Name
Date
The Environment and Change Over Time
How do species adapt to changing environments over time?
Before You Read
Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about how species change over time. Record
three things that you already know about adaptation to environmental change in the first column.
Then write three things that you would like to learn about change over time in the second column.
Complete the final column of the chart when you have finished this chapter.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
K
What I Know
W
What I Want to Learn
L
What I Learned
Chapter Vocabulary
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
NEW
NEW
NEW
fossil record
mold
cast
trace fossil
geologic time scale
extinction
biological evolution
naturalist
variation
natural selection
adaptation
camouflage
mimicry
selective breeding
comparative anatomy
homologous structure
analogous structure
vestigial structure
embryology
REVIEW
ACADEMIC
isotopes
convince
REVIEW
biochemistry
A Lesson Content Vocabulary page for each lesson is provided in the Chapter Resources Files.
The Environment and Change Over Time
55
Lesson 1
Fossil Evidence of Evolution
Scan Lesson 1. Read the lesson titles and bold words. Look at the pictures. Identify three facts
you discovered about fossils. Record your facts in your Science Journal.
The Fossil Record
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193
Characterize the fossil record.
.
Millions of
All the
Fossil Record
fossils
Evidence of
Thousands of species,
most of which are
how species change
over time
no longer alive
Examine how fossils form.
Fossil Formation
194
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194
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195
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195
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195
.
.
.
.
.
Formation
Explanation of the Process
Mineralization
Minerals from water replace an
organism’s original material and
harden into rock.
Carbonization
A dead organism is compressed, and
pressure forces out its liquids and
gases; only a carbon outline of the
organism remains.
Molds and casts
An organism’s hard parts leave an
impression in sediment that hardens
into a mold; if sediment later fills the
mold, it forms a fossil copy, or cast.
Trace fossils
Evidence of animal movement or
behavior, such as footprints, are
preserved in mud, filled with
sediment, and harden.
Original material
Actual tissue of an organism is
preserved in the absence of oxygen
(encased in ice, amber, or tar, for
example).
The Environment and Change Over Time
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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fossils ever
discovered
Lesson 1 | Fossil Evidence of Evolution (continued)
Determining a
Fossil’s Age
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Contrast relative-age dating with absolute-age dating.
196
.
Relative-Age
Dating
• less precise
• more precise
• scientists compare
• scientists use
ages of rocks by the
order in which their
layers formed
• shows relative order in which
species have appeared
over time
Fossils over Time
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197
Era
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
radioactive decay to
determine a rock’s age
in years
• best measured in
igneous rocks
.
Phanerozoic
Paleozoic
197
Dating
Order the divisions of the geologic time scale.
Eon
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Absolute-Age
.
Period
MYA
Quaternary
1.8
Tertiary
65
Cretaceous
Jurassic
144
Triassic
245
Permian
290
Carboniferous
354
Devonian
417
Silurian
443
Ordovician
490
Cambrian
543
206
Proterozoic
2,500
Archean
Hadean
3,100
4,550
Relate types of fossils found in different rock layers to the geologic
time scale.
When fossils in one rock layer did not appear in the older
rock layer below or the younger layer above, scientists
used the change to define the breaks in geologic time.
The Environment and Change Over Time
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Lesson 1 | Fossil Evidence of Evolution (continued)
Extinctions
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198
Relate changes in the fossil record to mass extinctions.
.
Fossil Record
Changes
Collections of
fossils present in
one layer of rocks
are not present in
the next.
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198
.
Mass Extinctions
evidence
Diagram causes and effects of environmental change.
Organisms
depend on the
Environment
environment
Changes
for food and
shelter.
199
Animals can’t
find resources
they need to
survive.
Quickly
Example:
Gradually
Example:
meteorite
impact
tectonic plate
movement
Result:
extinction
Evaluate how fossils provide scientists with evidence for
.
biological evolution.
Fossils show changes over time in populations of related
organisms.
Synthesize It
Summarize how the fossil record provides evidence of both extinctions
and biological evolution. Explain why it is important to look at fossils from multiple
rock layers at the same time to reach conclusions.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: Extinctions are evidenced by the
disappearance of fossils of a species from one rock layer to the next. Evolution is
evidenced by the gradual progression of organisms’ changed body structures
throughout the fossil record, from one layer to the next. In both cases, one must look
at multiple rock layers at the same time to make comparisons.
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The Environment and Change Over Time
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Many species
died off in a
relatively short
period of time.
Lesson 2
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Predict three facts that will be discussed in Lesson 2 after reading the headings. Write your
facts in your Science Journal.
Charles Darwin
Organize information about Charles Darwin.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Charles Darwin
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203
.
Who?
an English naturalist
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203
.
What?
developed a theory of how evolution works
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203
.
When?
mid-1800s
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204
.
Where?
voyaging around the world, with a particular
focus on study of the Galapagos Islands
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204
.
Why?
drew conclusions from many years observing
plants and animals in their natural habitats
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204
.
How?
aboard the HMS Beagle, a survey ship of the
British Navy
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204
.
Darwin’s Theory
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205
Correlate species of tortoises with their food sources.
Domed Tortoise
Intermediate
Tortoise
Saddleback
Tortoise
low vegetation
low and high
vegetation
high vegetation
Explain Darwin’s theory of the relationship among the tortoises
.
mentioned above.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: Darwin
thought that all the tortoises came from a common
ancestor. However, each species had adapted (or changed)
over time according to the food sources available on the
island on which it was found.
The Environment and Change Over Time
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Lesson 2 | Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (continued)
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205
.
Model variation. Draw several members of a species, and then
explain how your drawing illustrates variation.
Drawings should include multiple individuals of the same
species with clearly varied physical traits.
Explanation: Accept all reasonable responses. Student
should point out the differences among individuals as
examples of variation.
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206
Describe the process of natural selection that would result
.
in the evolution of tortoises shown in picture 1 to those shown in
picture 2.
Picture 1
Sample answer: The food source
in picture 1 is high vegetation.
able to reach more food in that
environment. Those tortoises will
be stronger and more apt to
survive and breed. They will
pass on their traits, such as
Picture 2
longer necks, to their offspring.
Those offspring will repeat the
cycle. Eventually, the weaker,
shorter-necked turtles will die
out, and all the turtles will
have long necks, as shown in
picture 2.
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The Environment and Change Over Time
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Tortoises with longer necks are
Lesson 2 | Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (continued)
Adaptations
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207
Relate adaptations to natural selection.
.
Adaptations that make it easier for certain individuals to
survive will spread throughout a population as those
individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce.
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207
.
Classify types of adaptations.
Adaptations
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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208
.
Type:
Type:
structural
behavioral
Type:
functional
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
color, shape,
and other
physical
characteristics
hunting at
night, moving
in herds
drop in body
temperature,
expanding
blood vessels
Compare and contrast camouflage and mimicry.
Camouflage
• species blends
with its
environment
Both
• structural
adaptations
• help a species
avoid being
eaten
Artificial Selection
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209
Mimicry
• one species
resembles
another
• species stands
out
Identify the process of breeding organisms for desired traits.
.
selective breeding , also known as
artificial selection
Connect It
Explain how physical variation is expressed in human beings and how
it relates to cultural groups and ethnicity.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: Variations of physical
characteristics in humans include hair color, skin tone, and eye shape. Because
people have historically tended to produce offspring with mates who share traits
similar to their own, large populations of people with like variations have evolved,
forming ethnic groups.
The Environment and Change Over Time
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Lesson 3
Biological Evidence of Evolution
Skim Lesson 3 in your book. Read the headings and look at the photos and illustrations.
Identify three things you want to learn more about as you read the lesson. Record your ideas in
your Science Journal.
Clarify why a diagram of evolution looks more like a bush than a
Evidence for Evolution
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213
.
straight line.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: A line
would suggest that one species replaces another in a series
of orderly steps. Instead, different species that descended
from a common ancestor can be alive at the same time.
They might branch off into still more divergent species.
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214
Organize information about comparative anatomy.
.
Comparative Anatomy
Definition: the study of similarities and differences among
structures of living species
214
.
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215
.
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215
.
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216
.
Analogous
Structures:
Vestigial
Structures:
body parts
that are
similar in
structure and
position but
different in
function
body parts
that perform
similar
functions but
are different
in structure
body parts
that have lost
their original
function
through
evolution
Sequence the development of the pharyngeal pouch in different
species. Express the conclusion of scientists in embryology.
Development:
All
vertebrate
embryos
have a
pharyngeal
pouch.
fish
reptile
bird
human
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The Environment and Change Over Time
gill
neck gland
neck gland
neck gland
Conclusion:
There is a
strong
evolutionary
relationship
between all
vertebrates.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Homologous
Structures:
Lesson 3 | Biological Evidence of Evolution (continued)
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216
.
Identify two ways in which molecular biology has affected the
theory of evolution.
1. confirmed collected data
2. extended understanding of collected data
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217
.
Assess how genes support the theory of evolution.
All organisms on
Earth have genes.
All genes are
made
of DNA.
All genes
work
All organisms are
related.
in similar
ways.
Organisms came from
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
common ancestors.
The Study of
Evolution Today
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Relate four areas of study that provide evidence of relationships
218
between living and extinct species.
.
fossils
embryology
Evidence for
Evolution
anatomy
molecular
biology
Analyze It
Use the analogy of building blocks to explain how genes relate to the
diversity of life.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: Simple rectangular blocks can be
combined in many ways to build structures of all shapes and sizes. For example, you
could build a tiny house, a complicated space station, or a massive palace. Genes
can be combined in many different ways, too. For this reason, massive numbers of
species can be formed from varying combinations of the same genetic material.
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Review
The Environment and Change
Over Time
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned. Complete the final column
in the chart on the first page of this chapter.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.
Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.
Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.
Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.
Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
Summarize It
Reread the chapter Big Idea and the lesson Key Concepts.
Summarize what you learned about species of horses throughout the chapter. Use as
many of the chapter vocabulary words as you can.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: The fossil record provides
similarities of fossils from different periods on the geologic time scale provide
evidence of biological evolution. The fossil record indicates that horses of different
species often lived at the same time. They would have had variations, but their
structures make it clear that they descended from a common ancestor.
Challenge Choose an animal species that interests you. Research what scientists have discovered
about the origin of that species. Draw a diagram that shows a “tree” with the animal’s related
species over evolutionary time. Share your diagram with your class.
64
The Environment and Change Over Time
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
evidence that horses descended from organisms that are now extinct. However, the