Pre-AP English II
Logos
Pathos
Ethos
Statistics, numbers, percentages
 Test results, research findings
 Surveys
 Cite authorities
 Cite personal testimonies, give evidence
 Cite traditional culture
 Cite common beliefs
 Allude to history, religion, literature
 Chronological order of facts
 Cause and effect relationship

Advantage: provides evidence
Disadvantage: can demand a high degree of reader
attention
 Use
language that involves the senses
 Use a description
 Use an anecdote, personal story
 Include a personal bias or prejudice
 Use figurative language
 Use humor
Address emotion needs of
 achievement- the need to attain money, fame,
fulfillment
 independence- the drive to be unique, to be an
individual
 conformity- the desire to be included
 fear- to resist, avoid, or defeat threats to self or
society
 endurance- to bear what others cannot
 creativity- the desire for self expression,
recognition
Advantage: produces results
Disadvantage: limited factual support, can
backfire
 Religion-
the desire to follow one’s faith
 Patriotism- place country over individual
needs
 Standards- good citizenship, parent
 Humanitarian- secular appeal to help others,
the environment
 Convince audience that writer is reliable and
knowledgeable
Advantage: powerful if audience shares
standards
Disadvantage: depends on reader to accept
standard