THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
MODULE 1: WHAT IS CONTEMPORARY WORLD?
LESSON 1: Introducing to Globalization
 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
 Closely connected and interdependent, growing interdependence.
 Social media as a tool for communication globally.
 SHALMALI GUTTAL (2007) defined that globalization as the “process of
interaction and integration among people, companies and governments worldwide.
 THE BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION
 More international trade
 More wealth in the world
 Improve living standards
 Increased creativity and innovation
 More goods and services generally available at lower prices.
 TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
 SOCIAL GLOBALIZATION
 POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
 THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
 Theory of Liberalism- derived from human drives to maximize material wellbeing and to exercise basic freedoms.
 Theory of Political Realism- is a view of international politics that stresses its
competitive and conflictual side.
-it takes assumption that power is (or ought to
be) the primary end of political action.
 Theory of Marxism- concerned with modes of production, social exploitation
through unjust distribution and social emancipation through capitalism.
 Theory of Constructivism- our idea is constructed by experience.
 Theory of Postmodernism- this dominant structure of knowledge in modern
society is ‘rationalism’
 Theory of Feminism- emphasize on social construction of masculinity and
feminity.
 Theory of Trans-formationalism-emphasized that all changes or transform
made happen due to globalization.
 Theory of Eclecticism- implied extensive sources of ideology.
MODULE 1:
LESSON 2: ESTABLISHING THE NATIONS
War - is a conflict between political entities through a specified period
that involves massive hostilities and destructive consequences.
 Thirty Years of War- one of the most destructive conflicts in the history of Europe.
 On October 24, 1648- the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, marking the end of the
Thirty Years’ War.
Overview of the Thirty Years War
- the war started from 1618- 1648.
- it is a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious,
dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries.
- it happened on EUROPE.
- the war is conventionally begun in 1618, when the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II ,
in his role as king of Bohemia, attempted to impose Roman Catholic on their Protestant
subjects in Bohemia.
-- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia was strongly Catholic, a
major reason for the war.
- Historically with over 8 million casualties.
- the war resolved this issue through the Peace of Westphalia and ensured peace
throughout Europe.
Sovereignty- means a supreme power or authority.
- a self - governing state.
What is Nation- State?
Is a system of organization defined by geography, politics and culture.
Are a groups of people with a common heritage and culture who are also
united under a common government.
 RESEARCH:
 What makes globalization contemporary
 The effects of globalization in our country
 The effect if there is calamity when it comes to globalization
Nation-State: a sovereign state in which the cultural
borders of a nation match the borders of the state.
Nation-states retain much of the same politics of nations, such as being
limited and imagined. However, the nation also has a sovereign
territory. It can manage its own affairs without having to accommodate
different nations within its borders. Use the State as an instrument of
national unity, in economic, social and cultural life. Their territory is
considered semi-sacred and non-transferable. Territorially bounded
sovereign polity, or state that is ruled in the name of community of
citizens who identify themselves as a nation.
If a nation lacks its own state, it is not a nation-state.
STATE – refers to a country and its government.
NATION- is a cultural and ethnic entity.
Module 2: Lesson 1
Global Governance- roughly defined, is to provide global public
goods, particularly peace and security, justice and mediation systems
for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and
industry.
United Nations- leading institution in charge of global governance.
- It was founded in 1945, in the wake of the World
War II, to prevent future conflicts.
 Research the secretary of UNITED NATION
Anthony Smith, one of the most influential scholars of nationstates and nationalism, argued that a state is a nation-state only if and
when a single ethnic and cultural population inhabits the boundaries of
a state, and the boundaries of that state are coextensive with the
boundaries of that ethnic and cultural population.
Core Principles of Global Governance
I.
Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective
capacities.
- Recognizing differences among countries in
terms of their contribution and historical
responsibilities in generating common problems,
in order to address shared challenges.
II. Subsidiarity – issues ought to be addressed at the lowest level
capable of addressing them.
III. Inclusiveness , transparency, accountability
- Global governance institutions need to be
representative of, and accountable to, the entire
global community, while decision-making
procedures need to be democratic, inclusive and
transparent.
IV. Coherence- global rules and processes need to rest on
comprehensive approaches, including the assessment of
possible trade-offs, so that actions in different areas will not
undermine or disrupt one another.
V. Responsible Sovereignty- recognizes that policy cooperation
is the best way to achieve national interests in global public
domain. It also requires Governments and States to be fully
respectful of the sovereignty of other nations so as to fulfil
agreed policy outcomes.
ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT
 The creation of new infrastructure and other facilities to
attract foreign investment.
 The ability of governments to prevent or reduce
financial crisis. Strengthening banking transactions.
 Working with developing country governments to help
establish more stringent labor.
 Protecting domestic infant-industries.
Comparative Politics- seeks to understand how states
work by comparing them to one another.
Comparative advantage- is based on unrealistic
assumptions such as constant costs of production, zero
transport costs, and no barriers to trade.
Lesson 2:
Types of Protection/Import Barriers
Tariffs- the reduction of trade barriers and import tariffs.
Quotas- place a physical restriction on the amount of goods that can
be imposed.
Subsidies – grants given to domestic producers artificially lower their
production costs.
Global actors- refers to any social structure which is able to act and
influence and engage in the global or international system.
These are the specific actors





International economic and financial organizations
International government organizations
Media
Multilateral development banks
Nation-states
 Research on the terms of trade
Lesson 3: Market Integration
According to Faminow and Benson ( 1990) market integration are
those were prices are determined interdependently; which is assumed
to mean that price change in one market affects the prices in other
market.
Types of market integration
1. Backward vertical integration- involves acquiring a business
operating earlier in the supply chain.
2. Conglomerate integration- involves the combination of firms
that are involved in unrelated business activities.
3. Forward vertical integration- involves acquiring a business
further up in the supply chain.
4. Horizontal integration- hence, businesses in the same industry
and which operates at the same stage of the production process
are combined.