ASSESSMENT
Can man live with only common
sense?
Can man live without science?
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Elements of a Research Problem
1.Aim or purpose of the problem for investigation. (why?)
2.The subject matter or topic to be investigated. (what?)
3.The place or locale where the research is to be
conducted. (where?)
4.The period or time of the study. (when?)
5.Population or universe from whom the data are to be
collected. (who?)
Yield can be increased by increasing the density of
plants. However, yield of individual plant may be reduced
due to increased competition.
The research problem can be stated as:
Aim or Purpose: To determine the effects of population
densities
Subject Matter or Topic: On the growth and yield of sweet
potato
Place or Locale: At the experimental area of CTU-Barili
Campus
Period or Time: From January 1 to March 7, 2012
Population: Sweet potato
THE TITLE
Characteristics of a Good Title
•Briefly identifies the subject matter/field
•Indicates the purpose of the study
•Is specific, clear and concise but complete
•Contains key words
•Not more than 10 words and not less than 5
words, except in unusual instances
Guidelines in Writing the Title
•Generally, the title is formulated before the start of the
research work. It may be revised and refined later if there
is a need.
•It must be broad enough to include all aspects of the
subject matter studied or to be studied. Hence it indicated
what is to be found inside the thesis report.
•It must be brief and concise as possible.
•Avoid using the terms “An analysis of,” “A study of,” etc.
These are understood to be done when research is
conducted.
•If the title contains more than one line, it must be written
like an inverted pyramid, all words in capital letters.
Yield can be increased by increasing the density of
plants. However, yield of individual plant may be reduced
due to increased competition.
The research problem can be stated as:
Aim or Purpose: To determine the effects of population
densities
Subject Matter or Topic: On the growth and yield of
sweet potato
Place or Locale: At the experimental area of CTU-Barili
Campus
Period or Time: From January 1 to March 7, 2012
Population: Sweet potato
From Guide No. 2
THE EFFECTS OF POPULATION DENSITIES ON THE
GROWTH AND YIELD OF SWEET POTATO AT THE
EXPERIMENTAL AREA OF CTU-BARILI CAMPUS
FROM JANUARY 1 TO MARCH 7, 2012
From Guide No. 3 (a brief and concise title and a better
one)
POPULATION DENSITIES ON THE GROWTH AND
YIELD OF SWEET POTATO
INTRODUCTION
Main Components of an Introduction
•A brief statement of the problem that justifies the work. It
presents the general need, existing situation, problem
encountered, and possible solution.
•The findings of others that will be challenged or used to
orient the readers of other studies done before.
•An explanation of the general approach and objectives.
Guidelines in Writing the Introduction
•Presentation of the Topic. What the topic is all about.
Indicates what will be covered by the study.
•The Existence of an Unsatisfactory Condition, A felt
Problem that Needs a Solution.
•Rationale of the Study. The reason or reasons why it is
necessary to conduct the study.
•A desire for a deeper and clearer understanding of the
situation or phenomenon.
•A desire to find a better way of doing something or
improving a product.
•A desire to discover something.
A link between the introduction and the statement of the
problem. A sentence or two that show the link between
the introduction and the conducting of the research.
Statement of the Problem
Guidelines in Formulating the general problems and specific subproblems:
•The general statement and the specific statements of the problem
should be formulated first before conducting the research.
•It is customary to state the specific problems in interrogative form.
Hence, they are called specific questions.
•Each specific question is researchable apart from the other questions.
•Answers to specific questions can be interpreted apart from the
answers to the other questions.
•Summing up the answers to the specific questions must contribute to
the development of the whole research problem or topic.
•The number of the specific questions should be enough to cover the
development of the whole research problem or study.
Before writing down the specific questions, determine first the different
aspects of the research problem to be studied and then from each
aspect make one specific question with subsequent questions if there
is a need.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Agriculture is a significant sector in the Kenyan economy as it is
the backbone of its economy. Irish potato farming in Nakuru
County has gained its popularity as it has been a staple food for
the citizens in the region as well as a source of employment to
most of the people. However, the farmers in these regions do not
benefit as much as it would be expected of them. Some of the
factors such as climate change, exploitation by middlemen, high
costs of input, and low prices of the potato in the market have
hindered the potato farmers from keeping up with the practice.
The county government and the national government at large do
not benefit as most of the farmers are quiting from potato
farming.
Hence, this research is aimed at investigating the problems that
affect potato farmers in Nakuru county, and the reasons why the
farmers are falling out of such an enterprise as its publicity is
been gained.
Hypothesis
2 Forms of Hypotheses
•Operational Hypothesis – is stated in the affirmative form.
This states that there is a significant difference between
two phenomena.
•Null Hypothesis – is stated in the negative form. This
states that there is no significant difference between two
phenomena or it expresses equality between two
phenomena.
Guidelines in the Formulation of Explicit
Hypothesis
•In experimental, comparative and correlational
investigations, hypotheses have to be explicit.
•In descriptive and historical investigations,
hypotheses are seldom expressed.
•Hypotheses are stated in the null form.
•Hypotheses are formulated from the specific
questions upon which they are based.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• Specific: Be specific about your desired outcomes. Your objectives
should be clearly written and leave no room for confusion. This can
help you keep them narrow and focused.
• Measurable: Making your objectives measurable is essential to
achieving them. You can create metrics to measure your progress
toward achieving your objectives.
• Achievable: Be sure to create objectives that you can realistically
achieve to help you avoid getting overwhelmed by unrealistic
expectations. Make sure you have the resources and budget to
accomplish your objectives.
• Relevant: Make your objectives relevant to your research and your
overall goals. This can help you stay motivated and on track
throughout your research project.
• Time-based: You can establish deadlines to help you keep your
research process on track. You can set a major deadline for your
entire project as well as smaller deadlines for each objective.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• a)To assess the climatic patterns in
Nakuru County that makes it
possible/impossible for constant farming in
the region.
• b)To investigate how and why brokers
exploit farmers during their transaction
processes.
• c)To investigate the costs of input incurred
by the farmers as compared to the amount
of output in Irish potato farming.
Definition of Terms
Guides in Defining Terms:
•Only terms, words or phrases which have special or
unique meaning in the study are defined.
•Terms should be defined operationally, that is, how they
are used in the study.
•The researcher may develop his own definition from the
characteristics of the term defined.
•Definitions may be taken from encyclopedias, books,
magazines, news paper articles etc, but the researcher
must acknowledge his source.
•Definitions should be brief, clear, and unequivocal as
possible.
•Acronyms should always be spelled out fully.
Scope and Limitation
Components of the Scope and Limitation
•A brief statement of the general purpose of the study.
•The subject matter and topic studied or discussed.
•The locale of the study.
•The population or universe from which the respondents
were selected.
•The period of the study.
Ex. This study was conducted to determine the skills in
asexual propagation of out of school youths in Brgy.
Patupat, Barili, Cebu, Philippines during the year 2012.
The aspects looked into were attendance to trainings
and seminar on different asexual propagation methods,
acquaintance to people knowledgeable in asexual
propagation, access to agricultural schools, access to
mass media and proposed training designs
Conceptual Framework
A tentative explanation or theoretical explanation of
the problem. Consist of the investigators own position on a
problem after his exposure to various theories that have a
bearing on the problem.
Training Design
Knowledge and
Practice of Asexual
Propagation
Trainings and
Seminar Attended,
acquaintance to
knowledgeable...
Thank You