
changes overtime.
 After two kingdom system, classification scientists felt that other
characters like…..
• Cell structure
• Nature of cell wall
• Mode of nutrition
• Habitat
• Methods of reproduction
• Evolutionary relationships
 Have undergone several changes over a period of as time.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Plant and animal kingdoms have been constant under all different
systems.
 R.H.Whittaker 1969 proposed a five kingdom classification.
R.H.Whittaker
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Five kingdom classification
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Five Kingdoms
Characters
Cell Type
Cell Wall
Monera
Prokaryotic
Protista
Eukaryotic
Noncellulosic
(Polysaccharide Present in
+ amino acid)
some
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Characteristics
of
Eukaryotic the Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
five kingdoms
Present
(without
cellulose)
Present
(cellulose)
Absent
Nuclear
membrane
Absent
Present
Present
Present
Present
Body
Organisation
Cellular
Cellular
Multicellular
/loose tissue
Tissue/
organ
Tissue/organ/
organ system
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Five Kingdoms
Characters
Mode of
nutrition
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Autotrophic
(chemosynthetic
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
and
(Holozoic/
Heterotrophic Autotrophic
(Photosynthetic)
photosynthetic)
(Saprophytic/ (Photosynthetic) Saprophytic
and
Heterotrophic
and Heterotrophic
etc.)
Parasitic)
(saprophytic/para
sitic)
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Let us look at this five kingdom classification.
 All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under kingdom
Monera.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in the kingdom
protista.
Chlamydomonas,
Paramecium,
Chlamydomonas,
Chlorella
Paramecium, Amoeba
Chlorella
e.g.
Amoeba
plant
placed in animal
kingdom.
kingdom.
 Fungi were placed in a Separate Kingdom.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
1. Aristotle classifications are mainly based on….
1) Morphological
2) Physiological
3) Secondary characters
4) All the above
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
2. Two kingdom classifications are proposed by….
1) Aristotle
2) Linnaeus
3) Swami Nathan
4) none of these
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
3. According to two kingdom system classifications chlamydomonas
and spirogyra are placed under….
1) Fungi
2) Protista
3) Algae
4) None of these
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
4. R.H. Whittaker proposed….
1) Multi kingdom classification
2) Phylogenetic classification
3) Five kingdom classification
4) None of these
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
KINGDOM MONERA
 All prokaryotes like Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Mycoplasma and
Actinomycetes are included in the kingdom monera.
Archaebacteria:
 These are the special monerans since they live in some of the most
harsh habitats.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Extreme salty areas (Halophiles).
 Hot springs (Thermoacidophiles).
 Marshy areas (Methanogens).
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell
wall structure.
 Cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan but contains pseudomurein.
 Cell membrane contains Branched Chain Lipids.
 Methanogens is also present in the gut of the several ruminant
feature
animals suchThis
as cow
and is
buffaloes.
responsible for
their
survival in
Methanogens
are
extreme
conditions.
the producers of
methane gas.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Eubacteria:
 Bacteria are the most abundant micro-organisms.
 They also live in extreme
habitats
They
occur such as hot springs, deserts, snow
and deep oceans.
almost
everywhere.
Where very
few forms
can survive.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Many of the bacteria live in or on other organisms as parasites and
some of them as symbionts.
 Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape.
Spherical (Coccus)
Rod shaped (Bacillus)
Comma shaped (Vibrium)
Spiral shaped (Spirillum)
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Bacteria are characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall consists
of peptidoglycan also called murein or mucopeptide.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 The infoldings of the cell membrane called mesosomes.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Genetic material is basically naked.
Not enveloped
by nuclear
 Cell organelles are not found in bacteria and in all Prokaryotic cells.
membrane.
 Motile bacteria contain one or more flagella.
Except
Ribosomes.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Structure of bacteria is very simple but, very complex in behavior.
Bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Some of the bacteria are autotrophic.
 Autotrophic bacteria are of two types
1. Photosynthetic autotrophs
2. Chemosynthetic autotrophs
Synthesize their
own food from
simpler in organic
substances.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Majority of the bacteria are heterotrophic or heterotrophs.
Saprophytes → which lives on dead organic matter
They do not synthesize
their own food but
depend on other living
organisms (parasites).
Saprophytic bacteria
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Cyanobacteria
Also referred
 They have ‘Chlorophyll’ similar
to greentoplants.
as blue-green
 Cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous, aquatic or
algae.
terrestrial algae.
Photosynthetic
autotrophs.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Most primitive organisms show oxygenic photosynthesis.
 The protoplasm of cyanobacterial cell is differentiated into a Central
Colourless Centroplasm with chromatin material and peripheral
pigmented chromoplasm.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 The colonies and trichomes or filaments are surrounded by
gelatinous sheath.
The Red
colour of red
 They form water blooms in the polluted
water.
sea is due to
Trichodesmium
Gelatinous sheath
erythrium present in it.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Some of the organisms of cyanobacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in a
specialized cells called heterocyst’s.
e.g.
Nostoc and Anabaena
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 During asexual reproduction cyanobacteria forms specialized
structure called Hormogonia or thick walled akinetes.
 Flagella absent in vegetative or reproductive phases
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
 Oxidize various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and
ammonia and use the released energy for ATP production.
Plays important role
in recycling of
nutrients like
nitrogen, phosphorus,
iron and sulphur.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Majority of heterotrophic bacteria are Saprophytes or Decomposers.
Significant
impact on
human affairs.
• Making curd from milk
• Production of antibiotics
• Fixing nitrogen in legume roots
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Some are pathogens
 Causing damage to human beings crops, farm animals and pets.
 Causative agents of many diseases such as……..
• Cholera
• Typhoid
• Tetanus
• Citrus canker
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Chemosynthetic Autotrophic Bacteria
Reproduction
 Bacteria reproduce mainly by Fission.
 During unfavourable conditions produce spores (endospores).
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Sexual reproduction by adopting a primitive type of DNA transfer
from one bacterium to the other.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Mycoplasmas
 Mycoplasmas are the organisms that completely lack cell wall.
 Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic.
Previously
called
Smallest
living Shape of the
Organism
to alter
pleuropneumonia
cells can
survive
their shape
or size
in organisms not
like
organisms
withouttooxygen.
response
(PPLO). constant or exist in
environmental various shapes.
conditions.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Many mycoplasmas are pathogenic in plants and animals.
e.g.
Mycoplasma
Pleuropneumonia
urethritis
in cattle
in humans
Witches
broom
in plants
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Actinomycetes
 Actinomycetes are branched filamentous bacteria which forms
radiating colonies in culture.
Cell wall
contains
mycolic acid.
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
 Most of them are saprophytes and decomposers.
 Some of them are parasitic.
e.g.
Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
A number of Antibiotics are produced by Actinomycetes.
Members especially
the genus
streptomyces.
Streptomyces
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
1. Bacteria which live under extreme hot conditions….
1) Acidophilic bacteria
2) Thermoacidophiles
3) Methanogens
4) None of these
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
2. The infoldings of cell membrane are called….
1) Secondary structure
2) Mesosome
3) Chromatosomes
4) None of these
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
3. Heterocyst's relates to following function….
1) Carbon fixiation
2) Nitrogen fixiation
3) Phosphorous fixiation
4) Magnesium fixiation
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
4. Spores or endospores are formed during….
1) Favourable conditions
2) Unfavourable conditions
3) Both 1 & 2
4) None of these
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
Thank you…