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Level-1.1

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LEVEL-1.1
ISLAM SHAKER
Level-1.1
Gas state โ‡จ in which molecules have very intermolecular spaces.
o
Liquid state โ‡จ in which molecules partially close together but still move rapidly.
o
Solid state โ‡จ in which molecules are held tightly together.
o
When water molecule changes from gas phase to liquid the bond length (๐‘‹)
increases and from liquid to gas the bond length (๐‘‹) decreases, but the bond angle
(๐‘Œ) unchanged.
o
This due to the electrostatic attraction (hydrogen bond) between the two
molecules, occurring stretching to the bond length (๐‘‹).
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โ‹ฏ
Level-1.1
โ‡จ
liquid
melting
liquid
โ‡จ
gas
evaporation
gas
โ‡จ
liquid
condensation
liquid
โ‡จ
solid
solid-faction
gas
โ‡จ
solid
de-sublimation
solid
โ‡จ
gas
sublimation
o
Majority of alpha particles pass without deflection
which concluded that atom contains large space.
o
Few of alpha particles deflected by small angle
which concluded that nucleus carry positive charge.
o
Few of alpha particles deflected by large angle which concluded that very small
dense particle (nucleus) lies in the middle of the atom.
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solid
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โ‹ฏ
Level-1.1
Atomic-No โ‡จ is defined as no of protons or no of electrons in neutral atom only.
๏‚ท
Atomic-Mass โ‡จ is defined as the sum of protons and neutrons in the atom.
๏‚ท
This is responsible about the physical properties.
o
Notice that โ‡จ เตซ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘› = 1.00727 ๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘ขเตฏ
o
Notice that โ‡จ เตซ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘›๐‘’๐‘ข๐‘ก๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘› = 1.00807 ๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘ขเตฏ
o
Cation โ‡จ is defined as chemical species produced as a result of losing electrons and
became positive ion. (Basic radical)
(๐‘๐‘Ž → ๐‘๐‘Ž+ + ๐‘’ − )
3
o
This number is responsible about the chemical properties
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โ‹ฏ
Level-1.1
โ‹ฏ
o
Ionization energy โ‡จ is defined as the amount of energy required (endothermic) to
loss less bonded electrons (valence electrons) completely from an isolated atom.
o
Cation occurs with atoms have valance electrons less than 4 which tends to loss
these electrons to approach stability like the nearest noble gas.
o
Anion โ‡จ is defined as chemical species produced as a result of gaining electrons
and became negative ion. (Acidic radical)
(๐ถ๐‘™ + ๐‘’ − → ๐ถ๐‘™− )
4
Electron affinity โ‡จ is defined as the amount of energy released (exothermic) when
an extra electron added to isolated atom.
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Level-1.1
โ‹ฏ
o
Anion occurs with atoms have valance electrons more than 4 which tends to gain
electrons to approach stability like the nearest noble gas.
o
Heat of formation โ‡จ is defined as the amount of energy evolved when one mole
of substance formed from its elementary elements, or the amount of energy
required to separate one mole of substance into its elementary elements.
แ‰†๐‘๐‘Ž(๐‘ ) +
2
๐ถ๐‘™2
(๐‘ )
→ ๐‘๐‘Ž๐ถ๐‘™(๐‘ ) แ‰‡
Lattice energy โ‡จ is defined as the amount of energy evolved when one mole of
substance formed from its gaseous ions, or the amount of energy required to
separate one mole of substance into its gaseous ions.
1
2
๐ถ๐‘™2
(๐‘”)
→ ๐‘๐‘Ž๐ถ๐‘™(๐‘ ) แ‰‡
5
แ‰†๐‘๐‘Ž(๐‘”) +
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Level-1.1
o
โ‹ฏ
Isotopes โ‡จ these defined as elements have the same atomic no and difference in
mass no so, these elements have the same chemical properties but difference in
physical properties.
เตซ๐ถ12 − ๐ถ13 − ๐ถ 14 เตฏ
o
Isobars โ‡จ these defined as elements have the same mass no and difference in
atomic no so, these elements have the same physical properties but difference in
chemical properties.
131
เตซ๐ผ131
53 − ๐‘‹๐‘’54 เตฏ
Isotones โ‡จ these defined as elements have difference in mass no and atomic no
but have the same no of neutrons so, these elements difference in physical and
chemical properties.
6
เตซ๐‘‚816 − ๐‘715 − ๐ถ614 เตฏ
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Level-1.1
โ‹ฏ
o
Stable โ‡จ these defined as elements have stable nuclei.
๏‚ท
o
Unstable โ‡จ these defined as elements have unstable nuclei and radioactive
elements.
๏‚ท
o
The ration between no of neutrons and no of protons is เตซ1: 1 ๐‘ข๐‘๐‘ก๐‘œ 1: 1.51เตฏ
The ration between no of neutrons and no of protons is (๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘’ ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘Ž๐‘› 1: 1.51)
Alpha-particles (๐›ผ) โ‡จ these particles have positive charge so, attracted to
Betta-particles (๐›ฝ) โ‡จ these particles have negative charge so, attracted to
positive plate of magnetic field. This work as (๐‘’ − ).
o
Gamma-radiation (๐›ฟ) โ‡จ these radiations work like x-rays.
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negative plate of magnetic field. This work as เตซ๐ป๐‘’24 เตฏ.
Level-1.1
Notice that โ‡จ when element loss alpha-particle, the atomic no decreases by (2) and
mass no decreases by (4)
o
Notice that โ‡จ when element loss Betta-particle, the atomic no increases by (1) and
mass no unchanged.
o
Notice that โ‡จ when element loss gamma-radiations, the atomic no and mass no
unchanged due to this element loss only radiations.
o
Binding energy โ‡จ is defined as the amount of energy required to bind the
constitutes of atom together or the amount of energy required to broken down
atom to nucleons.
o
There are three forces in the atom โ‡จ
๏‚ท
Attraction force between electron and proton.
๏‚ท
Repulsion force between proton and proton.
๏‚ท
Attraction force between neutron and proton.
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โ‹ฏ
Level-1.1
โ‹ฏ
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Neutron converts into proton by loss (negative-mison)
o
Proton converts into neutron by loss (positive-mison)
o
Binding energy of electron โ‡จ is defined as the amount of energy required to
bind the electrons into the nucleus.
o
With increasing the binding-energy of nucleon; the stability of isotope increases.
o
Notice that โ‡จ เตซ1 ๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘ข = 1.67 × 10−27 ๐‘˜๐‘”เตฏ
o
Binding-energy may be โ‡จ
๐‘š 2
๏‚ท
๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘  ๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘“๐‘’๐‘๐‘ก เตซ๐‘˜๐‘”เตฏ × ๐ถ แ‰€ แ‰ = ( ๐ฝ)
๏‚ท
๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘  ๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘“๐‘’๐‘๐‘ก (๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘ข) × 931 = (๐‘€. ๐‘’. ๐‘ฃ)
2
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๐‘ 
Level-1.1
โ‹ฏ
Step.1 โ‡จ calculate the theoretical mass
เตซ๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘› × ๐‘›๐‘œ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘ เตฏ + เตซ๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘›๐‘’๐‘ข๐‘ก๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘  × ๐‘›๐‘œ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘›๐‘’๐‘ข๐‘ก๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘  เตฏ
Step.2 โ‡จ calculate the mass-defect
(๐‘‡โ„Ž๐‘’๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘ ) − (๐ด๐‘๐‘ก๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘ )
Step.3 โ‡จ calculate the binding-energy
เตซ๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘  ๐‘‘๐‘’๐‘“๐‘’๐‘๐‘กเตฏ × ๐ถ 2
Step.4 โ‡จ you can calculate the binding-energy per nucleon
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เตซ๐ต๐‘–๐‘›๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘’๐‘›๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘”๐‘ฆเตฏ / (๐ด๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘š๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘š๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘ )
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โ€ซุตุฏู‚ุฉ ุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ู…ุบููˆุฑ ู„ู‡ ุจุฃุฐู† ู‡ู„ู„ุง ุฃุญู…ุฏ ู‡ุดุงู…โ€ฌ
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โ€ซุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงุฑุญู… ุฑูˆุญุง ู‹ ุตุนุฏุช ุฅู„ูŠูƒ ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠุนุฏ ุจูŠู†ู†ุง ูˆ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ุฅุงู„ ุงู„ุฏุนุงุก ุ› ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงุฑุญู…ู‡ุง ูˆ ุงุบูุฑ ู„ู‡ุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซูˆ ุงู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุนูŠู† ู„ุทููƒ ูˆ ูƒุฑู…ูƒ ูŠุง ุฃุฑุญู… ุงู„ุฑุงุญู…ูŠู† ุ› ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงุฑูุน ุฏุฑุฌุชู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุฏูŠูŠู†โ€ฌ
โ€ซูˆุงุฎู„ูู‡ ููŠ ุนู‚ุจุฉ ุงู„ุบุงุจุฑูŠู† ูˆ ุงุบูุฑ ู„ู‡ ูŠุงู‡ู„ู„ ูˆ ุฃูุณุญ ู„ู‡ ูู‰ ู‚ุจุฑู‡ ูˆ ู†ูˆุฑ ู„ู‡ ููŠู‡ ุ› ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุฃุจุฏู„ู‡โ€ฌ
โ€ซุฏุงุฑุง ุฎูŠุฑุง ู…ู† ุฏุงุฑู‡ ูˆ ุฃู‡ุงู„ ุฎูŠุฑุง ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู„ู‡ ูˆ ุฃุฏุฎู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฉ ูˆ ุฃุนุฐู‡ ู…ู† ุนุฐุงุจ ุงู„ู‚ุจุฑ ูˆู…ู†โ€ฌ
โ€ซุนุฐุงุจ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ุ› ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงุฑุญู…ู‡ ููˆู‚ ุงุฃู„ุฑุถ ูˆ ุชุญุช ุงุฃู„ุฑุถ ูˆ ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุนุฑุถ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ู‚ ูู‡โ€ฌ
โ€ซุนุฐุงุจูƒ ูŠูˆู… ุชุจุนุซ ุนุจุงุฏูƒ ุ› ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุฃู†ุฒู„ ู†ูˆุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุฑูƒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุ› ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ู†ูˆุฑ ู„ู‡ ู‚ุจุฑู‡ ูˆ ุขู†ุณโ€ฌ
โ€ซูˆุญุดุชู‡ ูˆูˆุณุน ู…ุฏุฎู„ู‡ ุ› ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงุฑุญู… ุบุฑุจุชู‡ ูˆ ุงุฌุนู„ ู‚ุจุฑู‡ ุฑูˆุถู‡ ู…ู† ุฑูŠุงุถ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฉ ุงู„ ุญูุฑู‡โ€ฌ
โ€ซู…ู† ุญูุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ุ› ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงุบูุฑ ู„ู‡ ูˆ ุงุฑุญู…ู‡ ูˆ ุงุนู ุนู†ู‡ ูˆ ุงูƒุฑู… ู…ู†ุฒู„ู‡โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ
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