XORIJIY TIL (INGLIZ TIL II– KURS SIRTQI FAKULTET)
OʻQUV - METODIK MAJMUA
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GRAMMAR MATERIALS
LESSON 1
Indefinite pronouns (either, neither, nothing, both, anybody, something)
o
o
o
The words each, every, either, and neither are distributives. Distributives are
determiners that are used to talk about how something is shared out or divided.
Each, every, either, and neither are used with a singular noun.
Each child was given a balloon. I remember every detail of our conversation
.Either child could win the prize .Neither plan was successful.
Each and every are not used with proper nouns.
Each is used to refer to separate persons or things in a group of two or more.
Four girls came and each one sang a song. Each ticket should have a number on the
back.
Nothing will make me change my mind.
Not: Not anything will make me change my mind.
We use both to refer to two things or people together:
Both those chairs are occupied, I’m afraid. (The two chairs are occupied.)
Are both your parents going to Chile? (Are your mother and father going to
Chile?)
Words like 'something', 'anybody' and 'no-one' are indefinite pronouns. We use
them
for
people,
things
and
places.
People:
somebody*
/
anybody*
/
nobody*
Things:
something
/
anything
/
nothing
Places: somewhere / anywhere / nowhere / everywhere
/
/
everybody*
everything
My wife will talk to him! So will I!
My wife talked to him. I did too. My wife talked to him. I did also.
My wife wasn’t talking to him. Neither was I.
My wife hasn’t talked to him. I haven’t either.
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Exercise 1 Give a short negative answer using neither or either:
Example: They invited their friends to the party. — And so did I.
1. My wife pays duty on the spirits. ____
2. Julia filled out a declaration form. ____
3. She is standing near the Information counter. ____
4. They can show you their apartment. ____
5. The boss have got a message from our partners. ____
6. The Smiths were robbed yesterday. ____
7. She was travelling to a wrong destination. ____
8. He had to make a transfer in Los Angeles. ____
9 Mike tried a new suit on. ____
10. She opened a savings account. ____
Exercise 2 Give a short negative answer using neither or either
Example: She didn’t put on her raincoat (I). — And neither did I (And I didn’t
either).
1. Julia is not going abroad ____ . (I)
2. The Smiths won’t buy a new house ___________(we)
3. Jake didn’t call the police __________. (we)
4. She isn’t dialing the right number Местоимение 37 ____ . (we) 5. They don’t
like mixed salad ____ . (we) 6. They aren’t being served well ____ . (I) 7. She
hasn’t written the letter ____ . (we) 8. Mike wasn’t murdered ____ . (we) 9. He
didn’t sign the documents ____ . (I) 10. Jake wasn’t drawing out a check ____ .
(we)
Exercise 3 Fill in the gaps with some or any:
1. I’m going to buy ____ eggs.
2. They didn’t make ____ mistakes.
3. I can’t pay. I haven’t got ____ money.
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4. There aren’t ____ shops in this part of the town.
5. George and Alice haven’t got ____ children.
6. Have you got ____ brothers or sisters?
7. There are ____ beautiful flowers in the garden.
8. Are there ____ letters for me?
9. I haven’t got ____ stamps but Ann has got ____ .
10. Do you know ____ good hotels in London?
11. Would you like ____ tea?
Exercise 4 Fill in the gaps with the pronouns some or any in combination
with the words given for reference (fresh air, problems, batteries, chairs,
friends, milk, cheese, shampoo, money, photographs, foreign languages
1. I can’t buy you a drink. I haven’t got ____ .
2. I want to wash my hair. Is there ____ ?
3. I’m going to the post office to get ____ .
4. Can you speak ____ ?
5. I haven’t got my camera, so I can’t take ____ .
6. Sorry, we’re late. We had ____ with the car.
7. Everybody was standing because there weren’t ____ in the hall.
8. It’s hot in the office. I’m going out for ____ .
9. Why isn’t the radio working? Are there ____ in it?
10. Yesterday evening I went to a restaurant with ____ of mine.
11. Would you like ____ ? No, thank you. I’m not hungry any more.
12. Can I have ____ in my coffee, please?
Exercise 5 Fill in the blanks with some, any, someone, anyone, something,
anything, somewhere or anywhere
1. She bought ____ new skirts.
2. He never does ____ homework.
3. Have you ____ to eat?
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4. Let’s go ____ else.
5. I cannot hear ____ .
6. Do you live ____ near the city center?
7. There isn’t ____ there.
8. ____ broke the window.
9. Have you seen my key? I can’t find it ____ .
10. He didn’t want to eat ____ .
11. Would you like ____ tea?
12. I haven’t got ____ more questions.
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LESSON 2
Lesson - questions/ question words
What (for
a
thing,
when
there
are
many
things)
Which (for
a
thing,
when
there
aren’t
many
things)
Who (for
a
person)
Where (for
a
place)
Why (for
a
reason)
When (for
a
time)
How (for
a
method)
Whose (to ask about possession)
Examples
What
is
your
name?
Which
gym
do
you
go
to?
Who
is
your
boss?
Where
do
you
hang
out
at
the
weekends?
Why
do
you
hate
your
job?
When
is
your
birthday?
How
do
you
learn
English
words?
Whose book is this?
But we can also make compound questions by putting together two words.
How
often…?
(to
talk
about
frequency)
How
long…?
(to
talk
about
duration)
How much…? (to talk about quantity in uncountable nouns)
How
many…?
(to talk
about quantity in countable nouns)
What
kind / What
type…?
Which kind / which type…?
Examples
How
often
do
you
play
football?
How
long
does
it
take
to
fly
from
London
to
Paris?
How
much
does
a
ticket
cost?
How
many
brothers
and
sisters
do
you
have?
What
kind
of
car
do
you
drive?
Which type of sport do you play: team sports or individual sports?
Remember to use the same word order: question word + auxiliary + subject + verb
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Exercise 6 Put general questions to the sentences.
1. There is a tea-pot on the table.
2. I work from nine to ten.
3. We are leaving for Hamburg next
4. I have been busy the whole evening.
5. My friend studied in Sorbonne when he was young.
6. It is winter.
7. I can swim in cold water.
8. I had to go there in the daytime.
9. I will show you how to do it.
10. You must work hard.
11. She didn’t play well that evening.
12. I can’t read English authors in the original.
13. I wasn’t prepared to this sort of questions.
Exercise 7 Put special questions: a) to the subject, b) to the predicate, c) to
additions, circumstances:
1. John visited me in the hospital yesterday.
2. A yellow bird fell on the roof of his Pontiac.
3. I was taken by surprise.
4. Despite the stormy weather he was able to swim to the shore.
5. He couldn’t reach the hammer which lay on the shelf.
6. Our bus was broken into.
7. I have been cheated by my best friend.
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8. A girl from Barbados wrote a letter to BBC.
9. The clock stopped an hour ago.
10. You have to stop near the traffic lights.
Exercise 8 Put general and special questions to the sentences, using the
indefinite pronoun any if necessary:
1. There is a tea-pot on the table.
2. There are some flowers in the vase.
3. There are some English books on the shelf.
4. There is somebody in the garden.
5. There is a lot of milk in the jug.
6. There are some mistakes in your test.
7. There is some ink in your pen.
8. There are some pictures on the wall of the room.
9. There is some coffee in the cup.
10. There are six continents in the world.
11. There are a lot of flowers in the garden.
12. There is something in the box.
13. There are some new words in the text.
14. There is a lot of snow in the forest.
Exercise 9 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate question word who, what,
whose, how, when, where:
1. ____ sits next to Frank? Clara.
2. ____ does the boy come from? — From Newcastle
. 3. ____ old are her children? — Seven and ten
. 4. ____ is Peter’s birthday? — In April, I think.
5. ____ much is the shirt? — It’s twenty pounds.
6. ____ is best at playing tennis? — Bob.
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7. ____ are you going? — To my friends.
8. ____ much is an orange juice? — It’s fifty pence.
9. ____ does the restaurant open? — At six o’clock.
10. ____ can I get some ice cream? — At the snack bar.
11. ____ are you going to order? — Fish and chips.
12. ____ are you going to do on Saturday? — I don’t know.
13. ____ has got my pullover? — I have got it.
14. ____ is your name? — Carol.
15. ____ is Susan’s party? — On Friday.
16. ____ much are the potatoes? — One pound.
17. ____ can I do for you? — I want two white T-shirts.
18. ____ can I get a newspaper? — At Park Street.
19. ____ is your best friend? — It’s Paul.
20. ____ does Nick live? — In Boston.
21. ____ colour is your new bike? — It’s blue.
22. ____ do you collect? — Stamps.
23. ____ can help me? — I can.
24. ____ about some bananas? — No, thanks.
25. ____ was your first word as a baby? — I don’t know.
26. ____ were you born? — On May 21st.
27. ____ were you born? — In Manchester.
28. ____ were you last Sunday? — I was sailing.
29. ____ can we have a picnic? — I know a nice place near a pond.
30. ____ are you going to take with you? — Some sandwiches and a coke.
31. ____ are you so angry? — Because I haven’t won the money.
32. ____ is that boy over there? — That’s Simon Long.
33. ____ old is his cat? — 6 weeks, I think.
34. ____ book is this? — It’s Nelly’s.
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35. ____ did the film begin? — At 7.30.
6. ____ does Mr Olson live? — In Market Street.
37. ____ is the weather like in Chicago? — It’s cold and windy.
38. ____ much were the ski boots? — 380 pounds.
39. ____ did Jack feel? — He feels OK.
40. ____ do you usually have for breakfast? — Toast and coffee.
41. ____ can speak French? — I think Stacy can.
42. ____ pullover is that? — It’s Frank’s.
43. ____ does Mother get up? — At 7.
44. ____ is Mr Глагол 111 Jackson? — He’s a dentist.
45. ____ is your telephone number? — It’s 4729147.
46. ____ do you live? — In Miami.
47. ____ is his father? — A pilot.
48. ____ many brothers have you got? — One.
49. ____ films do you like best? — Action films.
50. ____ do you have lunch? — At school.
51. ____ do you come home on Mondays? — Usually at 6.
52. ____ old are you? — Twenty.
53. ____ are your hobbies? — Skiing and tennis.
54. ____ is your English teacher? — Mr Smith.
55. ____ are you today? — Fine, thanks.
56. ____ are you learning? — I’m learning Maths.
57. ____ are you late? — Because the bus was late.
58. ____ is in the box? — Sweets, I think. 59. ____ is your mother? — She’s in
the garden.
60. ____ do you come from? — I come from Spain.
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Exercise 10 Find the right way to fill in the gap
: 1. ____ is someone who lifts weight called?
a) Who b) What
2. ____ do you want to go there?
a) Where b) When
3. ____ luggage are you going to take?
a) How many b) How much
4. ____ way should we go, up the hill or along the river bank?
a) Which b) What
5. ____ makes you nervous? — The traffic downtown
. a) Who b) What
6. ____ is the depth of this pool?
a) What b) How
7. ____ is the weather like in Mexico City in the spring?
a) How b) What
8. ____ should we go before we find a place to stop and rest for a while?
a) What far b) How far
9. ____ books did you read last semester? a) Who’s b) Whose
10. ____ do we have to go at two o’clock?
a) Where b) When Глагол
Exercise 11 Find in the right column a continuation of the sentences given in
the left column:
1. How much
2. How long
3. How often
4. How many
5 How about
6. How deep
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7. How far
8. How old
a) letters has the secretary typed? b) is it to the nearest drugstore? c) do they owe
you? d) going out tonight? e) is your grandma? She looks so young! f) does it
take you to get to school by bike?
g) is the Indian Ocean? Can we reach its
bottom?
h) do the meetings take place? Every week?
Exercise 12 Find the right way to fill in the gap (what, when, where):
1. ____ is the name of the President of the United States of America?
2. ____ month is the Chinese New Year?
3. ____ is Christmas Day?
4. ____ did Neil Armstrong say when he first landed on the moon?
5. ____ did he first land?
6. ____ did the Americans drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima?
7. ____ is New York City?
8. ____ is that called in English?
9. ____ are the Hawaiian Islands?
10. ____ are you doing this afternoon?
Exercise 13 Find the right way to fill in the gap (what, which, how):
1. ____ much did you pay for it?
2. ____ way did he go?
3. ____ far is it from New York to London?
4. ____ kind of films do you like?
5. ____ is his name?
6. ____ is your office, this one or that one?
7. ____ is the capital of Australia?
8. ____ often do you go away on business?
9. ____ is mine, seat 47C or 47D?
10. ____ is yours?
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11. I’ve got red or white wine. ____ do you want?
12. ____ is your favorite sport?
13. ____ is bigger, Canada or the United States?
14. ____ was your holiday?
15. ____ nationality are you?
16. ____ do you prefer, vanilla or chocolate?
17. ____ do you usually go to work?
18. ____ is cheaper, the fish or the chicken?
19. ____ did you watch on television last night?
20. ____ is your shoe size?
Exercise 14 Choose the right variant.
1. ____ yesterday?
a) Whose called b) Who called
2. ____ talk to?
a) Who did you b) Who you did c) Who you
3. ____ you born? a) Where was b) Where are c) Where were
4. ____ to the train station?
a) How do I get b) How I get
5. ____ the flight delayed? a) Why did b) Why is c) Why
6. ____ you have? a) How much hand luggage do b) How many hand luggage do
c) How much hand luggage
7. ____ the river? a) How deep has b) How deep can be c) How deep is
8. When ____ leave? a) should we b) we should c) should we to
9. ____ the answer? a) Who knows b) Who know
10. ____ the airport? a) How far is b) How far is it c) How distance is it
11. How much ____ ? a) do you weight b) does your weight c) do you weigh
12. How long ____ waiting for me? a) have you been b) you have been c) have you
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LESSON 3
Functions of modal verbs
Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal
auxiliaries) are special verbs that behave irregularly in English. They are
different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give
additional information about the function of the main verb that follows
it. They have a great variety of communicative functions.
Modal Verb
must
Expressing
Example
Strong obligation
You must stop when the traffic
lights turn red.
logical
conclusion
Certainty
/ He must be very tired. He's been
working all day long.
prohibition
You must
hospital.
ability
I can swim.
permission
Can I use your phone, please?
possibility
Smoking can cause cancer.
ability in the past
When I was younger I could run
fast.
polite permission
Excuse me,
something?
possibility
It could rain tomorrow!
permission
May I use your phone, please?
possibility, probability
It may rain tomorrow!
polite permission
Might I suggest an idea?
might
possibility, probability
I might go on holiday to Australia
next year.
need not
lack of necessity/absence I need not buy tomatoes. There are
of obligation
plenty of tomatoes in the fridge.
must not
can
could
may
should/ought
to
50 % obligation
not
smoke
could
I
in
just
the
say
I should / ought to see a doctor. I
have a terrible headache.
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Remember
Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the
bare infinitive.
Examples:



You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
You should see to the doctor.
There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any.
Exercise 15 Fill in the gaps with the words can, could, or the construction to
be able to in the affirmative or negative form and the appropriate
1. I ____ remember his name.
2. You ____ to solve this, won’t you?
3. Diana ____ play the piano.
4. They ____ go. The weather was too bad.
5. Sorry, Teacher. I ____ do it yet.
6. She ____ come on holiday next month if her parents give her permission.
7. He ____ pass the exam if he studied harder.
8. The fishing boat sank but luckily all the crew ____ save themselves.
9. A: Can you lend me some money? B: Sorry. I ____ . I haven’t got any either.
10. We ____ go to the party. We’re going to a wedding.
Exercise 16 Fill in the gaps with one of the modal verbs (must or have to):
1. “Now look here, young lady, you ____ be home before 2.00 AM. Do you
understand?”
2. He ____ take the bus today as his car broke down yesterday.
3. In a mosque you ____ take off your shoes before entering.
4. Dogs ____ be kept on leads.
5. You ____ leave now if you want to catch the 9.30.
6. In a decent kitchen the staff ____ wash their hands frequently.
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7. “You ____ prepare this exercise for tomorrow!”
8. In Third World countries people often ____ be very ingenious simply to survive.
9. Our sales people ____ be more persistent when dealing with customers.
10. I ____ go now, I’m late already.
Exercise 17 Fill in the gaps with modal verbs must, can (could), may, have to
in affirmative and negative forms:
1. The doctor said, “The child is very ill. You ____ take him to hospital now.”
2. There were no buses or taxis, so we ____ go on foot.
3. Everybody ____ learn a foreign language.
4. We ____ live without food and water. We ____ eat and drink.
5. I ____ get up early tomorrow, so I ____ go to bed late tonight.
6. You ____ drive a car at night without lights.
7. Tom’s father told him that he ____ ask these questions.
8. Man ____ live by bread alone.
9. You ____ sit there in your wet jeans; you will catch cold.
10. You ____ do what you like.
11. I ____ read to the end of the story, because I want to see who gets the treasure.
12. Why ____ I go there?
13. She ____ sing very well.
14. You ____ say anything. Just nod your head and he will understand.
15. ____ I take your phone? — You ____ ask for it. You ____ take it when you
like.
16. You ____ leave your dog with us if you don’t want to take him with you.
Exercise 18 Choose the right variant.
1. I tried to phone you but there was no answer.
a) You must have been asleep. b) You couldn’t have been asleep.
2. I tried to phone you but there was no answer.
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a) You must have been in the office. b) You couldn’t have been in the office.
3. I passed Jane in the street and she didn’t speak to me.
a) She must have seen you. b) She couldn’t have seen you.
4. I’ve rung their office three times and have had no reply.
a) They must have all gone home. b) They couldn’t have all gone home.
5. I’m sure that Harry was sacked for stealing.
a) Not Harry! He must have done something so awful. b) Not Harry! He couldn’t
have done something so awful.
6. That suit looks fantastic.
a) You must have paid a lot for it. b) You couldn’t have paid a lot for it.
7. I can’t find my wallet.
a) I must have left it in the restaurant. b) I couldn’t have left it in the restaurant.
8. We went to an excellent restaurant but John hardly ate a thing.
a) He must have been hungry. b) He couldn’t have been hungry.
9. You didn’t do what I told you to do.
a) You must have been listening. b) You cannot have been listening.
10. Thank you for all your help. a) I must have done it without you. b) I couldn’t
have done it without you.
Exercise 19 Choose the right variant.
1. She ____ by bike. I would have given her a lift in my car.
a) didn’t need to go
b) needn’t have gone
2. We ____ , as real VIPs we used the back entrance.
a) didn’t need to queue b) needn’t have queued
3. I should have told you! You ____ the entire house. Our cleaning lady phoned
she’s coming tomorrow.
a) didn’t need to clean
b) needn’t have cleaned
4. You ____ me a present. But I do appreciate the gesture.
a) didn’t need to buy
b) needn’t have bought
5. We ____ overtime. Business seemed to be slackening these days.
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a) didn’t need to work
b) needn’t have worked
6. I ____ her telephone number in my diary. I never phoned her once.
a) didn’t need to write
b) needn’t have written
7. I ____ her telephone number in my diary. I still had a mind for numbers then.
a) didn’t need to write b) needn’t have written
8. I ____ her what I felt for her. It was written all over my face, she understood.
a) didn’t need to tell
b) needn’t have told
9. We ____ for the ferry. Later we found out, it doesn’t operate in winter.
a) didn’t need to wait
b) needn’t have waited
10. We ____ each other postcards, we could e-mail!
a) didn’t need to send
b) needn’t have sent
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LESSON 4
WORD BUILDING
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Exercise. 20. Translate into Russian, Select the suffixes and prefixes: Untrue,
prehistoric, ultramodern, postwar, ex-champion, anti-body, de
compose, decode, deform, depart, discover, disappearance, reread, reconstruct,
coauthor, unequal, misunderstand, undress, disarm, anti-fascist, cooperation, coexistence, interaction, superhuman, ultra-violet.
Exercise. 21. Determine what part of speech are the following words.
Translate them:
Achievement - achieve, resistance - resistant, assistance - assist - assistant,
celebration - celebrate, difference - different, city - citizen, nation - national nationality, measure - measurement, develop - development, act - active - activity,
contain - container, discover - discovery - discoverer, literature - literary, graduate
- graduation - undergraduate - post-graduate, educate - education, progress progressive, act - action - activity - active, govern - governor - government.
Exercise 22 Complete the sentences with a word derived from the word
capital letters
1. Artists must be _______ otherwise they just repeat what they see or
hear
CREATE
2. Why
best.
are
you
so _______ of
CRITIC
his
work?
He's
just
doing
his
3. Have you made up your mind? We need to know your as
soon as possible. DECIDE
4. He's too shy to look people ______ when he talks to
them
DIRECT
5. Have
they
Christmas _____ yet?
6. They
food
7.
put
too
put
DECORATE
many
the
unnecessary ______- in
ADD
I ______ think that there's no point in arguing with him. Just ignore
him.
HONEST
8. Extraterrestrial
yet.
9. Why
work?
don't
life
you
has
SCIENCE
not
call
the _______ if
ELECTRIC
been ______ proved
the
lights
don't
20
10.Music
of _______
11.The
our _____
and
television
concert
12.The electric
blackout
didn't
are
ENTERTAIN
live
EXPECT
company admitted
RESPOND
13.Did
child?
you
14.I
don't
are
like
15.Life ______ varies
gender
use
to
those
trousers,
FASHION
according
EXPECT
forms
up
to
their _______ for
the
have ________ as
ALLOW
no
matter
to
a
how _______ they
country
and
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LESSON 5
In general, the active voice makes your writing stronger, more direct, and, you
guessed it, more active. The subject is something, or it does the action of the verb
in the sentence. With the passive voice, the subject is acted upon by some other
performer of the verb. (In case you weren’t paying attention, the previous two
sentences use the type of voice they describe.)
But the passive voice is not incorrect. In fact, there are times when it can come in
handy. Read on to learn how to form the active and passive voices, when using the
passive voice is a good idea, and how to avoid confusing it with similar forms.
Exercise 23. Turn from Active into Passive as in the example :
1. He gave me a present.
e.g. I was given a present. (more usual) / A present was given to me.
(less usual)
2. The waiter will bring us the bill.
3. Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.
4. The Queen presented him with a medal.
5. Larry is going to send a letter to Tom.
6. Her mother bought Mary some sweets.
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Exercise 24. Turn from Active into Passive.
1. My friend sent me an invitation. e.g. I was sent an invitation.
2. The cleaner is going to mop the kitchen floor.
3. The farmer is building a new barn.
4. The secretary has given Mrs Jones some letters.
5. The traffic warden had already given him a ticket for illegal
parking.
6. People must obey the law.
7. Someone had broken our door down.
8. They chose him as the best actor of the year.
Exercise 25. Rewrite the following passage into Passive.
Someone broke into a local jewelry shop yesterday.
The owner had just locked up the shop when a robber with a gun threatened him.
The robber told him to unlock the shop and give him all the diamonds in the
safe. Then the robber tied him up.
The police have organized a search for the robber.
They hope they will find him in a few days. Doctors are treating the owner of the
shop for shock.
Exercise 26. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple Passive.
Two men 1) were seen (see) breaking into a house in my street last night.
The police 2) _______ (call) and they arrived very quickly.
One man 3) _______ (catch) immediately.
The other escaped, but he 4) _______ (find) very soon.
Both men 5) _______ (take) to the police
(question) separately by a police officer.
station where they 6) _______
The two men 7) _______ (charge) with burglary.
23
Exercise 2 7. Turn from Active into Passive.
1. The gardener has planted some trees.
2. Doctor Brown will give you some advice.
3. A famous designer will redecorate the hotel.
4. Steven Spielberg directed "E.T.".
Exercise 28. Turn from Active into Passive.
1. Columbus discovered America.
2. We keep money in a safe.
3. A bee stung her.
4. They speak Italian in Italy.
5. They have taken his aunt to hospital.
6. The boys damaged the television.
7. Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.
8. He invited 30 people to his party.
9. They grow bananas in Africa.
24
LESSON 6
DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech is how we represent the speech of other people or what we
ourselves say. There are two main types of reported speech: direct speech and
indirect speech.
Direct speech repeats the exact words the person used, or how we remember
their words:
Barbara said, “I didn’t realise it was midnight.”
In indirect speech, the original speaker’s words are changed.
Barbara said she hadn’t realised it was midnight.
In this example, I becomes she and the verb tense reflects the fact that time
has passed since the words were spoken: didn’t realise becomes hadn’t
realised.
Indirect speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than
their exact words:
“I’m sorry,” said Mark. (direct)
Mark apologised. (indirect: report of a speech act)
In a similar way, we can report what people wrote or thought:
‘I will love you forever,’ he wrote, and then posted the note through Alice’s
door. (direct report of what someone wrote)
He wrote that he would love her forever, and then posted the note through
Alice’s door. (indirect report of what someone wrote)
I need a new direction in life, she thought. (direct report of someone’s
thoughts)
She thought that she needed a new direction in life. (indirect report of
someone’s thoughts)
25
Exercise 29 Convert into indirect speech.
1. She said, "I am reading." She said that __________.
2. They said, "We are busy." They said that __________.
3. He said, "I know a better restaurant." He said that __________.
4. She said, "I woke up early." She said that __________.
5. He said, "I will ring her." He said that __________.
6. They said, "We have just arrived." They said that __________.
7. He said, "I will clean the car." He said that __________.
8. She said, "I did not say that." She said that __________.
9. She said, "I don't know where my shoes are." She said that __________.
10. He said: "I won't tell anyone." He said that __________.
Exercise 30 Convert into indirect speech.
1. They said, "This is our book." They said __________.
2. She said, "I went to the cinema yesterday." She said __________.
3. He said, "I am writing a test tomorrow." He said __________.
4. You said, "I will do this for him." You said __________.
5. She said, "I am not hungry now." She said __________.
6. They said, "We have never been here before." They said __________.
7. They said, "We were in London last week." They said __________.
8. He said, "I will have finished this paper by tomorrow." He said
__________.
9. He said, "They won't sleep." He said __________.
10. She said, "It is very quiet here." She said __________.
Exercise 31. Convert into indirect speech.
1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked. She asked __________.
2. "How are you?" Martin asked us. Martin asked us __________.
26
3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?" He asked __________.
4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter. The mother
asked her daughter __________.
5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend. She asked her
boyfriend __________.
6. "What are they doing?" she asked. She wanted to know __________.
7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me. He wanted to know
__________.
8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?" The teacher wanted to know
__________.
9. "How do you know that?" she asked me. She asked me __________.
10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me. My friend asked me
__________.
11. "What's the time?" he asked. He wanted to know __________.
12. "When will we meet again?" she asked me. She asked me __________.
13. "Are you crazy?" she asked him. She asked him __________.
14. "Where did they live?" he asked. He wanted to know __________.
15. "Will you be at the party?" he asked her. He asked her __________.
16. "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me. She asked me
__________.
17. "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked. The teacher wanted to
know __________.
18. "Why don't you help me?" she asked him. She wanted to know
__________.
19. "Did you see that car?" he asked me. He asked me __________.
20. "Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins. The
mother asked the twins _________.
27
Exercise 32. Convert into indirect speech.
1. "Don't touch it," she said to him. She told him __________.
2. "Don't do that again," he said to me. He told me __________.
3. "Don't talk to me like that," he said. He told her __________.
4. "Don't repair the computer yourself," she warned him. She warned him
__________.
5. "Don't let him in," she said. She told me __________.
6. "Don't go out without me," he begged her. He begged her __________.
7. "Don't forget your bag," she told me. She told me __________.
8. "Don't eat in the lab," the chemistry teacher said. The chemistry teacher
told his students __________.
9. "Don't give yourself up," he advised her. He advised her __________.
10. "Don't hurt yourselves, boys," she said. She told the boys __________.
Exercise 33. Convert into indirect speech.
1. She said, "Go upstairs." She told me __________.
2. "Close the door behind you," he told me. He told me __________.
3. "Don't be late," he advised us. He advised us __________.
4. "Stop staring at me," she said. She told him __________.
5. "Don't be angry with me," he said. He asked her __________.
28
LESSON 7
INFINITIVE ( to+ verb) / GERUND ( verb + ing)
It can be a little difficult to know when to use gerunds and infinitives.
(See all the gerund and infinitive exercises here)
Click
Here's
here
to
download
my
this
video
explanation
on
as
the
a
pdf.
subject:
We use gerunds (verb + ing):



After certain verbs - I enjoy singing
After prepositions - I drank a cup of coffee before leaving
As the subject or object of a sentence - Swimming is good exercise
We use 'to' + infinitive:



After certain verbs - We decided to leave
After many adjectives - It's difficult to get up early
To show purpose - I came to London to study English
We use the bare infinitive (the infinitive without 'to'):




After modal verbs - I can meet you at six o'clock
After 'let', 'make' and (sometimes) 'help' - The teacher let us leave early
After some verbs of perception (see, watch, hear, notice, feel, sense) - I watched
her walk away
After expressions with 'why' - why go out the night before an exam?
Exercise 34 Fill in the gaps with a gerund or infinitive
1. I remember (meet) ____ the Queen in London.
2. Did you remember (post) ____ the letter?
3. I’m not used (to, get)____ up this early.
4. I used (to, go) ____ to the cinema a lot.
5. I regret (tell) ____ Mary about the wedding.
6. Mrs Jones, I regret (inform) ____ you that your credit limit has been exceeded.
7. Stop (make) ____ this terrible noise at once!
8. I wanted to stop (buy) ____ some presents, but we didn’t have enough time.
29
Exercise 35 Fill in the gaps with a gerund or infinitive
1. I don’t enjoy (go) ____ to discos.
2. I couldn’t help (laugh) ____ when he dropped his plate!
3. You expect me (help) ____ you, but you never help me!
4. The doctor advised me (give up) ____ smoking.
5. Could you please stop (shout) ____. I’m not deaf!
6. I remember (lend) ____ someone my calculator, but I don’t know who!
7. Please remember (study) ____ for the test on Friday.
8. Can you slow down a little, please. I’m not used to (drive) ____ so fast.
9. When I was younger I used (drive) ____ very fast!
10. I prefer getting up early to (laze) ____ in bed until midday.
11. It’s no use (try) ____ to persuade me. I’m not going to tell you!
12. I’ll always regret (be) ____ unkind to my mother.
13. He put up a big fence in order to prevent children from (steal) ____ apples
from the trees in his garden.
14. I’m sorry. I didn’t mean (upset) ____ you.
15. I’m sorry about (upset) ____ you yesterday.
16. When I told you to teach him a lesson, I didn’t mean (set fire) ____ to his
briefcase!
17. She made me (pronounce) ____ her name again and again but I still couldn’t
get it right.
18. Why didn’t you tell her the truth? — I didn’t like (hurt) ____ her feelings.
19. I didn’t like (hurt) ____ her feelings, but there was no alternative!
20. I don’t really like to holiday in a city. I’m not so keen on (visit) ____ lots of
churches or museums.
21. I’m not a very good piano player. — You should practice (play) ____ at least
one hour a day!
22. If you’re always getting coughs and colds, you should consider (live) ____ in
the country where the air is fresher!
30
23. Did you see anyone (watch) ____ us? — No, there was nobody else in the
room.
24. I am sorry (say) ____ that I won’t be able to come tomorrow after all.
25. I would love (come) ____ with you, but I’ve got a doctor’s appointment.
26. I hope you don’t mind but I’ve arranged for (play) ____ golf tomorrow.
27. I apologize for (upset) ____ you yesterday.
28. I’m not very good at (play) ____ chess.
29. Are you interested in (come) ____ to the cinema with me tomorrow?
30. Sorry to disappoint you, but I’m not very keen on (visit) ____ museums and
galleries
Exercise 36 Choose the right variant.
1. He succeeded ____ his examination.
a) to pass
b) passing
c) in passing
d) pass
2. I have given up smoking. I used ____ heavily.
a) to smoke
b) to smoking
c) smoking
d) smoke
3. — “Did you see the children this afternoon?”
— “Yes I watched them ____ in the park.”
a) to play
b) in playing
c) played
31
d) playing
4. I wish it ____ raining.
a) stopped
b) stops
c) stopping
d) will stop
5. I had a horrible dream after ____ that cheese.
a) eat
b) to eat
c) I eat
d) eating
6. I hope you enjoyed ____ that news.
a) hear
b) to hear
c) heard
d) hearing
7. He left without ____ good-bye.
a) say
b) saying
c) said
d) to say
8. You had better ____ to your teacher about it.
a) speak
b) spoke
c) spoken
d) to speak
9. I would like someone ____ me.
32
a) help
b) helped
c) would help
d) to help
10. He has gone into town ____ some books.
a) for buying
b) to buy
c) and buy
d) for to buy
11. We couldn’t resist ____ our holidays in Spain
again.
a) spend
b) spending
c) to spend
d) to spending
12. Forgive my ____ you.
a) disturb
b) to disturb
c) disturbing
d) for disturbing
13. The suspect denied ____ in that house.
a) being
b) having been
c) to be
d) not being
14. I can’t stand ____ at.
a) laughing
b) to laughing
33
c) to be laughed
d) being laughed
15. I’m looking forward to ____ you again.
a) see
b) seeing
c) have seen
d) be seen
16. I can’t remember ____ the letter yesterday.
a) post
b) posting
c) posted
d) to post
296 Глагол
17. Guests are requested ____ in the hotel lounge.
a) not smoking
b) don’t smoke
c) not to smoke
d) from smoking
18. It’s no use ____ about it.
a) to meditate
b) meditate
c) in meditating
d) meditating
34
LESSON 8
CONDITIONALS




The
(if
If
.
The
(if
If
The
(if
If I
Zero
present
simple,
heat
water
to
+
you
+
it
...
100
First
present
simple,
...
rains
tomorrow,
we'll
+
had
past
a lot
Conditional:
present
simple)
degrees,
it
boils.
will
go
to
Second
simple,
...
would
of money, I would travel
The
Third
(if
+
past
perfect,
...
would
If I had gone to bed early, I
Conditional:
+
infinitive)
the
cinema.
Conditional:
+
infinitive)
around the world.
Conditional
+
have
+
past
participle)
would have caught the train.
Exercise 37 Choose the right variant.
1. If I see him, I (tell)
him the news.
2. The table will break if you (stand)
3. If he (eat)
on it.
all the cakes, he will be ill.
4. If I find уour book, I (let)
you know.
5. The police (arrest)
6. If he (read)
7. If he (need)
him if they catch him.
late at night, he is sleepy in the morning.
a pen, he can borrow mine.
8. Your car (be stolen)
if you left it unlocked.
9. The teacher will get angry if you (make)
many mistakes.
10. She will be furious if she (hear)
this.
11. If you boil some water, I (make)
12. If you leave your bag here, it
tea.
(be lost).
13. You’ll miss the bus if you (not/leave)
at once.
14. If you come late, they (not/let)
you in.
35
Exercise 38 Complete the sentences.
1If I had enough money ____________
2 If it doesn’t rain soon ___________
3 I’ll stay at home if _________________
4 I wouldn’t have come to the theatre on time if __________
5 If I left home for work earlier _____________
6 If I won a prize _____________________
7 If I were a king _____________________
8 If I told my parents the truth ______________
9 If I were you ______________________
Exercise 39 Choose the right variant.
1. If you (arrive) __________ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.
2 I shouldn’t have believed it if I (not/see) __________it with my own eye.
3 If you had told me that beforehand, I (find)_________ some money for you.
4 If he had asked you, you (answer)?_______________
5 If I (have) ______________a book, I wouldn’t have been bored.
6 If you (speak)_____________ slowly, he might have understood you.
7 I (take)_______-_ a taxi if I had understood that it was too late.
8 If I (be)___________ ready when he called, he would have taken me with
him.
9 She had a headache, otherwise she (come).____________
10 If my mother (know)________ about the party, she would have baked a
cake.
36
11 If I (try)___________ again, I think that I would have succeeded.
12 If I were you, I (not/buy) _________such expensive things.
Exercise 40 Choose the right variant.
Text
Laura (live) _____________in a big city. If she (live)___________ in the country,
she (have) a dog. Laura (share)__________ a flat with three other girls. But if it
(be)___________ possible, she (live) ____________on her own. If she (live)
___________in the country, she (buy)__________ a little cottage, and she (grow)
___________her own flowers and vegetables. In town, she (travel)
____________by underground and (go)____________ shopping in big department
stores, but she (not/like) ___________it at all. If she (lived) in the country, she
(ride)____________ her bike, and she (buy) things in the little village shop. She
(love)___________ walking and often (go)___________ for a walk in town, but
the streets are noisy. In the country, she (walk)_________ across the fields with
her dog.
37
LEXICAL MATERIALS
My specialty is "Engineering"
TEXT 1
Read and translate the text
Engineering is the profession that puts scientific knowledge to practical use. The
word “engineering” comes from the Latin word ingeniare, which means to design
or to create. Engineers use principles of science to design structures, machines, and
products of all kinds. They look for better ways to use existing resources and often
develop new materials. Engineers have had a direct role in the creation of most of
modem technology — the tools, materials, techniques, and power sources that
make our lives easier. Materials Engineering deals with the structure, properties,
production, and uses of various materials. Materials engineers work with both
metallic and non- metallic substances. They try to improve existing materials and
develop new uses for them, as well as to develop new materials to meet specific
needs. Mining and engineering are major subdivisions of materials engineering.
Mining engineers work closely with geologists to locate and appraise deposits of
minerals. Other materials engineers specialize in the production and uses of such
synthetic materials as ceramics and plastic. Materials engineers help develop new
materials for the aerospace, biomedical, construction, electronic, and nuclear
fields. They cooperate with chemical, industrial, and mechanical engineers in
working out the complex processes that convert raw materials into finished
products. Mechanical Engineering involves the production, transmission, and use
of mechanical power: Mechanical engineers design, operate, and test all kinds of
machines. They develop and build engines that produce power from steam,
gasoline, nuclear fuels, and other sources of energy. They also develop and build a
wide variety of machines that use power, including air-conditioning, heating, and
ventilation equipment; machine tools; and industrial-processing equipment. The
typical academic program for the University students is composed of a varying
number of courses or subjects within a field of specialization. Courses are a
combination of lectures, seminars, tutorials and laboratory works. The courses are
designed to equip students with the knowledge and practical skills required for
engineers and applied scientists in a wide range of industrial sectors, government
organizations and research laboratories.
38
Materials
TEXT 2
Read and translate the text
When a machine or a tool is made, the most suitable material must be chosen by
considering its properties, which can be classified as mechanical, thermal ,
electrical and chemical. The main types of materials used in mechanical
engineering are metals, polymer materials, ceramics and composite materials.
The most commonly used materials are metals, which can be divided into ferrous
and non-ferrous. They can be used in their pure form or mixed with other elements.
In this second case we have an alloy and it is used to improve some properties of
the metals. The most commonly used ferrous metals are iron and alloys which use
iron. Because iron is soft and pasty it is not suitable to be used as a structural
material, so a small amount of carbon is added to it to make steel alloy.
Non-ferrous metals contain little or no iron. The most common non-ferrous metals
used in mechanics are copper, zinc, tin and aluminum. Some common nonferrous alloys are brass (formed by mixing copper and zinc), bronze (formed by
mixing copper and tin) and other aluminum alloys which are used in the aircraft
industry. Other examples of materials used in mechanical engineering are plastic
and rubber. PVC or polyvinyl chloride is a type of plastic and is used to insulate
wires and cables: Rubber is a polymer and its best property is elasticity, as it
rectums to its original size and shape after deformation. Ceramic materials are
good insulators: hard, resistant and strong, but brittle. Composite materials are
made up of two or more materials combined to improve their mechanical
properties. Concrete is reinforced with steel and is used in building engineering.
39
Technical drawing
TEXT 3
Read and translate the text
Technical drawing, also known as drafting, is the act and discipline of
composing plans. The main purpose of technical drawing is to describe or explain
all the characteristics of a product, giving all the necessary information that will
help a manufacturer to produce that component. The visual image should be
accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide an overall
impression of what an object is or does. It is a precise task requiring a high level of
skill and suitable engineering tools. A drafter is the person who makes a drawing
and who requires a wide knowledge of geometry, trigonometry and spatial
comprehension, and in all cases must be precise and accurate and give great
attention to detail. People who communicate with technical drawings use a visual
language and technical standards that define practical symbols, perspectives and
units of measurement. What are the tools and instruments used by a drafter in
manual drafting? A T-square, a protractor, a compass, rulers , and triangles.
Paper is also important and can be divided into layout paper, which is thin and
fragile, and cartridge paper, which is heavier and more suitable for final drawings.
Pencils used in drawing are graded from H to F depending on the hardness. The
final drawing is made using a technical pen, graded according to the point, which
must maintain the same line width . They are used with a range of stencils to add
symbols, letters and patterns 'to the drawing. Rubbers remove pencils or pen
writing when mistakes are found . Correction fluid is used to mask text errors.
40
Machine tools
TEXT 4
Read and translate the text
A machine tool uses a power source to modify the shape of metal components of
machines. It is a sort of machine used as a tool in the making of other machines.
Machine tools were powered in the Middle Ages by humans and animals, and later
by the energy captured by waterwheels. After the Industrial Revolution, most
machine tools were powered by steam engine and nowadays by electricity.
Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control. In the 1960s,
computers gave more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known
as computerized numerical control (CNC) machines. They could precisely repeat
sequences, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most
skilled tool operators. Let's examine the main features of some of the most
commonly used machine tools.
Turning machine
The engine lathe is the most important of all the machine tools. It is used to
produce external or internal cylindrical surfaces. The piece is held by the machine
and is rotated while a cutting tool removes excess metal from the external
diameter. Internal turning consists of enlarging and finishing a hole.
Shaper
This is a metal-cutting machine used to produce or modify flat surfaces. The
cutting tool moves cutting on the forward stroke, with the piece feeding
automatically towards the tool during each return stroke. Shapers can be horizontal
or vertical.
Drilling machine
It is used to produce circular holes in metal with a twist drill. It also uses a variety
of other cutting tools to perform the basic hole-machining operations.
41
Electric circuits
TEXT 5
Read and translate the text
An electric circuit or network is a pathway through which the electric current can
flow. A simple circuit consists of a power source, two conducting wires, each one
attached to a terminal of the source and a device through which electricity can
flow. This device is called a load and it's attached to the wires. If all the parts are
properly connected, the current flows and the lamp lights up. This kind of circuit
is called 'closed'. On the contrary, if the wires are disconnected the circuit is called
'open' or 'broken'. The circuit can be opened and closed by a device
called a switch. Loads can turn electrical energy into a more useful form. Some
examples are: light bulbs, which change electrical energy into light energy;
electric motors, which change electrical energy into mechanical energy; speakers,
which change energy into sound. The source provides the electrical energy used
by the load. It can be a storage battery or a generator. The switch interrupts the
current delivered to the load by the source and allows us to control the flow.
When an abnormally high amount of current passes through a network, you get a
short circuit. This may occur when there is a drop in the resistance or a broken
insulation. In order to prevent short circuits, it is best to use fuses, which melt
when too much current flows through them, interrupting in this way the circuit.
42
Telecommunications and networks
TEXT 6
Read and translate the text
Communication has always played a crucial role in human societies and over time
its forms have evolved through the progression of technology, transforming itself
into telecommunication. The telegraph, the telephone, the radio, the television, the
radar, the fax and, more recently, the computer are all devices which were invented
to communicate using electromagnetic waves. Thanks to them, we can transmit
texts, pictures, sounds and images and reach everyone in any part of the world.
Ground transmission
Wires provide a cheap and effective means of communication that was
predominant in the past. Wires, which are made out of copper and insulated
with plastic, can be single or twisted, and they are used mainly in telephone and
computer networks.
Coaxial cables consist of an inner conductor insulated with plastic and
surrounded by a woven copper shield . They are used in television and
radio as these cables can support about 60 channels. The inner copper cable is
insulated to protect the wires from bending and crushing and to reduce the noises.
Optical fibers are used in place of simple copper wires to carry larger amounts of
information. They consist of strands of pure glass as thin as a human hair. Signals
travel along fibers with less loss and without any electromagnetic interference. As
they permit transmission over longer distances and at a higher speed , they are used
in communication systems, in some medical instruments and in a wide variety of
sensing devices.
Air transmission
Antennas were invented to capture radio signals and convert them into electrical
signals through the receiver. They can also receive electrical signals from the
transmitter and convert them into radio signals. These electric devices, which
provide information at a cheap rate, are essential to all equipment that uses radio.
They are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, radar, mobile
phones, and satellite communications, for which they are in form of dishes.
Satellites are machines launched into space to move around Earth or another
celestial body. A communications satellite is basically a station which receives
signals in a given frequency and then retransmits them at a different frequency to
avoid interference problems. The first satellite was launched by the Soviet Union
in 1957. There are different types of satellites: low-orbit satellites, which travel at
about 300 km from the Earth and observe the planet, providing accurate
information about agriculture, pollution and weather forecasting; medium-altitude
satellites, which travel at about 9000-18000 km from the Earth and are used in
telecommunications.
43
Computer technology
TEXT 7
Read and translate the text
A computer is an electronic device that performs high-speed mathematical or
logical operations and executes instructions in a program . Its main functions are to
accept and process data to produce results, store information and programs and
show results.
The main characteristics of these powerful machines are:
• speed, as they can execute billions of operations per second
• high reliability in the elaboration and delivery of data
• storage of huge amounts of information
A computer consists of hardware and software. The word hardware refers to all the
components you can physically see such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), the
internal memory system, the mass storage system, the peripherals (input and output
devices) and the connecting system. Software, instead , comprises all the computer
programs and related data that provide the instructions for a computer to work
properly.
The CPU is the brains of your computer and consists of ALU (Arithmetic Logic
Unit), which carries out the instructions of a program to perform arithmetical and
logical operations, and CU (Control Unit), which controls the system and
coordinates all the operations. In order to memorize input and output data, there is
an internal memory that can be distinguished into volatile and non-volatile.
Volatile memory is memory that loses its contents when the computer or hardware
device is off. Computer RAM (Random Access Memory) is a good example of
volatile memory. It is the main memory of the computer where all data can be
stored as long as the machine is on. On the contrary, a non-volatile memory
contains information, data and programs that cannot be modified , or can be
modified only very slowly and with difficulty. Computer ROM (Read Only
Memory), for example, contains essential and permanent information and software
which allow the computer to work properly. Memory storage devices are available
in different options, sizes and capacities. These devices are extremely useful; they
can be rewritten and offer incredible storage capacity, up to 256 GB. Theycan be
magnetic (hard disks), optical (COs and OVOs) or solid (flash memory cards) .
44
The Internet
TEXT 8
Read and translate the text
The Internet is a worldwide information system consisting of countless networks
and computers, which allow millions of people to share information and data .
Thanks to the Internet it is now possible for people all over the world to
communicate with one another in a fast and cheap way.
The Internet was first invented in the 1960s in the USA by the Department of
Defense as an internal project to link computers. The Department wanted an
extremely safe way of sending messages in case of nuclear attack. It was a British
physicist, Sir Timothy Berners-Lee, ' , who used it to make information available
to 'everyone and created the most important media of the 21 sI century. In 1980
while working at CERN in Geneva - the largest particle physics laboratory in the
world - he first thought of using hypertext to share and update information among
researchers. Then in 1989-90 he produced a plan to link hypertext to the Internet to
create the World Wide Web. He designed and built the first site browser and
editor, as well as the first web server called httpd (Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Daemon). Hypertext are the words or chains of words in a text we can click on to
be linked to new sites whose content is related to the words. But how does this
global system work? It is a network of people and information linked together by
telephone lines which are connected to computers. The applications are based on a
client/server relationship, in which your computer is the client and a remote
computer is the server. All you need to join this system is a computer, a normal
telephone line, a modem and an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP), a
company that provides access to the Internet. A user buys a subscription to a
service provider, which gives him/her an identifying username, a password and an
email address. With a computer and a modem, the user can connect to the service
provider's computer which gives access to many services, such as WWW (world
wide web), emails and FTP (file transfer protocol).
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