REVIEWER FOR MIDTERM ETHICS 1. What is the primary concern associated with extreme family-centeredness in the Filipino context? Promoting family interests 2. What are the two dimensions that make up the concept of colonial mentality? Lack of patriotism and preference for foreign things 3. You discover that someone in your community is harming the environment through illegal practices. What universal value should encourage you to address this behavior? Responsibility 4. A colleague at work is unfairly taking credit for your project's success. What universal value should you uphold in this situation? Honesty 5. It is being who is capable of those actions that have moral quality and which can be properly denominated good or evil in a moral sense. Moral agent 6. It comes from the Latin word “mores” that refers to society's patterns, standards, and rules of doing things. Moral 7. There are stages and levels in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. 6; 3 8. What are the three stages of Morality Development in order of occurrence according to Kohlberg? Pre-Conventional morality; Conventional morality; Post-Conventional morality Stage 1 – Obedience and Punishment Orientation; Stage 2 – Instrumental Orientation; Stage 3 – Good boy, Nice Girl Orientation; Stage 4 – Social Contract Orientation 9. Are all the Kohlberg’s stages of development named correctly? Yes, all three are correct except stage 4 10. In ethical decision-making, which determinant is used to evaluate whether the chosen means are morally appropriate for achieving a particular goal? Object 11. What does the "end" in the determination of a human act's morality refer to? The desired outcome or goal. 12. What are the three primary determinants used to assess the morality of a human act in moral theology? Circumstance, end, and object 13. Are the two situations considered as examples of lack of selfreflection? (Shade the same circle in the answer sheet for both numbers) No, only 2 is considered as an example of lack selfreflection. 14. In your view, how can a society combat the negative effects of the "kanya-kanya syndrome" and "talangka mentality" to promote a more cooperative and community-oriented approach to problem-solving and governance? Foster a culture of collaboration, and social responsibility. 15. How does extreme personalism contribute to graft and corruption in Philippine society? It leads to favoritism in hiring and service provision 16. Compare and contrast the impact of positive and negative moral principles on relationships and social harmony. Discuss their role in creating a just and ethical society. Both positive and negative moral principles are equally important in fostering an ethical society. 17. How do the negative moral principles, such as "Do not steal" and "Do not commit adultery," contribute to the well-being of individuals and society as a whole? They establish boundaries and promote trust and ethical behavior. 18. Which of the following situations best demonstrates the universal value of "integrity"? Adhering to strong moral and ethical principles in all situations 19. Are these statements both referring to Thomistic principles regarding the end or purpose of the moral agent? (Shade the same circle in the answer sheet for both numbers) Yes, both are considered as Thomistic principles 20. "His moral life is evaluated or assessed in the light of his ultimate destiny. His destiny depends on all the God-given potentials he is born with. His act is moral if it realizes his potentials and brings him nearer to this goal in life, immoral if it deviates from it." 21. In the context of the statement, what is the consequence of an act that depart from one's God-given potentials and ultimate destiny? They are considered immoral as they move one further from their ultimate destiny. 22. What role does one's ultimate destiny play in guiding their moral actions, according to the paragraph? It provides guidance and context for evaluating moral actions. 23. Are the two statements considered as indicators of achieving the sixth stage in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development? (Shade the same circle in the answer sheet for both numbers) Only 1 is considered as an indicator of achieving the sixth stage in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. 24. Only 1 is considered as concept of pre-conventional morality 25. Individual judgement is based on self-chosen principles and moral reasoning is based on individual rights and justice. Which level of moral development does this statement belong? post-conventional morality 26. What distinguishes a human act from an act of man? A human act is carried out voluntarily 27. What does a morally good act require? The goodness of the object, the end, and the circumstances 28. Which of the following is considered as potential consequence of colonial mentality on the Filipino perception of foreign beauty products? Desire towards foreign beauty brands 29. What is the challenge in addressing colonial mentality in the Philippines? The occurrence of Western cultural influences 30. Which of the following is a problem encountered when dealing with crab mentality in terms of wealth and success? jealousy and efforts to bring down those who succeed financially 31. Which of the following best describes universal values? Values with the same worth or value for almost all people 32. How did St. Thomas Aquinas view the relationship between universals and individuals? Universals are individuated in individuals as common features. 33. Which of the following best reflects the concept of universalizing values? Promoting values that are universally accepted and respected. 34. Read the paragraph and answer the following questions: The other is saying, “let us learn to live together”, to affirm each other’s being. Together we go through life, designing our end and purposes, guided by messages unveiled in a life of dialogue with ourselves, with other selves, and with the world. Consequently, the end, purpose, or direction of beings-with-others, is what they discover as they learn to live together. i. How does the paragraph view the concept of individual selfdiscovery in the context of living together? Individual selfdiscovery is intertwined with the collective process of learning to live together. ii. Based on the paragraph, what determines the end, purpose, or direction of beings living together? It is discovered as they learn to live together through dialogue. iii. According to the paragraph, what is the significance of "messages unveiled in a life of dialogue"? Messages in dialogue guide the collective journey of beings living together. 35. Randy always picks up his toys after playing because he is afraid that his parents will get mad and punish him if they see his toys lying around. According to Kohlberg, Randy is displaying a behavior based on? Stage 1 36. Although the church in their society is against the practice of same sex marriage, Alice firmly stands on her belief that everyone has a right to marry the person they love, regardless of their gender. According to Kohlberg, Alice is displaying a behavior based on . Stage 1 37. Bjorn Kjellberg always greets other people because he wants to be praised as a good person like his dad, Felix. According to Kohlberg, Bjorn is displaying a behavior based on . Level 2 38. Human acts require the free use of intellect and freewill in decision-making. 39. How will you define human acts in relation to the use of intellect and freewill? A. A human act is carried out voluntarily 40. A doctor has a patient who is terminally ill and in unbearable pain. The doctor administers a higher dose of pain medication to ease the suffering, which may speed up the patient's death. Which determinant plays a significant role in assessing the morality of this act? Circumstance 41. Which of the following best describes extreme personalism? Taking things personally and emotional involvement in tasks 42. In your opinion, is there a way to balance personal relationships and professionalism in the workplace without resorting to extreme personalism? Explain your rationale. Yes, by prioritizing merit-based hiring and decision-making. 43. If crab mentality is to hindering progress, then colonial mentality is to: preferring foreign products 44. How is "justice" different to the concept of "equality"?Justice is about ensuring fairness, while equality provides the same opportunities and treatment to all. 45. What distinguishes generosity from other values like responsibility or empathy? Generosity is about offering help and giving without expecting something in return. 46. How does compassion contribute to building strong, empathetic communities? Compassion fosters empathy and kindness, strengthening community bonds. 47. Which of the following does NOT justify this statement: “The absence of that capacity to conform to moral standards, as in the case of an insane person, excludes you from moral agency.”? The insane person must be accountable of their actions regardless of their situation. 48. As stated by Jean Paul Sartre, “A human person is or becomes what he/she makes of himself/herself by choice.” Which of the following does not prove the statement? rely on other people to avoid rejection and adhere non-moral standards 49. How does the concept of creating one's destiny align with the idea of personal responsibility? Creating one's destiny involves taking personal responsibility for one's choices. 50. Which of the following influences the moral reasoning under conventional stage of moral development? Social expectations and conformity 51. In Kohlberg's stages of moral development, what is the main idea that it emphasizes? Recognizing the changing nature of moral thinking 52. Which among the following behaviors is NOT obtained once an individual completes the Kohlberg’s stages of moral development? A. May make moral judgments based on fear of punishment or seeking rewards 53. How does the concept of willful consent and knowledge in human acts contribute to the ethical evaluation of actions and decisions? It underscores the innate irrelevance of accountability in ethics. 54. How does an evil end affect the moral evaluation of an action when the object is good in itself? An evil end corrupts the action, even if the object is good in itself.
