LEVEL-1.1
ISLAM SHAKER
Level-1.1
Gas state ⇨ in which molecules have very intermolecular spaces.
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Liquid state ⇨ in which molecules partially close together but still move rapidly.
o
Solid state ⇨ in which molecules are held tightly together.
o
When water molecule changes from gas phase to liquid the bond length (𝑋)
increases and from liquid to gas the bond length (𝑋) decreases, but the bond angle
(𝑌) unchanged.
o
This due to the electrostatic attraction (hydrogen bond) between the two
molecules, occurring stretching to the bond length (𝑋).
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⇨
liquid
melting
liquid
⇨
gas
evaporation
gas
⇨
liquid
condensation
liquid
⇨
solid
solid-faction
gas
⇨
solid
de-sublimation
solid
⇨
gas
sublimation
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Majority of alpha particles pass without deflection
which concluded that atom contains large space.
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Few of alpha particles deflected by small angle
which concluded that nucleus carry positive charge.
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Few of alpha particles deflected by large angle which concluded that very small
dense particle (nucleus) lies in the middle of the atom.
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Atomic-No ⇨ is defined as no of protons or no of electrons in neutral atom only.

Atomic-Mass ⇨ is defined as the sum of protons and neutrons in the atom.

This is responsible about the physical properties.
o
Notice that ⇨ ൫𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 1.00727 𝑎𝑚𝑢൯
o
Notice that ⇨ ൫𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 1.00807 𝑎𝑚𝑢൯
o
Cation ⇨ is defined as chemical species produced as a result of losing electrons and
became positive ion. (Basic radical)
(𝑁𝑎 → 𝑁𝑎+ + 𝑒 − )
3
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This number is responsible about the chemical properties
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Ionization energy ⇨ is defined as the amount of energy required (endothermic) to
loss less bonded electrons (valence electrons) completely from an isolated atom.
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Cation occurs with atoms have valance electrons less than 4 which tends to loss
these electrons to approach stability like the nearest noble gas.
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Anion ⇨ is defined as chemical species produced as a result of gaining electrons
and became negative ion. (Acidic radical)
(𝐶𝑙 + 𝑒 − → 𝐶𝑙− )
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Electron affinity ⇨ is defined as the amount of energy released (exothermic) when
an extra electron added to isolated atom.
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Anion occurs with atoms have valance electrons more than 4 which tends to gain
electrons to approach stability like the nearest noble gas.
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Heat of formation ⇨ is defined as the amount of energy evolved when one mole
of substance formed from its elementary elements, or the amount of energy
required to separate one mole of substance into its elementary elements.
ቆ𝑁𝑎(𝑠) +
2
𝐶𝑙2
(𝑠)
→ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑠) ቇ
Lattice energy ⇨ is defined as the amount of energy evolved when one mole of
substance formed from its gaseous ions, or the amount of energy required to
separate one mole of substance into its gaseous ions.
1
2
𝐶𝑙2
(𝑔)
→ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑠) ቇ
5
ቆ𝑁𝑎(𝑔) +
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Isotopes ⇨ these defined as elements have the same atomic no and difference in
mass no so, these elements have the same chemical properties but difference in
physical properties.
൫𝐶12 − 𝐶13 − 𝐶 14 ൯
o
Isobars ⇨ these defined as elements have the same mass no and difference in
atomic no so, these elements have the same physical properties but difference in
chemical properties.
131
൫𝐼131
53 − 𝑋𝑒54 ൯
Isotones ⇨ these defined as elements have difference in mass no and atomic no
but have the same no of neutrons so, these elements difference in physical and
chemical properties.
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൫𝑂816 − 𝑁715 − 𝐶614 ൯
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Stable ⇨ these defined as elements have stable nuclei.

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Unstable ⇨ these defined as elements have unstable nuclei and radioactive
elements.

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The ration between no of neutrons and no of protons is ൫1: 1 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 1: 1.51൯
The ration between no of neutrons and no of protons is (𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1: 1.51)
Alpha-particles (𝛼) ⇨ these particles have positive charge so, attracted to
Betta-particles (𝛽) ⇨ these particles have negative charge so, attracted to
positive plate of magnetic field. This work as (𝑒 − ).
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Gamma-radiation (𝛿) ⇨ these radiations work like x-rays.
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negative plate of magnetic field. This work as ൫𝐻𝑒24 ൯.
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Notice that ⇨ when element loss alpha-particle, the atomic no decreases by (2) and
mass no decreases by (4)
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Notice that ⇨ when element loss Betta-particle, the atomic no increases by (1) and
mass no unchanged.
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Notice that ⇨ when element loss gamma-radiations, the atomic no and mass no
unchanged due to this element loss only radiations.
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Binding energy ⇨ is defined as the amount of energy required to bind the
constitutes of atom together or the amount of energy required to broken down
atom to nucleons.
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There are three forces in the atom ⇨

Attraction force between electron and proton.

Repulsion force between proton and proton.

Attraction force between neutron and proton.
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Neutron converts into proton by loss (negative-mison)
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Proton converts into neutron by loss (positive-mison)
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Binding energy of electron ⇨ is defined as the amount of energy required to
bind the electrons into the nucleus.
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With increasing the binding-energy of nucleon; the stability of isotope increases.
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Notice that ⇨ ൫1 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 1.67 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔൯
o
Binding-energy may be ⇨
𝑚 2

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 ൫𝑘𝑔൯ × 𝐶 ቀ ቁ = ( 𝐽)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 (𝑎𝑚𝑢) × 931 = (𝑀. 𝑒. 𝑣)
2
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𝑠
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Step.1 ⇨ calculate the theoretical mass
൫𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 × 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠൯ + ൫𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 × 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 ൯
Step.2 ⇨ calculate the mass-defect
(𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠) − (𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)
Step.3 ⇨ calculate the binding-energy
൫𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡൯ × 𝐶 2
Step.4 ⇨ you can calculate the binding-energy per nucleon
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൫𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦൯ / (𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)
‫‪Level-1.1‬‬
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‫صدقة جارية على روح المغفور له بأذن هللا أحمد هشام‬
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‫اللهم ارحم روحا ً صعدت إليك و لم يعد بيننا و بينها إال الدعاء ؛ اللهم ارحمها و اغفر لها‬
‫و انظر اليها بعين لطفك و كرمك يا أرحم الراحمين ؛ اللهم ارفع درجته في المهديين‬
‫واخلفه في عقبة الغابرين و اغفر له ياهلل و أفسح له فى قبره و نور له فيه ؛ اللهم أبدله‬
‫دارا خيرا من داره و أهال خيرا من أهله و أدخله الجنة و أعذه من عذاب القبر ومن‬
‫عذاب النار ؛ اللهم ارحمه فوق األرض و تحت األرض و يوم العرض عليك اللهم ق ِه‬
‫عذابك يوم تبعث عبادك ؛ اللهم أنزل نوراً من نورك عليه ؛ اللهم نور له قبره و آنس‬
‫وحشته ووسع مدخله ؛ اللهم ارحم غربته و اجعل قبره روضه من رياض الجنة ال حفره‬
‫من حفر النار ؛ اللهم اغفر له و ارحمه و اعف عنه و اكرم منزله‪.‬‬