LEVEL-1.1 ISLAM SHAKER Level-1.1 Gas state โจ in which molecules have very intermolecular spaces. o Liquid state โจ in which molecules partially close together but still move rapidly. o Solid state โจ in which molecules are held tightly together. o When water molecule changes from gas phase to liquid the bond length (๐) increases and from liquid to gas the bond length (๐) decreases, but the bond angle (๐) unchanged. o This due to the electrostatic attraction (hydrogen bond) between the two molecules, occurring stretching to the bond length (๐). Page o 1 โฏ Level-1.1 โจ liquid melting liquid โจ gas evaporation gas โจ liquid condensation liquid โจ solid solid-faction gas โจ solid de-sublimation solid โจ gas sublimation o Majority of alpha particles pass without deflection which concluded that atom contains large space. o Few of alpha particles deflected by small angle which concluded that nucleus carry positive charge. o Few of alpha particles deflected by large angle which concluded that very small dense particle (nucleus) lies in the middle of the atom. Page solid 2 โฏ Level-1.1 Atomic-No โจ is defined as no of protons or no of electrons in neutral atom only. ๏ท Atomic-Mass โจ is defined as the sum of protons and neutrons in the atom. ๏ท This is responsible about the physical properties. o Notice that โจ เตซ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ = 1.00727 ๐๐๐ขเตฏ o Notice that โจ เตซ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ข๐ก๐๐๐ = 1.00807 ๐๐๐ขเตฏ o Cation โจ is defined as chemical species produced as a result of losing electrons and became positive ion. (Basic radical) (๐๐ → ๐๐+ + ๐ − ) 3 o This number is responsible about the chemical properties Page o โฏ Level-1.1 โฏ o Ionization energy โจ is defined as the amount of energy required (endothermic) to loss less bonded electrons (valence electrons) completely from an isolated atom. o Cation occurs with atoms have valance electrons less than 4 which tends to loss these electrons to approach stability like the nearest noble gas. o Anion โจ is defined as chemical species produced as a result of gaining electrons and became negative ion. (Acidic radical) (๐ถ๐ + ๐ − → ๐ถ๐− ) 4 Electron affinity โจ is defined as the amount of energy released (exothermic) when an extra electron added to isolated atom. Page o Level-1.1 โฏ o Anion occurs with atoms have valance electrons more than 4 which tends to gain electrons to approach stability like the nearest noble gas. o Heat of formation โจ is defined as the amount of energy evolved when one mole of substance formed from its elementary elements, or the amount of energy required to separate one mole of substance into its elementary elements. แ๐๐(๐ ) + 2 ๐ถ๐2 (๐ ) → ๐๐๐ถ๐(๐ ) แ Lattice energy โจ is defined as the amount of energy evolved when one mole of substance formed from its gaseous ions, or the amount of energy required to separate one mole of substance into its gaseous ions. 1 2 ๐ถ๐2 (๐) → ๐๐๐ถ๐(๐ ) แ 5 แ๐๐(๐) + Page o 1 Level-1.1 o โฏ Isotopes โจ these defined as elements have the same atomic no and difference in mass no so, these elements have the same chemical properties but difference in physical properties. เตซ๐ถ12 − ๐ถ13 − ๐ถ 14 เตฏ o Isobars โจ these defined as elements have the same mass no and difference in atomic no so, these elements have the same physical properties but difference in chemical properties. 131 เตซ๐ผ131 53 − ๐๐54 เตฏ Isotones โจ these defined as elements have difference in mass no and atomic no but have the same no of neutrons so, these elements difference in physical and chemical properties. 6 เตซ๐816 − ๐715 − ๐ถ614 เตฏ Page o Level-1.1 โฏ o Stable โจ these defined as elements have stable nuclei. ๏ท o Unstable โจ these defined as elements have unstable nuclei and radioactive elements. ๏ท o The ration between no of neutrons and no of protons is เตซ1: 1 ๐ข๐๐ก๐ 1: 1.51เตฏ The ration between no of neutrons and no of protons is (๐๐๐๐ ๐กโ๐๐ 1: 1.51) Alpha-particles (๐ผ) โจ these particles have positive charge so, attracted to Betta-particles (๐ฝ) โจ these particles have negative charge so, attracted to positive plate of magnetic field. This work as (๐ − ). o Gamma-radiation (๐ฟ) โจ these radiations work like x-rays. Page o 7 negative plate of magnetic field. This work as เตซ๐ป๐24 เตฏ. Level-1.1 Notice that โจ when element loss alpha-particle, the atomic no decreases by (2) and mass no decreases by (4) o Notice that โจ when element loss Betta-particle, the atomic no increases by (1) and mass no unchanged. o Notice that โจ when element loss gamma-radiations, the atomic no and mass no unchanged due to this element loss only radiations. o Binding energy โจ is defined as the amount of energy required to bind the constitutes of atom together or the amount of energy required to broken down atom to nucleons. o There are three forces in the atom โจ ๏ท Attraction force between electron and proton. ๏ท Repulsion force between proton and proton. ๏ท Attraction force between neutron and proton. Page o 8 โฏ Level-1.1 โฏ o Neutron converts into proton by loss (negative-mison) o Proton converts into neutron by loss (positive-mison) o Binding energy of electron โจ is defined as the amount of energy required to bind the electrons into the nucleus. o With increasing the binding-energy of nucleon; the stability of isotope increases. o Notice that โจ เตซ1 ๐๐๐ข = 1.67 × 10−27 ๐๐เตฏ o Binding-energy may be โจ ๐ 2 ๏ท ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก เตซ๐๐เตฏ × ๐ถ แ แ = ( ๐ฝ) ๏ท ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก (๐๐๐ข) × 931 = (๐. ๐. ๐ฃ) 2 Page 9 ๐ Level-1.1 โฏ Step.1 โจ calculate the theoretical mass เตซ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ × ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ เตฏ + เตซ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ข๐ก๐๐๐๐ × ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ข๐ก๐๐๐๐ เตฏ Step.2 โจ calculate the mass-defect (๐โ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ) − (๐ด๐๐ก๐ข๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ) Step.3 โจ calculate the binding-energy เตซ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐กเตฏ × ๐ถ 2 Step.4 โจ you can calculate the binding-energy per nucleon Page 10 เตซ๐ต๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ฆเตฏ / (๐ด๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ) โซโชLevel-1.1โฌโฌ โซโฏโฌ โซุตุฏูุฉ ุฌุงุฑูุฉ ุนูู ุฑูุญ ุงูู ุบููุฑ ูู ุจุฃุฐู ูููุง ุฃุญู ุฏ ูุดุงู โฌ โซโชPageโฌโฌ โซโช11โฌโฌ โซุงูููู ุงุฑุญู ุฑูุญุง ู ุตุนุฏุช ุฅููู ู ูู ูุนุฏ ุจูููุง ู ุจูููุง ุฅุงู ุงูุฏุนุงุก ุ ุงูููู ุงุฑุญู ูุง ู ุงุบูุฑ ููุงโฌ โซู ุงูุธุฑ ุงูููุง ุจุนูู ูุทูู ู ูุฑู ู ูุง ุฃุฑุญู ุงูุฑุงุญู ูู ุ ุงูููู ุงุฑูุน ุฏุฑุฌุชู ูู ุงูู ูุฏูููโฌ โซูุงุฎููู ูู ุนูุจุฉ ุงูุบุงุจุฑูู ู ุงุบูุฑ ูู ูุงููู ู ุฃูุณุญ ูู ูู ูุจุฑู ู ููุฑ ูู ููู ุ ุงูููู ุฃุจุฏููโฌ โซุฏุงุฑุง ุฎูุฑุง ู ู ุฏุงุฑู ู ุฃูุงู ุฎูุฑุง ู ู ุฃููู ู ุฃุฏุฎูู ุงูุฌูุฉ ู ุฃุนุฐู ู ู ุนุฐุงุจ ุงููุจุฑ ูู ูโฌ โซุนุฐุงุจ ุงููุงุฑ ุ ุงูููู ุงุฑุญู ู ููู ุงุฃูุฑุถ ู ุชุญุช ุงุฃูุฑุถ ู ููู ุงูุนุฑุถ ุนููู ุงูููู ู ููโฌ โซุนุฐุงุจู ููู ุชุจุนุซ ุนุจุงุฏู ุ ุงูููู ุฃูุฒู ููุฑุงู ู ู ููุฑู ุนููู ุ ุงูููู ููุฑ ูู ูุจุฑู ู ุขูุณโฌ โซูุญุดุชู ููุณุน ู ุฏุฎูู ุ ุงูููู ุงุฑุญู ุบุฑุจุชู ู ุงุฌุนู ูุจุฑู ุฑูุถู ู ู ุฑูุงุถ ุงูุฌูุฉ ุงู ุญูุฑูโฌ โซู ู ุญูุฑ ุงููุงุฑ ุ ุงูููู ุงุบูุฑ ูู ู ุงุฑุญู ู ู ุงุนู ุนูู ู ุงูุฑู ู ูุฒููโช.โฌโฌ