Trade Barriers ● Tariffs - Tax imposed by a government on goods and services imported from ogre countries that serves to increase price and make imports less desirable Al-Rodhan (2006) ● Globalization cannot be defined in one term or one definition Stegger (2005) ● The term globalization should be confined to a set of complex social processes that are changing our current social condition based on the modern system of independent nation-states. Martin Khor (1995) ● globalization as colonization Thomas Larsson ● The process of world shrinkage ● Globalization makes the world shrink with distances getting shorter and things moving closer. ● The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization (2001) David Harvey ● Globalization is the compression of time and space ● Brings convenience in the form of technological innovations ● The Condition of Post-Modernity (1989) Kenichi Ohmae ● Globalization is the onset of a borderless world. ● The Borderless World: Power Strategy in the Global Marketplace (1992) World System Theory - This theory states that globalization is essentially the expansion of the capitalist system in the world Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) Immanuel Wallerstein - A multicultural territorial division of labor in which the production and exchange of goods and materials is important for surviving everyday life. - Published a seminal paper - The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis’ Martinez-Vela (2001) - A macro sociological perspective that seeks to explain the dynamic of the “capitalist world economy” as a “total social system” World System Theory’s three Interdependent Regions Core - Advanced or highly developed countries - Incorporates higher levels of education - higher salaries - More technology - Generate more wealth in the world economy - Western Europe. USA, Japan Semi-periphery - Acts as defense zone between core and periphery - Has a mix kinds of activities and institutions that exists on them - May be exploited by core but in turn exploit the periphery - China, Ireland, Mexico Periphery - Less developed countries/third world countries - Incorporates lower levels of education - Lower salaries - Less technology - Philippines, Africa World Polity Theory - Societies becoming more similar in terms of government and policies Considered as a response to modernization theory Argues that this conformity reflects the existence of a common global culture Emphasis culture not economic focuses on how culture affects us by providing norms Norms ● Unquestionable standards of the society. ● They are like natural laws where it indicates the proper behavior depending on the situation.Created by man and sanctioned by the society through ostracism (e.g. discrimination,bullying, labeling etc.) World Culture Theory Relativization - Each unit emerging in the world order takes shape depending on its surroundings Emulation - Globalization cannot create a common culture, where everyone has the same values and beliefs, Glocalization - Ideas and processes inside globalization are interpreted differently according to the point of particular groups and their history. - A practice that involves both local and global considerations. - Captures the way in which heterogenization and homogenization combines. Homogenization - process of making things alike. - structural level like the similarities of the architectural layout. Heterogenization - process of adoption of elements of global culture to local cultures also known as "cultural heterogenization" - more on the symbolic level Inherent Dynamics of Globalization - all characteristics of world culture, discussed above, entails continual change, where cultural conflict is the common mechanism. Movements of De/Reglobalization - globalization triggers resistance or reaction. Multiple Sources - World culture theory emphasizes the role of reflexivity and worldviews in globalization, in principle change can originate anywhere. - World culture theory is causally agnostic. Neoliberalism - - a theory of political economic practices that proposes that human well-being can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills characterized by strong private property rights, free markets, and free trade. Revival of liberalism. Neoll (new/revived) Free Market - A market in which buyers and sellers are at liberty to trade without restrictions as to process an quantities - There is no compulsion either to buy or sell - little/no government control - Price determined by competition - Free to own, buy and sell properties - Free to be an investor Free Trade - Policy by which government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (imports) or subsidies (exports) - two or more nations agreed to reduce import and export barriers among them. - if policies were created, goods and services can be bought and sold across international borders with little or no government control with regards to tariffs, quotas and subsidies. One of the major criticisms about free trade is highlighted in a protectionist's point of view. Protectionism - Actions or policies that allow the government of a country to promote domestic or local producers, and thereby boost its own production of goods and services by imposing tariffs or otherwise limiting foreign goods and services in the marketplace Privatization - Reason for privatization is financial constraint on the part of the government - Once privatized, it will offer better and quality services among its consumers - Also mean higher price of the product or service being offered Market Globalization: SIX CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALIZATION 1. Globalization Is About the Liberalization and Global Integration of Markets - The victory of markets over governments remains at the center of globalization 2. Globalization is Inevitable and Irreversible - It cannot be stopped. 3. Nobody is in Charge of Globalization - Leaderless idea 4. Globalization Benefits Everyone - Represents whether globalization is a good or bad phenomena 5. Globalization Furthers the Spread of Democracy in The World - Democracy, free market, freedom, and free trade 6. Globalization Requires War on Terror - The current war on terror phase has directed focus in theory History of Globalization Globalization ● A process that cannot be defined clearly with beginning and an ending. ● Brought convenience in our lives in the form of technological advancements Technology ● The irreversible concept of globalization is driven by this ● Always evolving and never regressive ● Provides efficiency and enables us to perform task in less time Trade ● One of the most important factors that started cross-border relationship among nations SILK ROAD Silk roads ● Ancient network routes that connect the east and the west. ● Routes that have been used to carry out goods and services ● Global trade links were established ● Served as the key to people's movements and open the doors fro trans-border relations among countries ● The road that saw: - the movement of people - object and ideas - ethnic migrations - Trade that was first conducted in stages and later by caravan - The spread of technological advanced technologies and ideological conceptions (all part of the process by which the achievements of different people from Eurasia blended into a Universal stream) ● ● Silk - One of the most common products for trading at that time. It is a fiber obtained from silkworms which can be woven into textiles Considered as luxury good, together with the spices that were added to the intercontinental trade between Asia and Europe 1st Century BC - An incredible phenomenon occurred where luxury products from china started to appear in Rome (using silk road) - Trade stopped being a local or regional affair and started to become global 16th Century ● Europeans was recognized worldwide by building trade connections on their own terms - Bringing their own culture to different regions by settling vast areas - Defined ways in which different people were to interact with each other ● Islamic Trade Middle Ages - Their focus was spices - Spices were traded mainly by sea since ancient times ● Medieval Era - Spices had become the focus of international trade - Mace, nutmeg, and coves from Maluku Island in Indonesia ● Original Belt (sea route) and Silk Road of trade between East and West did now exist ● Colonization took place in different parts of the world. - Europeans in search for spices ● Spices - Highly valuable goods because they are very hard to obtain. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Allen (2017) ● Industrial revolution - Far reaching transformation of British society that occurred between the Mid 18th and 19th Centuries. - Brought poverty along with progress - Industrial Revolution implies industrialization John Maynard Keynes ● While Britain benefited most from globalization as it had the most technology and capital, other countries did benefit too by exporting goods. 1870s ● The invention of the refrigerator allowed countries like Uruguay and Argentina to enter the Golden Age of Globalization. 1st Industrial Revolution 1760 to 1840 ● Steam 2nd Industrial Revolution 19th to 20th ● Electricity 3rd Industrial Revolution 1960’s ● Computing 4th Industrial Revolution 20th - Present ● Connected Globalization 1.0 ● 1492 to 1800 ● Globalization was centered on countries Globalization 2.0 ● 1800 to 2000 ● Interrupted by WWI and WWII Globalization 3.0 ● It is the era we live now ● Began in the year 2000 20TH CENTURY Globalization 4.0 or 20th Century ● Golden Age of Globalization ● Movement of people, goods and services across national borders was at least as gree and significant as today ● ● ● Cyber world - New partition of globalization as the world is dominated by two powerful countries, China and the US. Digital economy - 3rd wave of globalization - Became a strength to reckon with through 3d printing, digital services and e-commerce - Empowered by AI but is threatened by cross-border hacking and cyber-attacks (Vanham, 2019) Negative Globalization - Climate change - Pollution leads to extreme weather events - Devastating effect on the world's biodiversity and its capacity to cope with hazardous greenhouse gas emissions Global Governance ● the formal and informal arrangements that produce a degree of order and collective action above the state in the absence of a global government State Actors ● Leader of a country ● People from cal governance of certain country Non-state Actors ● Private groups or a private individual State ● It is in charge in establishing a structure based on a formal instrument of agreement ● International Governmental Organizations Non-state ● International Non-Governmental Organizations - It is a private individual or organization that aims to solve specific problems or role Goal of Global Governance ● Provide global public goods ● Peace and security ● Justice and mediation systemes for conflict ● Functioning markets ● Unified standards for trade and industry Judicial ● It deals with the interpretation of the law ● Municipal trial court ● Supreme court Executive ● It deals with the implementation of the law ● President ● Vice President ● Secretary ● Commissioner ● Head of Agency - Government owned and control corporation Legislative ● In charge with the creation of law ● Conducts investigations on anomalies from different agency in the government ● Lower and and upper house - Congress - Senators ● Blue Ribbon Committee - Responsible for the conduct of investigation THE UNITED NATIONS The United Nations ● Primary organization for international cooperation, peace and security ● 193 member states ● An international organization founded in 1945, Second World War ● Founded to prevent future conflicts on the scale of the second world war Second World War ● Compelled the people to establish an international organization for keeping the world away from war and in favor of friendship and cooperation among all nations The UN Charter ● Is the constitution of the United Nations. ● October 1944 by Dumbarton Oaks Conference ● The rules which govern the organization and function of the UN and all its organs ● Preamble - 19 chapters and 111 articles Article 1 of the UN Charter ● Purposes of the UN Article 2 of the UN Charter ● Principles or the means to achieve the objective of the UN ● The member states shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means ● The member states shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against any other state ● No member shall interfere in the internal affairs of any other state Organs and Roles of UN ● ● ● ● ● ● General Assembly - Equal platform - We are al have and abe to speak on behalf of the country Security council - 15 members - 10 members change and elected every 2 years - 5 members are permanent: UK, US, France, Russia, China - Veto (it is one of the powers of the president to reject or say no to a proposal made by another person or group.) International court justice - They conduct the highest case all over the world to give and advisory of efficient to legal matter Trusteeship council - Catch sight of the problem whether it is resolved or not - They give analysis and feedback on how to resolve the problem Economic and social council This is monitoring teams who focuses on the sustainable development Secretariat - The head and the implementer of the United Nation - Monitor the activities of the UN - Watchdog Special Agency of UN ● UNICEF - All for children (rights, surviva, development, and protection) ● WHO - Healthcare (all stay healthy, live longer and happier lives) ● UNESCO - Culture and natural places (World Heritage Status) ● WFP - World Food Programme - Largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger - Feed 90 million people - Save lives affected by natural disaster and conflict GLOBAL NORTH AND GLOBAL SOUTH Lindert and Williamson, 2001 ● Globalization has turned the world to be unequal Global North ● Refers to the developed societies of Europe and North America ● Established democracy, wealth, technological advancement, political stability, aging population, zero population growth and dominance of world trade and politics. ● High income countries such as norway, australia, new zealand, canada, us, belgium, iceland, japan, sweden and netherland Global South ● Third world countries or the less developed regions. ● Low level of economic development ● large inequalities in living standards and low life expectancy. ● Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania North-South divide ● Socio-economic and political division of Earth, ● Late 20th century and early 21st century. Cold War ● Internal affairs ● Categorizing countries began ● East and West Brandt line ● Willy Brandt (german chancellor) ● 1980 ● Created a partition between the 'developed' North and 'developing' South. ● The concept of a gap between the Global North and the Global South in terms of development and wealth. ● Developed as a way of showing how the world was geographically split into relatively richer and poorer nations. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX ● Aimed to rank all countries and determine the lowest human development and the highest level of development based on the basic indicators namely: real income, health and education Indicators of Development ● Gross National Income per capita (GNI) - total of all goods and services produced and provided within a country’s borders, divided by its population ● Health - measured based on the life expectancy at birth, the rate of undernourishment, the under-5 mortality rate, and the crude birth rate ● Education - Literacy ● the number of adult males and females reported or estimated to have the basic abilities and capability to read and write. It also includes the number of years attended school regardless of the quality of education received. Developed country ● Also called an industrialized country ● Has a mature and sophisticated economy, usually measured by gross domestic product (GDP) and/or average income per resident. ● Have advanced technological infrastructure and have diverse industrial and service sectors. Characteristics of Global North and Global South Global South ● Lisandro Claudio, 2011 - A concept rather than a place. - Is use to give emphasis and as reference on the global differences in status of countries. ● Matthew Sparke (2007) - The Global South is everywhere, but it is also somewhere, and that somewhere, located at the intersection of entangled political geographies of dispossession and repossession. Global North ● Represent the economically developed countries ● Less than one-sixth of the population lives here ● Lower birth rates (15-20) ● One-third in dependency burden ● Provides people materia needs for production or necessities ● 27% works at rural areas ● 50% labor in agriculture ● 3% of GNI is from agriculture ● Stronger than Global South ● Controls the pattern of international trade and agreement regulating it Global South ● Represent the economically backward countries ● Five-sixths of the population lives here ● High birth rates (30-40) ● Almost 45% belongs to non predictive members of society ● Low levels of living and deprivations in human development ● 65% works in rural areas ● 58% labor in agriculture ● 14% of GNI is from agriculture ● Dependent on and vulnerable to the Global North Ways of Classifying Nations ● ● World Bank Classification System - The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - It includes 210 economies with a population of at least 30,000 which are ranked using their levels of Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. United Nations Human Development Index Rankings - takes account of people’s ability to develop their full potential in accordance with their needs and interests. Economic Globalization ● International Monetary Fund or IMF (2008) ● A historical process demonstrating the result of technological progress and human innovation ● Distinguished by the increasing integration of economies around the world through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders Stiglitz (2008) ● The great hope of economic globalization is that it will help to raise the living standards all over the world by the opportunity to give the poor countries access to foreign markets in order to sell their products Elements of Economic Globalization (Stiglitz, 2003) International trade ● Economic transactions made between countries Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ● A category of cross-border investment in which an investor resident in one economy establishes a lasting interest in and a significant degree of influence over an enterprise resident in another economy ● A key element in international economic integration because it creates stable and long-term connections between economies Capital market flows ● Amount of cross-border capital flows ● Capital flows - movement of capital ● Cross-border capital flows - neither an unmitigated blessing nor an undoubted curse Migration (movement of labor) ● Movement of people from one country to another Diffusion of technology ● Speeds technological globalization ● The spread of technology among countries. Understanding the North and the South Divide using Different Theories and Lenses Dependency Theory ● Looks back on the pattern of colonial relations which existed between the north and the south ● Emphasizes colonized territories eventually became poor caused by those relations ● Ex Colonial States - They remain oriented towards serving external rather than internal demand - Inclined in pleasing the foreign nation even sacrificing their own country’s welfare. ● Structuralists - Defined dependency as the inability of a nation’s economy to complete the cycle if capital accumulation without reliance on an outside economy, ● Buy Pinoy Products ● One Town, One Product Walt W. Rostow Modernization Theory ● It outline historical progress In terms of a society's capacity to produce and consume material goods ● Became a key foreign policy precept of the Kennedy administration ● Pushes the idea that other countries should emulate and follow the United States of America W. W. Rostow and The Stages of Economic Growth ● Traditional Society ● Preconditions for take-off ● Take off ● Drive to MAturity ● High Mass Consumption Realism ● The most criticized perspective yet most dominant and influential ● Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes (traced from) ● Realist - Their vision is pessimist ● This advocates that the internationals system is uneven, highly conflicting and marked by power struggle ● Based on how the human nature is characterized as being selfish and greedy ● States prioritize self-interest and that a nation is being judged by the ethics of responsibility rather than the morals of its principles. Liberalism ● Liberals - ● ● They are in opposite view of the realists because of a more optimistic view in international system - They assume that through trade economic interdependence, division and war are less likely to happen The offer that the principle of balance and harmony is found in all forms of social interactions Reflected in Immanuel Kant’s belief - Universal and perpetual peace is possible because states are capable of cooperation and value mutual respect Marxism ● Highlights the structure of economic power rather than patterns of conflict and cooperation ● Suggests inequalities in global systems ● The capitalist or industrialized countries in Global North tend to dominate and exploit the Global South GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE Media ● Medium = channel ● It is a generic form for all human invented technology that extends the range, speed or channels of communication. ● Marcel Denesi - Media can also led to what we call mass media or the media that reach large audiences Ethnocentrism ● cultural or ethnic bias ● in which an individual views the world from the perspective of his or her own group ● Judging other’s culture based on your own culture Cultural Relativism ● Accepting culture of others without prejudice ● not judging a culture to our own standards DIFFERENT FORMS OF MEDIA Print media ● Media consisting of paper and ink ● Traditionally mechanical Broadcast media ● Radio and television ● It reaches target audiences using airwaves as the transmission medium Digital media ● AKA new media ● Consists of contents that are organized and distributed on digital platforms CULTURALISM Culturalism ● the idea that individuals are determined by their culture ● It also maintains that cultures have a claim to special rights and protections Hard culturalism ● This is where culture is constructed as the be-all and end-all and cultural lines are imagined to be rigid and impassable ● The basis of the argument that cultural groups should be allowed to put their community’s laws above the laws of the land they live in/ ● The unwilling to assimilate to the host country should be sent back from where they came from Soft Culturalism ● We can find our identity or self-expression in a culture, but the standards and norms of a culture does not supersede the values of a modern secular society SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development ● It is a development that meets current needs without affecting future generations’ ability to meet their own Three key characteristics of sustainable development Economic ● A system that is economically sustainable must be able to produce commodities and services on a consistent basis ● keep government and external debt under control, and prevent significant sectoral imbalances that harm agricultural or industrial production Environmental ● A system that is environmentally sustainable must have a stable resource base ● This includes biodiversity conservation, atmospheric stability, and other environmental functions that aren't typically considered economic resources. Social ● A system that is socially sustainable must accomplish equity in distribution and opportunity Globalization and Liberalization ● These appear to have become an unavoidable and permanent trend during the last half-century, resulting in a far more linked, interdependent, and intertwined world economy Globalization trends in the Philippines Trade and Financial Openness in the Philippines ● Trade openness - Higher - 88.1 - 101.0 - 101.4 ● Financial openness - Lower - 3.1 - 3.4 - 4.6 MIgration ● Filipino migrants - 1995 ➔ 3.5% - 2017 ➔ 5.4% ● Abroad Filipinos - 1997 ➔ 9.4% - 2012 ➔ 10.4% ● Work - The main cause for Filipinos’ ongoing emigration ● Unemployment - One of the main reasons why Filipino continue to look for job abroad - 2009 ➔ 7.5% - 2017 ➔ 5% Macroeconomic and distributional impacts of globalization in the Philippines Economic Growth and Employment ● Globalization appears to have a good impact on the country’s economic growth and jobs ● FX liberalization reforms, trade openness and foreign portfolio movements have contributed to higher per capita GDP growth in the Philippine ● Increased remittances from overseas have boosted consumption, investment, labor productivity, and economic growth. ● OF remittances - Have aided the Philippine economy in both normal and crisis conditions, and this trend is projected to continue in the future Inflation ● Changes in real economic activity or the flattening of the Phillips curve ● Flattened Phillips curve - It means that demand shocks and policy errors will not result in big inflation changes ● Inflation above target - lowering it to the target level will necessitate a bigger loss of output, emphasizing the central bank’s dedication to its primary responsibility for price stability. Poverty alleviation and income inequality ● Increased trade openness reduces income inequality in the Philippines ● OF remittances contribute to higher income inequality ● trade openness has little major influence on poverty, however OF remittances can help Challenges of increasing globalization ● ● Firms, labour market and distribution of gains for growth Greater exposure to external shocks and policies Policy responses to the challenges (BSP) ● ● ● Promote low and stable inflatiON Promote financial inclusion Cooperation in global efforts to further strengthen rules-based International transactions GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP Global Citizenship ● Joe McCarthy - ● ● It means thinking about more than yourself realizing that we’re all connected to one another in this emerging global community. Ronald Israel - someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and practices. Oxfam Education - someone who is aware of and understands the wider world- and their place in it. - They take an active role in their community and work with others to make our planet more equal, fair, and sustainable Global Citizenship ● It is a way of living that recognizes our world as an increasingly complex web of connections and interdependencies. Civil Society and Politics ● Kendra Shaw - civil society implants winning intelligence into the community Women's Rights (Feminism) ● This may be an extend of socio-political developments and philosophies that point to characterize and build up the political, financial, individual, and social correspondence of the genders ● Women's liberation - This consolidates the position that societies prioritize the male point of see, which ladies are treated unreasonably within those social orders. Transnational Solidarity ● Helle Krunke and Hanne Petersen - the so-called outcast emergency in Europe in 2015. Global Civil Society ● the vast assemblage of groups operating across borders and beyond the reach of governments. ● the space exterior of government, family and showcase ● Keane - He argues that a global civil society is taking shape but that its character and implications for the older state system remain unclear Green Activists ● contemporary environmental movement ● response to the pollution brought on by the Industrial Revolution ● 1970 - first Earth Day CSR 2.0 ● enhancement of the quality of life for all individuals within the world. ● sees consumers as global citizens ● Creativity (C) ● Scalability (S) ● Responsiveness (R) ● Glocality (2) ● Circularity (0) Global Food Security Global Food Security Concepts ● The absence of food security is qualified by the presence of hunger and malnourishment. ● The availability of at all times of adequate world food supplies of foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices Food Security ● defined as the availability of food and one's access to it Trends/Challenges to Global Food Security ● Rising food prices and poverty ● Population growth and urbanization ● Climate Change ● Population growth and urbanization CLIMATE CHANGE ● Changing global temperatures ● long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle Globalization ● It is a commutative process since the time of maritime exploration and adventures, salve trade colonization and exchange of labor and capital inputs, whether forced or voluntary Religion ● It is a set of symbolic forms and acts that relate man to the ultimate conditions of his existence. ● It is integral to other aspect of cultural activity DIGITAL DIVIDE Manuel Castells ● One of the first intellectuals to grasp the internet ● Social theory ● The Information Age 1996,1997, 2000 ● Concepts of network society ● Global informational capitalism - New kind of capitalism THREE PROCESSES LED TO EMERGENCE OF NEW SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE LATE 20TH CENTURY ● ● ● the restructuring of industrial economies to accommodate an open market approach the freedom-oriented cultural movements of the late 1960s and early 1970s, including the civil rights movement, the feminist movement and the environmental movement the revolution in information and communication technologies Global firm ● Almost all business to become global Digital Divide ● The gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology and those that don’t Jacob Nielsen ● he breaks the digital divide up into three stages: the economic divide, the usability divide, and the empowerment divide THREE STAGES OF DIGITAL DIVIDE ECONOMIC DIVIDE ● Digital divide ● Some individuals can afford to purchase computers and internet while some cant USABILITY DIVIDE ● Technology is still complicated and some people don't know how to use it EMPOWERMENT DIVIDE ● Empowering ourselves ● Comprehending the potential and power digital technologies can give Miniwatts Marketing Group ● Three following concerns of digital divide THREE CONCERNS OF DIGITAL DIVIDE SOCIAL MOBILITY ● Lack of computer education becomes a disadvantage to lower class status DEMOCRACY ● Use of internet leads to freedom ECONOMIC GROWTH ● Provide speedy solutions to economic development Al-Rodhan ● Globalization cannot be defined clearly in one term or one definition Sarah Ortiz ● Globalization as already accessibility of profoundly effective computer and media innovation Wanless, C. ● Individualize religion - Prioritizes subjective circumstance and places extreme specialist with the individual - Has expanded in predominance over the display decades ● Secularization hypothesis - Sees Individualize religion as a secularizing marvel Religious patriotism ● The association of patriotism to a specific devout guideline ● Politicization of religion ● Impact of religion on politics Fundamentalism ● Any development to permit strict recognition of the statute of the Qur’an and the Shari’an (Islamic Law) Extremists ● They accept that to fulfill God’s will it is their obligation to attain this through viciousness ● Terrorism - The utilize of purposefulness savagery for political or devout pick up
