SECOND HOME COMING Decision To Return To Manila Reasons: 1. To confer with general Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization project. 2. To establish the La Liga Filipina in Manila 3. To prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that he being comfortable and safe in Hong Kong had abandoned the country’s cause. *On June 19, 1892, he spent his 31st birthday in Hongkong. *Evidently, he has a premonition of his death, for the following day, June 20, he wrote two letters which he sealed and gave them to his friend, Dr. Marques for Safekeeping. *On June 21, 1892, Rizal penned another letter in Hong Kong for Governor Despujol. In this letter, he informed the governor general of his coming to Manila and placed himself under the protection of the Spanish governmenrt. *On the same date, Rizals and his sister Lucia left HK for Manila. They carried a special passport or “safety conduct” issued by the Spanish consul-genral in Hong Kong. Arrival in Manila June 26, 1982- At noon, Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia (the wife of the late Mariano Herbosa) arrived in Manila. *At 6:00 PM of June 27, 1892, Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his friends. *At 5:00 PM of June 28, Rizal returned by train to Manila whether he knew it or not, he was shadowed by government spies who were watching his every movement. *Every house he had visited were raided by Guardia Civil which seized some copies of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo and some subversive pamphlets. *On June 29, at 7:30-9:15, Rizal saw his Excellency. He did not succeed to have the penalty of exile lifted, but it gave him hope with regard to his sisters. As it was the feast of St. Peter and St. Paul. *On June 30, They talked about the question of Borneo but the general very much opposed to it and told Rizal to come back on Sunday. *On July 3, (Sunday) they talked about sundry things and thanked the general for having lifted the exile of her sisters. He told him that his father, Don Kiko and brother would arrive on the first boat. Despujol asked Rizal if he would like to go abroad to Hongkong and told him yes then told Rizal to return on Wednesday. La Liga Filipina - Civic league of the Filipinos. Founding of the La Liga Filipina - July 3, 1892 - attended a meeting of the patriots at the home of the Chinese-Filipino mestizo on Ylaya Street Tondo, Manila. Objective of the La Liga Filipino- A civic league of Filipinos, which he desired to establish and its role on the socio-economic life of the people. Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All) Constitution of the La Liga Filipina 1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body. 2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity 3. Defense against all violence and injustice 4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce 5. Study and applications of reforms. Arrest of Rizal July 6, 1982 (Wednesday) - Rizal went to Malacanang to resume his series of interviews with governor general. The governor general showed some printed leaflets were entitled Pobres Frailes (Poor Frailes). Rizal denied having those leaflets. Despite his denial and insistent demand for investigation, he was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, the nephew and aide of Governor General. Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan July 7, 1982 (Thursday) - Graceta de Manila published the story of Rizal’s arrest the same issue the governatorial decree gave him the reasons for Rizal’s deportation as follows: 1. Rizal published books and articles abroad showed disloyalty to Spain which were “frankly anti-Catholic” and prudently “anti-friar”. 2. A few hours after his arrival, “ there was found his packages… a bundle of handbills (leaflets) entitled “Pobres Frailes”. 3. His novel “ El Filibusterismo” was dedicated to the memory of the three martyrs. 4. The end to which he purssues in his efforts and writings is to tear from the loyal Filipino breats the treasures of our catholic faith. July 15, 1982 (12:30 AM) - Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing to Dapitan and at one o’clock in the morning, the steamer under Captain Delgras departed sailing south, passing Mindoro and Panay. July 17, 1892 - They reached Dapitan at 7:00 in the evening. Captain Delgras handed Rizal over to Captain Ricardo Carcinero, Spanish comandant of Dapitan. That same night, Rizal began his exile in Dapitan which would last until July 31, 1986, a period of 4 years. The Spies 1. Matias Arrieta- A physician who revealed his covert mission to Rizal and asked for forgiveness after being treated by the latter, perhaps due to conscience. 2. Florencio Nanaman (Cagayan de Misamis)- A man who introduced himself as Pablo Mercado, claiming to be Rizal’s relative.Eagerly volunteered to bring Rizal’s letter to certain people in Manila. Made suspicious by his insistence, Rizal interrogated him and his true self has been revealed; a paid secret agent by the Recollect friars. The Emissary 1. Dr. Pio Valenzuela- An emissary sent by Katipunan Leader, Andres Bonifacio.In a secret meeting on May 2, 1896 at Bitukang Manok river in Pasig, the group agreed to send Dr. Pio Valenzuela as a representative to Dapitan who will inform Rizal of their plan to launch a revolution against the Spaniards Rizal and Bonifacio - Andres Bonifacio’s messaged was for the Revolution to be sanctioned by Rizal.Rizal politely refused to approve the revolution, suggesting that peaceful war is better than violent war in obtaining freedom. Visited by Loved Ones 1. His Sisters- Rizal was in Dapitan when he learned that his true love Leonor Rivera had died. What somewhat consoled his desolate heart was the visits of his mother and some sisters. 2. Dona Teodora and Trinidad- In August 1893, Dona Teodora, along with Trinidad, joined Rizal in Dapitan and resided with him in his ‘casa cuadrada.’At that time, Rizal has successfully operated his mother’s cataract. 3. Rizal’s sisters visited him at times with his nephews Mauricio (Moris), Teodosio (Osio), and Estanislao (Tan) who had their early education through Rizal. Angelica, Rizal’s niece, also lived with him. Rizal and Josephine Bracken - In 1895, Dona Teodora left Dapitan for Manila to be with Don Francisco who was getting weaker. Shortly after his mother left, Josephine Bracken came to his life; she was an orphan with Irish blood and the stepdaughter of Jose’s patient from Hongkong. Rizal and Bracken were unable to obtain a church wedding. He nonetheless took Josephine as his common-law wife. Before the year ended in 1895, Rizal and Bracken had a child who was born prematurely and died a few hours after birth. The child was named after Rizal’s father (Francisco). LIFE IN EXILE Professions and Activities of Rizal in Exile 1. Teacher - he built a school in Talisay and taught local children. 2. Farmer 3. Surgeon- he treated a local resident that was hurt by a firecracker. 4. Engineer- built water tank, wooden machine for making bricks, oven for bricks, develop and beautify parks/plaza. 5. Learner- studied Tagalog grammer, Malay and Bisaya, wrote articles on witchcraft, and collected species sent to A.B Meyer. 3 Species named after Rizal: 1. apogonia rizali 2. rhacophorus rizali 3. draco rizali Daily Life - domesticated animals. - school he founded in 1893 started with 3 pupils and more than 20 at the time his exile ended. - paddling his boat called baroto (he had two of them). Rizal and the Jesuits - Jesuit Order assigned to Dapitan priest Francisco Paula Sanchez. - encounter with Friar's spy: Pablo Mercado (Florecio Namanan) Achievements in Dapitan 1. Practiced Medicine 2. Contribution to Science 3. Continued his artistic and literary works 4. Established a school for boys 6. Promoted community development projects. 7. Invented wooden machine for making bricks 8. Engaged in farming and e-commerce. ANECDOTES ABOUT RIZAL Anecdote- short amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person. 1. Story of the Moth 2. A Slipper 3 Anecdotes on Rizal's Life as Atenean a. Told by Felix M. Roxas- he was hit by a book during a quarrel. b. Told by Manuel Xeres Burgos- he help Julio Meliza retrieved its kite. GOODBYE DAPITAN AND TRIALS Rizal as a Volunteer Doctor in Cuba December 17, 2895- he wrote to Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco, offering his services as military doctor in Cuba. July 31, 1896- Rizal's exile came to an end. (4 years, 13 days and few hours.) - he boarded the steamer Espana. Last Trip Abroad - he boarded the steamer Espana. Isla de Luzon- a regular steamer that Rizal missed which sailed to Spain the day before he arrived in Manila bay, Castilla- Spanish cruiser wherein Rizal was kept as a "guest" on board. August 1, 1896- it anchored to Dumaguete, he met a friend named Herriro Regidor. August 26, 1896- Cry of Balintawak, revolution of Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan. Sept. 3, 1896- Left for Spain on the steamer Isla de Panay. Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution Fray Mariano Gil- Augustinian cura of Tondo, discovered the Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule. Rizal: A Cabin Prisoner Don Pedro Roxas- advised him to stay on Singapore and take advantage of the protection of British law. Don Manuel Camus- urged Rizal to stay in Singapore to save his life. LAST HOMECOMING AND TRIAL October 6, 1896 - awakened by the guards and escorted him to the prison fortress named Monjuich. - left Barcelona through the ship Colon. November 20, 1896- preliminary investigation began and five day investigation was conducted. Colonel Francisco Olive- assigned judge in charge. Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade- lawyer of Jose Rizal and brother of his former bodyguard Jose Taviel de Andrade. Aguedo Del Rosario and Francisco Quizon- detainees who were asked for testimonies about Rizal. 12 Points Rizal Cited to Prove his Innocence 1. He was against rebellion as testified by Pio Valenzuela. 2. No letter with revolutionary elements was addressed to Katipunan was written. 3. Katipunan used his name as password without his consent. 4. If he was guilty, he could have left the country. 5. Revolutionists could have consulted him if he was their leader. 6. He wrote the by laws of La Liga Filipina but it is a different org. from Katipunan. 7. La Liga did not last long because of his exile in Dapitan. 8. He had no idea La Liga was reorganized. 9. If La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then Katipunan should not have been founded. 10. If the Spanish found his letters offending, it was because in 1890, his family has been persecuted. 11. He lived a good life in Dapitan, 12. If he was in the revolution, the Katipunan should not have sent an unfamiliar emissary to him in Dapitan. Accusations for Rizal 1. Principal organizer 2, Moving spirit of Phil. Revolution 3. Founder of societies and newspapers 4. Rebellion 5. Illegal association 6. Sedition December 3, 1896- Don Camilo de Polavieja signed the death warrant of Rizal. 1,000,000- amount of bail demanded for Rizal. December 26, 1896- Capt. Rafael Dominguez read him the official notice of his execution. - Rizal's actual trial begun, at the Hall of Banners of the Cuartel de Espania. Don Jose Tagores Arjona- Pres. Lt. Col. of the Cavalry. Illegal Association and Rebellion- final accusation to Rizal. Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell) - longest letter he ever written. - given to Trinidad b Rizal which was kept in an alcohol lamp which was a gift from Ppardo de Tavera. Three Farewell Letters 1. to parents 2. Dr. Blumentritt 3. Paciano December 28, 1896- Gov. Gen. Polavieja signed Rizal's death warrant ordering him to be shot at 7 AM at Bagumbayan. Imitacion de Cristo by Thoman Kempis- book that Rizal gave to Josephine as a gift. Dec. 30, 1896- he walked to Bagumbayan at 6:30 in the morning. Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo- military physician attended to Rizal, took his pulse and found it normal. Marcha de Cadiz- victory song the military band played to break the silence after he was shot. Last words of Rizal- Consummatum est ( It is finished.) *Rizal died at aged 35 years, 5 months and 11 days. *Rizal's body was secrety buried at Paco Cemetery where later it was traced by his sister Narcisa. She asked the guards to place a marble plaque designec by Doroteo Ongjuno containing Rizal's initials in reverse- RPJ. *Remains of Rizal were cleaned in Higino Mercado's house in Binondo and were given to Dona Teodora. December 30, 1913- Rizal's monument at Luneta was inaugurated. - its orginal design name was Motto Stella (guiding star) and was made by Swiss sculptor Dr. Richard Kissling. December 30, 2012- His remains were laid to rest inside the Rizal's monument n Luneta. NOLI ME TANGERE - greatly influenced by Harriet Beecher's Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. - it was unanimously approved that other Illustrados will contribute to the paper but it did not materialized. Madrid- 1/2 of the novel. Paris, France- 1/4 of the novel. Berlin, Germany- last 1/4 of the novel. Onset of 1887- the final draft was ready for publication. Dr. Maximo Viola- Savior of Noli, lend him P300 to publish Noli. - Rizal gave him the pen used in writing and the very first copy of Noli. First to read and appreciate Rizal's work. - he made some adjustments in the novel to save printing costs and deleted chapter 25 entitled Elias and Salome. - printed 2,000 copies of Noli. Novel's Description - was written in Spanish and published in 1887. - expose the real-life scenario under the Spanish colonial rule. - With 63 chapters and an epilogue, Rizal was only 26 years old when the Noli was published. - first in a trilogy about the history of the Philippines, which is followed by El Filibusterismo and ends with Makamisa , though it was never finished. Touch Me Not- This phrase was spoken by Jesus to Mary Magdalene after he was resurrected, and was in fact recorded in John 20:17: “Touch me not, for I am not yet ascended to my Father.” The Characters of Noli 1. Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin (Ibarra)- wealthy young mestizo who has just returned to the Philippines after seven years of studying in Europe. 2. María Clara- A woman of high social standing, she is the adoptive daughter of Capitan Tiago. 3. Father Damaso - An old, power-hungry, and shamelessly corrupt Spanish priest who has lived among the native Filipinos for nearly two decades. 4. Elías - A mysterious character, Elias is a man on the run from the la 5. Don Rafael Ibarra- Crisostomo Ibarra’s father 6. Crispín- A young lad studying to be a church caretaker, he together with his brother Basilio, ceaselessly work to send support money for their beleaguered mother, Sisa. He is blamed for stealing money from the church coffers. 7. Basilio - Eldest of Sisa’ brood, he, like his younger brother are sextons in training. Basilio makes a desperate run for their home the night Crispín is dragged away. 8. Father Salví- A younger, more cunning Spanish priest who assumes control over Fr. Damaso’s post as friar curate of San Diego; 9. Captain Tiago (Don Santiago de los Santos) Capitan Tiago is a rarity in that he is a wealthy native-born Filipino socialite; he keeps close ties with high-ranking members of the Catholic Church, despite actually having no love for them. 10. The Ensign- the nameless head of the Civil Guard of the township of San Diego; a man of Spanish descent he is in a constant bitter feud with Fr. Salví, married to Doña Consolación. 11. Doña Consolación The pugnacious wife of The Ensign, Doña Consolación is an older, cantankerous Filipina woman who constantly lectures her husband. 12. Doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña - A fraud and a hustler, the Spaniard who calls himself Doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña was actually a customs officer. 13. La Doctora Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña - A brazen and determined Filipina social climber Doña Victorina is the spouse of the counterfeit doctor, Tiburcio de Espadaña. 14. Lt. Guevara - A morally upright man of Spanish descent who holds both Crisostomo Ibarra and the late Don Rafael in high esteem, 15. Linares - Dr. de Espadaña’s nephew, a respectable young Spanish man, quite gifted and possesses a law degree 16. The Schoolmaster - A teacher that Don Rafael housed thus allowing him to suitably attend to the task of instructing students; 17. Don Filipo (Filipo Lino)- Don Filipo Lino is a representative of the younger, less religiously shackled generation of movers and shakers in San Diego 18. Sisa - The long-suffering mother of sextons in training Crispin and Basilio 19. Fr. Sibyla - A priest serving in the Binondo district in the city of Manila, 20. The Gravedigger - A cemetery worker who exhumes Don Rafael’s remains upon the insistence of Fr. Damaso Symbolisms in the Noli 1. The Schoolhouse- symbol of empowerment and freedom. 2. Crispin and Basilio - represent the opposite end of the spectrum of not having received education. 3. Tinola and betel nut parcels served at a fancy, formal gathering - symbolic of the wide variety of party-goers that have made their way into Crisostomo Ibarra's welcoming party. 4. Capitan Tiago- represents the rich Filipinos who opted to be allies (as in ‘tuta’) of Spanish officials and friars just to preserve their wealth and political position. 5. Elias and Ibarra- symbolize the two contrasting means by which political reforms are to be achieved. 6. Maria Clara- symbolizes the nation of the Philippines under Spanish rule. 7. Crisostomo Ibarra- represents the small group of Filipinos who had a chance to study abroad. 8. Father Damaso- wicked but ironically respected priests. 9. Pilosopo Tasio- was patterned after Paciano. 10. Sisa and her sons Crispin and Basilio- They epitomize a Filipino family oppressed by the Spanish authorities. 11. Doña Victorina- represents some ambitious Filipinas who wanted to be classified as Spanish. 12. Don Tiburcio- stands for incompetent and unqualified Spaniards who illegally practiced their supposed profession in the Philippines. 13. Padre Salvi- represents the seemingly kind but in fact wicked Spanish friars. 14. The School Master of San Diego- symbolized intellectual disappointment during Rizal’s time. 15. Don Rafael Ibarra - symbolized a rich landlord with a social conscience. EL FILIBUSTERISMO - Rizal began writing El Filibusterismo in October 1887 while he was in Calamba, Laguna. - In 1888, he revised the plot and some chapters in London. Rizal continued to work on his manuscripts in Paris. Then, he moved to Brussels, Belgium where, the cost was cheaper and there were less distractions so he could focus on finishing the book. - He finally completed the book on March 29, 1891 in Biarritz, France and was published in September of that year in Ghent. - said to have been written against the background of threats and oppressions that Rizal and his family suffered because of the Noli and the Calamba agrarian trouble. Jose Alejandrino- canvassed the printing press for El Fili. Valentin Ventura- savior of Fili. - Rizal found it necessary to fundamentally shorten the novel, erasing 47 whole pages from the 279-page manuscript to save expenses. Thus, the printed El Fili , which came off the press by mid-September 1891, turned out comprising only 38 chapters compared to the 64 of the Noli. Filibustero Defined - the word filibuster had acquired the meaning “subversive” in the Philippines, hence the book is about subversion. *Dedicated the book to the memory of the Gomburza, the three Filipino patriotic priests who were accused of being filibustero. * He made mistakes indicating the ages of priests in his dedication. During their martyrdom on the 17th (not 28th) of February, 1872, Gomez was then 73 (not 85), Burgos was 35 (not 30) and Zamora was 37 (not 35). Character and Imageries of El Fili 1. Simoun- Crisóstomo Ibarra in disguise, because of his past failures and disappointments, he turned cynical and revolutionary but had no systematic plan for the new society, 2. Basilio - now an aspiring and so far successful physician on his last year at the University. He is that educated Filipino who has become numbed and ignorant of the wellbeing of his fellow Filipinos. 3. Isagani- Basilio's friend and is described as a poet, taller and more robust than Basilio although younger. He may be inspired by his ideals for his country but at crucial moments, he unconsciously forgets those ideals for selfish reasons. 4. Captain Tiago- Tiago died of shock upon hearing of Basilio's arrest and Padre Írene's embellished stories of violent revolt. 5. Don Custodio- a as one who finds pleasure in developing a feeling of inferiority among the people. 6. Maria Clara- After suffering from untold physical and spiritual abuse for at least 13 years, Maria Clara dies. 7. Kabesang Tales- also known as Telesforo Juan de Dios, embodied those who join the bandits for personal revenge after suffering from the maltreatments caused by the friars. 8. Juli- Her full name is Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio. and youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. 9. Placido Penitente - Another young student who desires to go abroad for a better life. He does not have a sense of nationalism or social conscience.
