TRANSPORTATION
•
People and goods are moved from one
place to another.
This is considered as the circulatory
system of the society. The society will
depend on good transportation.
•
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
LAND- By foot | Animal pulled wagons| Bicycles
| Cars | Buses |Trains
WATER- Boats | Ships | Submarines | Hovercrafts
AIR- Airplanes | Helicopters
OTHERS- Ski lifts (cable
Spacecrafts (space transport)
transport)
and
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURES
ROADS
•
•
•
•
•
Highways
Walkways
Bicycle lanes
Bridges
Tunnels
PORTS
•
•
•
Inland Ports
Fishing Ports
Sea Ports RAILWAYS
•
•
•
•
Railroads
Rapid Transits
Monorails
Subways
AIRPORTS
•
•
•
Commercial Airports
Cargo Service Airports
National Airports
efficient movement of people and goods on
streets and highways.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING- It also deals
with the planning, geometric design and traffic
operations of roads, streets and highways.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING - This is also
called Traffic Engineering.
ROLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS
•
Plan, design, and construction of
transportation facilities and controls
• Handle traffic operation and control
• Ensure traffic safety
• Management and maintenance of traffic
facilities and controls
THE FIELD OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
COVERS A WIDE RANGE OF TOPICS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING is a branch of
transportation engineering which deals with the
design, construct ion and maintenance of
different types of roads.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING- It is also called as road
engineering
EVOLUTION OF TRANSPORTATION are said to
start by animals who created pathways.
•
7000 YEARS AGO -The introduction of wheels
started way back-------------.
•
•
4000 BC- The identification of paved roads were
said to be discovered during ------.
•
ROMAN CIVILIZATION -The presence of
roadways construction can be identified during
the -------------.
JOHN MCADAM -The modernized roads that we
had were said to be developed by Scottish
engineer -------- during the 19th century.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING- This is the
phase of engineering which deals with safe and
designing streets
highways
intersections
mass transit systems
urban planning
traffic control systems and devices
travel demand and traffic flow
sizing transportation facilities
operations and management for
roadways
visibility of highway signs
traffic congestion and safety hazards
and management and economics of
transportation systems
planning, location and development of
roads.
Materials required for their construction.
Highway traffic performance and its
control.
Drainage of roads etc.
HIGHWAY PLANS OR DRAWINGS- The drawings
prepared from the data collected during
different surveys conducted for locating a
highway are known as ---------.
PURPOSES, OBJECTIVES OF HIGHWAY PLANS
•
•
To find the earth work evolved.
To prepare estimates of the road project.
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
ROAD TRANSPORTATION- The first, and most
common mode of transportation in logistics, is
road. From walking to horses to wagons to bikes
to cars to trucks, road transportation has been
around longer than mode and is utilized the most
of any mode in logistics.
NATIONAL ROADS are continuous in extent that
form part of the main trunk line system.
•
PRIMARY ROADS - connect major cities
(at least around 100,000 population) and
comprise the national road system.
•
SECONDARY ROADS - connect cities to
National Primary Roads, except in
metropolitan areas; connect major
airports to National Primary Roads;
connect tourist service centers to
National Primary Roads or other
National Secondary Roads; connect cities
not classified as major cities; connect
provincial capitals within the same
region; connect National Primary Roads
to National Government Infrastructures.
•
TERTIARY ROADS - other existing roads
under DPWH which perform a local
function
Maritime Transportation- Shipping by water has
been practiced for thousands of years and
remains pivotal to today’s global trade.
Air Transportationtransportation.
newest
mode
of
CHAPTER 2 ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS AND
HIERARCHY and CONSIDERATIONS FOR
HIGHWAY PLANNING
PAVEMENT OR ROAD is an open, generally public
way for the passage of vehicles, people, and
animals. It is finished with a hard smooth sur
face.
ROAD NETWORK is made up of different road
types, each of which provides access to proper ty
and facilitates vehicular transit between places
of origin and destination in a specific way.
HIGHWAYS ARE BASED UPON TWO PRIMARY
FUNCTIONS:
MOBILITY- Continuous, high-speed t ravel. In
addition, it is defined as the potential for
movement and the ability to get from one place
to another using one or more modes of transport
to meet daily needs.
ACCESSIBILITY: Ability to get to destination direct
access to adjoining proper ty. It is the quality of t
ravel and takes place at the community and
individual level through Access Management
techniques to provide access to various land
uses.
BYPASS/DIVERSION ROADS- These roads divert
through traffic away from the city/municipality
business centers.
PROVINCIAL ROADS connect cities and
municipalities without traversing National
Roads. They also connect National Roads to
major provincial infrastructures as well as to
barangays through rural areas.
MUNICIPAL AND CITY ROADS- Roads within a
Poblacion
that
provide
inter-barangay
connections to major municipal and city
infrastructures without traversing Provincial
Roads.
BARANGAY ROADS- Other roads within the
barangay and not covered in the above
definitions
EXPRESSWAYS- These are highways with limited
access, normally with interchanges. They may
include facilities for levying tolls for passage in an
open or closed system.
OTHER HIGHWAY CLASSIFICATIONS BY
FUNCTIONS:
BY-PASSES- These are roads or highways that
avoid a built-up area, town or city proper to let
through traffic flow without interference from
local traffic reduce congestion and improve road
safety where a toll for passage is levied in an
open or closed system.
IN THE PHILIPPINES, ROADS AND HIGHWAYS
ARE CLASSIFIED AND NAMED ACCORDING TO
THEIR FUNCTIONS. BASED ON DPWH D.O. NO.
133, S. 2018, PHILIPPINE ROADS ARE
CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS:
PARKWAYS- These are arterial highways for noncommercial traffic with full or partial control of
access, usually located within a park or a ribbon
of park-like development.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR HIGHWAY PLANNING
GOALS OF HIGHWAY PLANNING:
•
•
•
•
•
plan a highway network for the quick,
efficient, and safe movement of people
and goods
keep the overall cost of building and
maintaining the network's roads to a
minimum
plan for future development and traffic
needs for a specific design period
phase in road development projects
based on utility and importance as well
as available financial resources
NATIONAL ROADS
•
•
•
•
•
Limited frontage access
Development set well back from the
highway
All access to premises provided via
provincial roads
Number of intersect ions are minimized
Suitable at -grade channelized intersect
•
The road is only for local traffic; through
traffic is adequately accommodated on
an alternative more direct main road
•
Where possible, an industrial traffic
route should not pass through a
residential area
Vehicle speeds should be kept low so
long straight roads should be avoided
Parking is allowed, but alternative offroad provision should be made if
possible
Non-motorized traffic is of equal
importance to motor traffic and separate
should be provided if possible
•
•
•
•
•
ions for minor f lows and other elements
EXPRESSWAYS
•
•
•
•
•
No frontage access.
Development set well back from the
highway
Grade-separated intersect ions for
extremely high f lows and other
intersecting expressways
Number of intersect ions are minimized
Where necessary or for emergency
purposes, parking/stopping to be
provided clear of the main carriageway
Parking on the road should not be
permitted
Bus stops and other loading areas should
be in separate well designed laybys
Regular stopping places should be
identified and safe stopping places
established
CITY/MUNICIPAL ROADS
prioritize road development projects
ALONG WITH ITS HIGHWAY CLASSIFICATIONS,
ROADS HAVE DIFFERENT PLANNING
CONSIDERATIONS BASED ON THEIR
FUNCTIONS.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bus stops and other loading areas should
be in separate well-designed lay-bys
The road width can be varied to provide
for parking or to give emphasis to
crossing points depending
upon traffic flows
Through-movements should be made
awkward and inconvenient to discourage
them
Where non-motorized traffic needs to
use a local distributor it should be
separated from motorized traffic
PROVINCIAL ROADS
•
Limited frontage access. In exceptional
circumstances,
large
individual
developments may have direct access
when a high-level intersection is
provided
•
•
Development set back from the highway
Most development to be given access via
intersections with local distributor roads
All intersections will normally be atgrade
Turning traffic should be separated out
from the through traffic
Separated pedestrians/bikeways remote
from the carriageway
Pedestrian crossing points should be
clearly defined and controlled
•
•
•
•
IN ADDITION TO THESE CONSIDERATIONS, THE
FOLLOWING DESIGN DATA ARE NECESSARY IN
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS AND
RAILROADS:
FIELD SURVEY INFORMATION
TOPOGRAPHY is a major factor in determining
the physical location, alignment, gradients, sight
distance, cross sections and other design
elements of a highway.
FLAT-LAND AREAS - In the case of --------,
topography in itself may exercise little if any
control on location but it may cause difficulties in
some design elements such as drainage or grade
separation.
HIGHWAY LOCATION
HIGHWAY LOCATION is concerned with
gathering of pertinent data for more effective
highway planning, design, construction and
operation.
RECONNAISSANCE
RECONNAISSANCE is carried out in order to plan
the best possible horizontal and vertical
alignments. Rock cuts, agricultural farms, steep
side slopes, slides and other controls are
identified.
• special tunnels for building connections
1. UNNECESSARY UTILITY RELOCATIONS
ARE AVOIDED 2. UNEXPECTED CONFLICTS
WITH UTILITIES ARE REDUCED 3. SAFETY IS
ENHANCED
OFFICE PROJECTION- the proposed highway line
is projected on the topographic map which is
fitted as close as possible into the terrain within
the desired standards.
FINAL LOCATION SURVEY is done to transfer the
office projection of the best line to the actual
site in the field. Whenever possible, video logs
of a site with chainages are a useful tool to
assist the process of designing upgrading and
rehabilitation schemes.
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY
RECONNAISSANCE- is substantiated by the
study of available maps, and stereoscopic
examination of the site on foot, all of which aid
in the elimination of costly locations to limit the
choice to one or two possible routes.
HIGHWAY DESIGN is to provide safe roads for all
road users, and not just those in motor vehicles.
The principle that ‘man is the reference standard’
implies that roads must be adapted to the
limitations of human capacity.
PRELIMINARY SURVEY
SAFE SYSTEMS APPROACH -This approach is to
accept the fact that mistakes will always be made
on the road. Even the best drivers, riders and
walkers make mistakes or wrong decisions. It is
up to road safety experts to come up with a way
of eliminating incidents while taking into account
the fact that we are all human and that people
make mistakes.
PRELIMINARY SURVEY- the topography of the
strip or strips flagged is obtained and from
which a topographic map will be prepared to be
utilized as the basic framework for projection
ofthe line in the office.
The required preliminary borings shall include---, in addition to site examination.
•
•
review of available topographic and
geologic information
plus aerial photographs
UTILITY SERVICE RECORDS- should be consulted
and records obtained for all services in a project
area, including exact locations and depths.
Obtaining ------------- benefits both highway
agencies and the impacted utilities in the
following ways.
DEPENDING ON THE LOCATION OF A PROJECT,
THE UTILITIES INVOLVED COULD INCLUDE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
sanitary sewers
water supply lines
oil, gas and petroleum product pipelines
overhead and underground power and
communication lines including fiber
optic cables
cable television lines
wireless communication towers
drainage and irrigation lines
•
•
Simpler, self -explaining roads (with less
reliance on traffic signs).
Designing roads that encourage /
enforce safe speeds ( the safe speed
being the one that guarantees the safety
of the most vulnerable road user ) .
•
Forgiving roadsides ( the ‘Clear Zone’
idea about unobstructed, traversable
space beyond the edge of the t ravel led
way for recovery of errant vehicles) .
•
The World Bank’s Sustainable safe Road
Design Manual also discusses.
FUNCTIONALITY – developing a hierarchy of
mono- functional roads (e.g. t ruck,
distributor and access).
HOMOGENEITY – avoiding differences in
speed, direction of travel, and mass of
vehicles (with segregation of incompatible
road users).
PREDICTABILITY – ensuring that roads are
easy to understand and there are not nasty
surprises (as for ‘self -explaining’ roads).
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROLS IN
OPTIMIZING OR IMPROVING THE DESIGN OF
THE VARIOUS HIGHWAY AND STREET
FUNCTIONAL CLASSES.
1.HUMAN FACTORS AND DRIVER
PERFORMANCE
•
•
•
•
Considerations includes driver tasks, use
of the facility, errors and speed
Properly designed highways that provide
positive guidance to drivers can operate
at a high level of efficiency and with
relatively few crashes.
3. TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
•
The design of a highway and its features
should explicitly cover traffic volumes
and traffic characteristics.
•
Traffic volumes obtained from field
studies can indicate the need for
improvement and directly influence the
selection of geometric design features,
such as number of lanes, widths,
alignments and grades.
•
Relevant studies include average daily
traffic (ADT), peak hour traffic,
directional distribution, composition of
traffic, projection of future traffic
demands, speed and traffic flow
relationships characterized by the
volume flow rate in vehicles per hour, the
average speed in kilometers per hour,
and the traffic density in vehicles per
kilometer.
The World Health Organization recorded
1.35 million people died due to road
traffic crashes.
In the Philippines, as of 2018 data, there
are a total of 116,906 incidents of road
traffic crashes in Metro Manila alone.
ACTION PLAN OF THE DECADE OF ACTION FOR
ROAD SAFETY 2011-2020, FOCUSING ON THE
FOLLOWING:
•
•
•
•
•
road safety management
safe roads and mobility
safe vehicles
safe road users
post-crash care
2. VEHICLES FOUR GENERAL CLASSES OF
DESIGN VEHICLES ARE
•
•
•
•
passenger cars
buses
trucks
recreational vehicles.
GENERAL RULES:
•
•
A passenger car may be selected when
the main traffic generator is a parking lot.
A two-axle single unit truck may be used
for intersection design of residential
streets and park roads.
PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
• These elements include highway capacity,
access control and management,
pedestrians, bicycle facilities, safety, and
environment.
ECONOMIC FACTORS
•
HIGHWAY ECONOMICS is concerned
with the cost of a proposed
improvement and the benefits resulting
from it.
A DESIGN TRAFFIC DATA SHOULD INCLUDE THE
FOLLOWING ELEMENTS:
•
•
•
A three-axle single-unit truck may be
used for the design of collector streets
and other facilities where
•
•
larger single-unit trucks are likely.
•
•
A bus may be used in the design of
highway
intersections
that
are
designated bus routes and that have
relatively few large trucks using them.
•
•
ADT – current average daily traffic, year
specified.
ADT – future average daily traffic, year
specified.
DHV – future design hourly volume, twoway unless otherwise specified (DHV
usually equals 30 HV)
K – ratio of DHV to ADT ; generally 12%
to 18% for Rural and 8% to 12% for
Urban.
D – directional distribution for DHV, oneway volume in predominant direction of
travel expressed as percentage of total. D
normally varies from about 50% to 80%
of two-way DHV with an average of 67%.
T – trucks, exclusively of light delivery
trucks, expressed as a percentage of
DHV. As an average on main rural
highways, T is 7% to 9% of DHV and 13%
of ADT; where weekend peaks govern,
the average may be 5% to 8% of DHV.
suburban and rural highways from
expressways. For example, vehicles may
enter or leave multilane highways at
intersect ions and driveways, and they
can encounter traffic signals.
DESIGN CONTROLS OF HIGHWAY
CONSTRUCTION:
1. ANTICIPATED TRAFFIC VOLUME
2. CHARACTER OF TRAFFIC- All roads
should be designed to accommodate
trucks, buses, passenger vehicles,
handcarts, cyclists and pedestrians with
safety and convenience. A thorough
knowledge of the design vehicle’s weight
, dimensions, mobility and other
characteristics is essential for good
design.
3. DESIGN SPEED- is the speed determined
for design and correlation of the physical
features of a highway that influence
vehicle operation.
4. DESIGN TRAFFIC (VEHICLES)- The
operating characteristics of motor
vehicles should be considered in
analyzing a facility. The major
considerations are vehicle types and
dimensions, turning radii and offtracking, resistance to mot ion, power
requirements,
acceleration
performance,
and
deceleration
performance.
5. HIGHWAY
CAPACITYRoadway
conditions include geometric and other
elements. In some cases, these influence
the capacity of a road; in others, they can
affect a performance measure such as
speed, but not the capacity or maximum
f low rate of the facility.
ROADWAYS FACTORS INCLUDE THE
FOLLOWING:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Number of lanes
The type of facility and its
development environment.
Lane widths.
Shoulder widths and lateral
clearances.
Design speed.
Horizontal
and
vertical
alignments.
Axle loads.
Availability of exclusive turn
lanes at intersect ions.
•
DESIGN STANDARDS FOR MULTILANE
HIGHWAYS tend to be lower than those
for expressways, although a multilane
highway
approaches
expressway
conditions as its access points and
turning volumes approach zero.
•
MULTILANE HIGHWAY is similar to urban
streets in many respects, although it
lacks the regularity of traffic signals and
tends to have greater control on the
number of access points per kilometer. •
The speed limits on multilane highways
are of ten 10 TO 20 KPH.
MULTILANE
HIGHWAYS
differ
substantially from two- lane highways,
principally because a driver on a
multilane highway is able to pass slower
-moving vehicles without using lanes
designated for oncoming traffic.
7.
ACCIDENT INFORMATION- On
all proposed projects, the accident
history should be analyzed and
potentially hazardous features and
locations identified to determine
appropriate safety enhancement . A
study of accidents by location, type,
severity, contributing circumstances,
environmental conditions, and time
periods may suggest possible safety
deficiencies.
•
Fundamentals of Railway Engineering
Historical Notes in Railways
1824 – Nicolas Carnot, carried out the
pioneering work of developing steam
energy
1804 –Richard Trevithick designed and
constructed a steam locomotive
1814 – George Stephenson, produced
the first steam locomotive used for
traction in railways
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ALIGNMENT OF A
HIGHWAY depends on the design speed and the
topography of the land on which it is
constructed.
1825 –Recorded first public railway in the
world was opened to public, between
Stockholm and Darlington
6. Classification of Highway- Certain
characteristics distinguish multilane
1833 –First railway line in USA between
Mohawk and Hudson
1875 –King Alfonso XII of
promulgated a Royal Decree
Spain
1876 – Memoria Sobre el Plan General
de Ferrocarriles en la Isla de Luzón Grand
Master Plan
1891 –First rail tracks laid
1892 – Openned for commercial use,
from Ferrocarril de Manila to Dagupan
▪ Before series of wars engulfed
Philippines, more than a thousand routekilometers were built.
▪ Only 452 km were operational after the
war.
▪ Only 129 km remain operational (2021).
▪ The government aims to expand railway
network to 1900 km by 2022
Ongoing Rail Projects
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
LRT 1 Cavite Extension
LRT 2 East Extension
MRT 7
MetroManila Subway Project
North South Commuter Rail Project
–Clark-Calamba Railway
6. Mindanao Railway System
Track Components
RAILS - are the members of the track laid
in twoparallel lines to provide an
unchanging, continuous, and level
surface for the movement of trains.
Types of Rails
1. Double head rail
2. Bull Headed Rail
3. Flat Footed Rail
Rail Gauge - Gauge is defined as the
minimum distance between two rails.
Types of Rail Gauge
1. Broad Gauge
2. Metre Gauge
3. Narrow Gauge
Sleepers - are the transverse ties that are
laid to support the rails.
Ballast - is a layer of broken stones,
gravel, or any other granular material
placed and packed below and around
sleepers for distributing load from the
sleepers to the formation.
Types of Ballast
1. Coarse sand ballast – used primarily
for cast iron rails.
2. Coal ash cinder – normally used in
yards as initial ballast in new
constructions since it is very cheap
3. Broken stone ballast – made from
hard stones, normally used for highspeed tracks.
TRACK FITTINGS AND FASTENINGS
1. For joining rail to rail - Fish plates,
combination fish plates, bolts, and nuts
2. For joining rails to sleepers – Cast-iron
bearing screws, plate screws, pandrol
clifts, rubber pads
FAILURES,
MAINTENANCE
AND
REHABILITATION OF TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURES
Transportation infrastructures - are
foundational structures and systems for
transporting people and goods.
Common Types of
Infrastructures
1. Roads
2. Railways
3. Bridges and Tunnels
4. Ship Canals
5. Ports
6. Airports Runways
Transportation
Roads - such as streets, avenues and
highways. Includes paved roads,
unpaved roads and roads with unique
surfaces like cobblestone and such.
Types of Road Failures
1. Cracking
2. Surface Deformation
3. Disintegration
4. Surface Defects
Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation
Includes
Physical Maintenance: Activities such as
sealing, patching, filling joints etc.
Traffic Service activities: Including
painting pavement markings, removing
snow ice and litter
Rehabilitation: Includes restoring or
betterment of roadway such as
resurfacing.
Type of Railway Failures
1. Crushed Head
2. Transverse and Compound Fissure
3. Split Head
4. Horizontal Fissure
5. Square of Angular Breaks
6. Rail Misalignment
Bridge - is a structure to cross an open
space or gap. Bridges are mostly made
for crossing rivers, valleys, or roads.
Tunnel - is an underground passageway,
dug
through
the
surrounding
soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for
entrance and exit, commonly at each
end.
Type of Bridge and Tunnel Failures
1. Steel Materials
2. Concrete Materials
3. Expansion Joint
4. Drainpipe
Ports - is a maritime facility which may
comprise one or more wharves where
ships may dock to load and discharge
passengers and cargo.
Ship Canals - is a canal especially
intended to accommodate ships used on
the oceans, seas or lakes to which it is
connected.
Type of Ports and Ship Canal failures
1. Material Deterioration
2. Damage of components
3. Scouring
4. Sedimentation
5. Collapsing of wharf / Settlement of
Foundation
Airport Runways - A complex of runways
and buildings for the take-off, landing,
and maintenance of civil aircraft, with
facilities for passengers.
Type of Airport Runways failures
1. Cracking
2. Surface Deformation
3. Disintegration
4. Surface Defects
5. Rubber Deposits