KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT ON
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SCREW TURBINE BASED ON
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Anish Paudel [11160]
Rahul Mahato [11159]
Rishav Devkota [11153]
Sandip Paudel [11161]
Santosh Devkota [13149]
April 2022
Date: 20/09/2021
To
The Project Supervisor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University
SUBJECT: Cover Letter for Project Report
Dear Sir/Madam,
Submitted for your review is our project report entitled “DESIGN AND
FABRICATION
OF
SCREW
TURBINE
BASED
ON
ARCHIMEDES
PRINCIPLE.” The report is submitted as a requirement of course entitled
Engineering Project MEEG 215. Within this document, you will find the basic
introductions, objectives, methodology, and expected outcome of the proposed work
(Listed in detail in the table of content section).
We look forward to your thorough review and future participation in this project, as
well as your approval.
Sincerely,
Anish Paudel
Rahul Mahato
Rishav Devkota
Sandip Paudel
Santosh Devkota
ii
PROJECT PROGRESS EVALUATION
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SCREW TURBINE BASED ON
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
By
Anish Paudel, Rahul Mahato, Rishav Devkota, Sandip Paudel and Santosh Devkota
This is to certify that I have examined the above Project and have found that it is
complete and satisfactory in all respects and that any revisions required by the thesis
examination committee have been made.
_________________________________
Prof.Dr. Sailesh Chitrakar
Project coordinator
Department of Mechanical Engineering
__________________________________
Er. Pawan Karki
Project Supervisor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are extremely privileged and indebted to the all the support, supervision, assistance
and guidelines, that we are receiving throughout the project.
Firstly, we owe our deep gratitude to Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Kathmandu University for providing this platform to do the project. Then with all due
respect, special thanks to our supervisor, Er. Pawan Karki for providing the
necessary guidance. We would also like to thank our project coordinator, Prof. Dr.
Sailesh Chitrakar for giving us all support and guidance.
Our special thanks go to countless readers of this project report who are the most
important critic and commenter. We welcome constructive comments and suggestion
which will help us to do better in future. It is our radiant sentiment to place on record
our kindest regards whoever were directly and indirectly involved in the successful
completion of this project.
iv
ABSTRACT
This project aims to study design parameters and create an Archimedean screw turbine
with the best possible performance. A 3D model of the Archimedean Screw Turbine
was designed using SOLIDWORKS. The 3D designed parts were also studied
specifically to gain an idea for the fabrication. This research also emphasizes the
importance of the Archimedes screw due to its low head power generation and low
environmental effect. The parts are designed by CAD SOLIDWORKS 2020. A low
head Archimedean Screw Turbine aims to generate enough electricity locally from a
medium current of water flow. It is made up of a screw rotor, a frame, a Plummer, an
AC motor gear box, and other components. It is intended to work with a low head of
0.5m to 15m in river flow. Taking the design and calculations under consideration, the
screw turbine was fabricated. Later, after the turbine has been constructed, an
experiment is carried out to produce the maximum amount of electricity possible by
selecting the optimum angle from a variety of angles.
Keywords: Archimedean, Rotor, Screw
v
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................iv
List of Figures...............................................................................................................vii
List of Tables...............................................................................................................viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................24
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Background....................................................................................................24
Literature Review...........................................................................................25
Objectives.......................................................................................................26
Significance....................................................................................................26
Limitations.....................................................................................................26
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY................................................................................28
1.6 Theoretical Framework...................................................................................28
1.7 Study Design..................................................................................................29
1.8 Calculation......................................................................................................30
1.9 3D MODELS..................................................................................................34
1.10 Fabrication Process.........................................................................................39
1.10.1 Preparation of Screw Blade.....................................................................39
1.10.2 Preparation of Shafts...............................................................................40
1.10.3 Construction of the Frame......................................................................40
1.10.4 Making of Pulley.....................................................................................41
1.10.5 Making of Control Box...........................................................................41
1.10.6 Making of Turbine Frame Cover.............................................................41
1.10.7 Assembly of all Components..................................................................41
1.11 Machinery used during fabrication.................................................................41
1.11.1 Lathe Operation......................................................................................41
1.11.2 Welding Process......................................................................................42
1.11.3 Hand Grinder..........................................................................................43
1.11.4 Tongs.......................................................................................................43
1.11.5 Lathe Cutting Tools.................................................................................43
1.11.6 Odd Leg Drawing Caliper Compass.......................................................44
1.12 Components Assembled in CAD....................................................................45
1.13 Gantt chart......................................................................................................46
CHAPTER 3: BUDGET SPENT..................................................................................47
CHAPTER 4: PROJECT PROGRESS..........................................................................48
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION......................................................................................49
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................50
vi
List of Figures
Figure 1: Screw Turbines [Pesymista]..........................................................................25
Figure 2: Flow chart of Theoretical framework............................................................28
Figure 3: Flow Chart of Working Process....................................................................29
Figure 4:Screw Rotor....................................................................................................34
Figure 5: Body..............................................................................................................35
Figure 6: Plummer........................................................................................................36
Figure 7: Generator and its box....................................................................................36
Figure 8: Ball Bearing...................................................................................................37
Figure 9: Pulley for generator box and screw rotor......................................................38
Figure 10: Hexagonal Bolt............................................................................................39
Figure 11: Tong [7].......................................................................................................43
Figure 12: Some Lathe operations with the help of cutting tools [8]...........................44
Figure 13: Odd Leg Calipers.........................................................................................44
Figure 14: Before Assembly of component..................................................................45
Figure 15: After Assembly of component.....................................................................45
Figure 16: Side Views After Final Assembly................................................................51
Figure 17: Screw Rotor/Blade......................................................................................52
Figure 18: Ball Bearing Casing.....................................................................................53
Figure 19: Generator Pulley..........................................................................................54
Figure 20: 6206 Ball Bearing........................................................................................55
Figure 21: Shaft Pulley.................................................................................................56
Figure 22: Generator.....................................................................................................57
Figure 23: Bolt..............................................................................................................58
vii
List of Tables
Table 1: Gantt Chart......................................................................................................46
Table 2: Budget Distribution.........................................................................................47
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BCE- Before Common Era
AST-Archimedes Screw Turbine
ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS
W: Watt
MM: Millimeter
RPM: Revolution per minutes
x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
The electricity demand for growing population is getting high day by days and
Hydropower plants tend to fulfill this demand in a suitable way. Different small
Hydropower plants help to light up rural villages using locally available material.
It is believed that Archimedes screw was invented by Archimedes of Syracuse
(circa
287-212
BCE),
the
Greek
physicist,
mathematician
and
inventor[ CITATION KTB04 \l 1033 ].
Screw turbine is a small hydropower plant constructed on Archimedes' principle.
Screw turbine aims to fulfill the requirement of small amount of electricity that is
enough to light up bulbs or have the potential to charge a mobile phone. Screw
turbine is designed to make it small and portable. The screw turbine promotes the
concept of green and renewable energy generation. The experimental study of
screw turbine had started long before in Europe. Initially, it was designed for the
purpose of water pumping and later it was experimented to generate electricity.
First, the screw turbine is inclined at a certain angle of inclination from the surface
of water normally ranges from (30-45) The Archimedean Screw is placed at the
center of the cuboid shaped frame, Water flowing at the certain rate of
constant/variant velocity hitting the screw blade leads to the conversion to
electricity. The generator mounted on the top head converts the kinetic energy to
electrical energy. Water weight moves the turbine blade efficiently and more
effectively with the help of ball bearings (gear box). The river water is flown
downstream through the hydropower screw. Because of screw structure, fish and
eels can pass through the turbine safely.
Figure 1.1 Show the turbine installed in the Radomka River, Poland.
xi
Figure 1: Screw Turbines [Pesymista]
1.2
Literature Review
Rorres C[ CITATION Nue13 \l 1033 ], Nurenberg and C. Rorres (2013) derived
analytical model for water inflow of Archimedes screw turbine to get the optimal
value of the inflow parameters. In this paper, they adopted some formulas of
Archimedes
screw
pump
that
published by C. Rorres (2000), which are radius ratio, pitch ratio, volume ration and
volume per turn ratio. For getting efficiency, they considered leakage between the
flights and the trough and leakage from overflow. Their analytical model compared
with experimental measurement. However, value of highest efficiency of screw
turbine is still become a question.
Guilhem Delinger[ CITATION Del16 \l 1033 ], did experimental research of
Archimedes screw turbine. They derived some formulas based on C.Rorres
(2000).Their research shows both theoretical and experimental values of efficiency
decrease when screw inclination increases.
Arash Yoosef Doost and William David Lubitz [ CITATION Ara \l 1033 ], Archimedes
screws can operate in low water heads (less than about 5 m) and a range of flow rates
xii
with practical efficiencies of 60% to 80% and can generate up to 355 kW of power.
ASTs increase the number of suitable sites where it is possible to develop sustainable
hydropower, including in undeveloped, hard to access regions and small communities.
Ahmad[ CITATION Afd \l 1033 ], the screw turbine with an outside diameter of 142
mm
and
the
water
flow rate of 1.2 l/s with the head of 0.25 m, can produce maximum power 1.4 W with
49% efficiency at 22o angle of inclination. This turbine has one blade screw and screw
turbine experiment apparatus is made by using locally available materials. The screw
turbine has shown good potential to be used for low head micro hydro-electric
installations.
Aggidis GA[CITATION Tid16 \n \l 1033 ], this turbine also known as very low
maintenance turbine, that retipping is required every 20 years, with a minimum
lifetime of 30 years. The main maintenance issue is the complicated gearbox required.
The Archimedes screw turbine operates at low rotational speeds, which means a
complex gearbox is required for connection to a generator.
1.3
1.4
Objectives

To design and fabricate screw turbine.

To analyze the performance of Screw Turbine at different angle of inclinations.
Significance
 Screw Turbine can convert the potential energy of a river with a relatively low
head and low flows into electricity.
 Screw turbine is variable speed operation, which means, it depends upon flow
rate available in the river, and the rotational speed of the screw turbine can be
increased or decreased.
xiii
1.5
Limitations
 Screw Turbine can convert the potential energy of a river with a relatively low
head and low flows into electricity.
 The efficiency of screw turbine isn’t as high as other turbines.
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
1.6
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework is shown below which shows the process involved in
completion of the project.
xiv
Figure 2: Flow chart of Theoretical framework
1.7
Study Design
The steps in this project are depicted in the diagram below. A literature review was
completed first, followed by a market survey to determine part availability. The
materials used were selected focused on their accessibility. Calculations and design
xv
were finished. The fabrication and assembly procedure will be completed in the next
step. Following that, experiments and analysis will be carried out. The design process
will be changed if the product does not fulfill the requirements. All of the procedures
will be redone from the ground up, including the literature review. After the
experiment has been completed successfully, the final result will be displayed.
Figure 3: Flow Chart of Working Process
1.8
Calculation
The geometry of a turbine or Archimedes screw pump is determined by the external
dimensions and dimensions in the turbine.
xvi
P=Pitch of blade
Di=Inner Diameter of shaft (mm)
Do=Outer diameter of blade(mm)
θ=Tilt angle of the turbine shaft
N=Number of threads These are the basic terms and symbols that we have used in
our calculation. Here, the tilt angle ‘θ’ will be generally between 20 degree to 40
degree. The dimension in this turbine are chosen by reading various papers and that
can also be optimized in our project.
Initially, we have made assumption as,
P=120 mm
D=125mm
d=40mm
To find the total length of elongation of a single blade(l) for length (l) the formula
is:
2
l=√ ( πd ) + p
2
2
l=√ ( π 140 ) +1202 =173.75≈173mm
To find the length of the blade:
xvii
2
L=√ ( πd ) + p2
2
L=√ ( π 125 ) +1202 = 410.62 ≈ 410 mm
For inner diameter of the shaft:
'
d=
D−d
L
( −1)
l
where d’ is the inner diameter of the shaft for fabrication
'
d=
125−40
410
= 63.29 ≈ 63 mm
(
−1)
175
For outer diameter of the shaft:
D’=( D−d)+d ’
¿(125−40)+63
¿ 150 mm
To find the tilt angle ‘θ’, it can be calculated as
θ(¿ D ' )=
L
Dπ
360
θ ( ¿ D' )=319.33 degree=41 degree
θavg= 43degrees
which is the required tilt angle.
Volumetric Flow Rate
Volumetric Flow Rate (Q)=flow velocity(v)∗Cross−Sectional Area( A )
Efficiency=( P output /P input )∗100 %
where ,
Poutput =turbine power
Pinput =fluid power
xviii
The power produced by a turbine with certain efficiency can be determined by
equation
P=ρghη
where,
ρ=density of water
θ=flow rate
g=accelerationdue ¿ gravity
H=net head
η=turbine efficiency
For Power Provided
The power provided by the Archimedes Screw Turbine with certain efficiency is given
by
Pinput =ρ∗g∗Q∗H∗η
where,
3
P=1000 kg /m
g=9.8 m/ s2
H=0.15 m(for our setup)
3
Q=0.05 m /s
η=60 %( assumption)
Pinput =1000∗9.8∗0.05∗0.15∗0.6=44.1 watts
For Output Power
η=
POuput
∗100 % = 26.46 watts
Pinput
1.9 3D MODELS
The initial estimated 3D modeling of the components design is done by using
SOLIDWORKS software with proper dimensions. Following are the components
included in the system.
xix

Screw rotor
Screw rotors are the screw helical shape rotating in the turbine. We intended to
use plastic (3D printing) in the fabrication and designed it accordingly. It
consists of screw like thread. The screw is carefully mounted in the shaft as in
the helical form. Its dimensions are

Blade Radius: 75mm

Shaft radius :30mm, 10mm, 10mm

Total length: 500mm

Blade Part :450mm
Figure 4:Screw Rotor

Frame/Body
A frame is the main supporting structure of an Archimedeans turbine to which
all the other components is attached. Its dimensions are

Total length :1200mm (200mm, 200mm and 800mm)

Frame angle for Blade: 45 degree

Height of frame :163.5mm

Thickness :25mm

Generator holder :100*100mm and thickness :25mm

Body holder carrier :100*50mm

Chamber: 1mm
xx

Fillet :10mm
Figure 5: Body

Plummer
A pillow block bearing (or Plummer block) is a pedestal used to provide
support for a rotating shaft with the help of compatible bearings & various
accessories. The assembly consists of a mounting block which houses a
bearing. It is about 50mm in the diameter and fitted with shaft. Its dimensions
are
 Inner radius: 15mm
 Outer radius: 30mm
 Number of holes is 2 and radius is 10mm for holding the case
xxi

Thickness: 15mm Chamber: 1mm
Figure 6: Plummer

AC motor generator and its box
AST are usually equipped with synchronous generators operating at variable
angular speeds based on permanent magnets. It is a design solution which can
contribute to meeting the requirements of efficient operation. The dimensions
and specs of the generator are

Name: Dynamo 12v

Number of holes on base is 2 of radius 10mm
Phase: Direct Current
Power: Electric Power
Motor Voltage: 4V-12V
Speed: 1000-2000 RPM
Model of Dynamo circular Material Meta
xxii

Ball Bearing
A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain
the separation between the bearing races. The purpose of a ball bearing is to
reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by
7: Generator
and its and
box transmit the loads through the
using at least two races Figure
to contain
the balls
balls. Its dimensions are

Bearing Code 6206

Inner diameter 30mm

Outer diameter 62mm

Radius of Ball 1.5mm
Figure 8: Ball Bearing

Pulley
A pulley is a wheel on shaft that is designed to support movement and change of
direction of a stretched belt or transfer of power between the shaft and belt. Pulleys are
affixed to shafts at their axes, and power is transmitted between the shafts by means of
endless belts running over the pulleys. The dimensions for generator box pulley are:

Inner radius: 6mm
xxiii

Outer radius: 15mm

Width: 13.50 mm

Thread cut: 4mm 120 degree

Height: 30mm
And the dimensions for screw rotor are

Inner radius: 10mm

Outer radius: 30mm

Width: 13.50mm

Thread cut: 4mm 120 degree

Height: 60 mm
Figure 9: Pulley for generator box and screw rotor

Bolt
A bolt is a type of fastener, usually made from metal, which commonly comprises a
head at one end, a chamfer at the other, and a shaft characterized by an external helical
ridge known as a 'thread'. Bolts are typically used to hold materials or objects together,
or to position objects. Its dimensions are

Inner radius :8 mm

Outer radius :12 mm
xxiv
Bolt Name: Hexagonal bolt
Figure 10: Hexagonal Bolt
1.10 Fabrication Process
1.10.1 Preparation of Screw Blade
1. First, we hammered the metal plate to make it straight.
2. We marked the center in the metal plate and then constructed the circle (by
marking with the help compass shaped(divider).
3. Then we got rectangular shape sheet plate and it was cut into circle shaped
sheet by the help of hand grinder.
4. We welded all the circular plate so that we can make the work faster as we
don't have to replace the circular disc again and again in the lathe machine as
well as the inner radius will be more accurate this way.
5. We cut the circular plate and cut cutting angle to get perfectly aligned through
the shaft after we stretch the circular plate.
6. We stretched the circular plate up to the pitch length (as calculation)
7. We parallelly welded each blade onto the shaft one by one.
xxv
1.10.2 Preparation of Shafts
1) We used lathe to make shafts. Two shafts were made of 20mm diameter each
with the help of a lathe machine.
2) Circular plate was attached with shafts and joined with the blade shaft to help
the screw blade rotate easily.
1.10.3 Construction of the Frame
1) For frame we are using the angle bar of dimension (25*25 mm) and of four
angle bars of length 70 cm and six angle bars of length 25mm.
2) Different angle bars were then welded together to create a frame.
xxvi
1.10.4 Making of Pulley
1) We made a pulley of Nylon having 12mm hole for shaft attachment and 60mm
diameter.
2) The made pulley was then connected with the standard belt of dimension
1.10.5 Making of Control Box
1) We made a control box with the help of wood and cutting it into a
dimension of
2) The circuit and the electric bulb will be attached inside the control box.
1.10.6 Making of Turbine Frame Cover
1) We used Polycarbonate sheet and zinc sheet to wrap up the whole turbine to
add some further design to the turbine.
2) Polycarbonate sheet of 4.5 square feet was used and zinc sheet of around
35mm*70mm dimension.
1.10.7 Assembly of all Components
1) All the components were then assembled with the additional help of bolts and
ball bearings. The blade, frame, shaft, pulley and belt, electric bulb, motor was
assembled to produce a final prototype.
1.11 Machinery used during fabrication
1.11.1 Lathe Operation
1) A lathe machine is a machine tool that removes the undesired material from
a rotating workpiece in the form of chips with the help of a tool that is
traversed across the work and can be feed deep into the work. It one of the
most versatile and widely used machine tools all over the world and also
known as the mother of all machines.
2) A workpiece is said to be "between centers" if it is fixed between the
headstock and the tailstock.
xxvii
3) We used lathe machine to manufacture shafts and for making the hole
inside the screw blade.
1.11.2 Welding Process
1) Welding is the process of fusion of the two or more metal parts by the means of
heat or pressure. It is usually done in metals or thermoplastics.
2) During the fabrication of our turbine, we used the arc welding process.
Shielded arc welding is usually accomplished by means of an electric arc
formed between the work and the coated metallic electrode
xxviii
1.11.3 Hand Grinder
1) An angle grinder is a handheld power tool that can be used for a variety of
metal fabrication jobs that include cutting, grinding, deburring, finishing
and polishing
2) We used hand grinder to smooth out the welded parts and cut the extended
metal pieces while frame construction.
1.11.4 Tongs
Tongs are a tool that is used to properly grip (hold) various shapes and sizes of heated
workpieces. We move the workpiece to a new location with the help of tongs. This
tool has been used to hold work pieces while welding and grinding.
Figure 11: Tong[ CITATION the \l 1033 ]
1.11.5 Lathe Cutting Tools
With the help of lathe cutting tools, a lathe machine rotates the workpiece around an
axis of rotation and performs various operations such as turning, undercutting,
knurling, drilling, facing, boring, and cutting. The following figure show some
common operations that can be done with the help of lathe and lathe cutting tools.
xxix
Figure 12: Some Lathe operations with the help of cutting tools[ CITATION Res \l 1033 ]
1.11.6 Odd Leg Drawing Caliper Compass
Odd leg drawing caliper compass is used to make circle on the working piece. It is
used mainly in wooden and metal piece to draw circle on them. It draws the circle by
scribing with its pointed end.
Figure : Odd Leg Calipers
xxx
1.12 Components Assembled in CAD
The final assembled model using all the parts shown below:
Figure 13: Before Assembly of component
Figure 14: After Assembly of component
xxxi
1.13 Gantt Chart
Table 1 Shows the work schedule of our project.
Table 1: Gantt Chart
Tasks
Performed
Mar
202
1
Apri
l
May
2021
202
1
June
July
Aug
202
1
2021
2021
Sep
2021
Oct
Nov
Dec
2021
2021
2021
Jan
2022
Feb
Mar
Apr
2022
202
2
2022
Literature
Review
Proposal
Defense
Conceptual
Framework
Material
Selection
Market
Survey
Detailed
Design
Presentatio
n on
progress of
the Project
3D
Modeling
And
Analysis
Fabrication
Final
Presentatio
n
Work Completed
Work Remaining
xxxii
CHAPTER 3: BUDGET SPENT
Table 2 shows the work schedule of our project.
Table 2: Budget Distribution
S.NO
.
1.
PARTICULARS
QTY.
UNIT
RATE
AMOUNT
1
-
2100
2100
2.
Sewing Machine
motor
BULB
1
-
100
100
3.
NUT &BOLT
0.70
kgs
203.54
142.48
4.
NUT&BOLT
WASSER
0.20
kgs
222.24
44.25
5.
FIBER/PVC
SHEET
DC motor
4.50
Sq. ft
119.47
537.62
1
-
450
450
6.
7.
xxxiii
CHAPTER 4: PROJECT PROGRESS

The specifications and requirements for the design were established

The theoretical framework's final section was successfully completed

Various sources were gathered and evaluated

Different parts were designed

Calculations to determine various parameters

Fabrication of Screw Turbine

Testing of Screw Turbine

Necessary tinkering was done on the design aspect to make the turbine
effective

Electricity around 30 W was generated which could light up an electric bulb
xxxiv
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
Various information about the performance, design characteristics, fabrication
approach, and mathematical calculations of the screw turbine based on the Archimedes
Principle was obtained during the study, design, and fabrication of the turbine. Using
locally available materials and processes, a small prototype screw turbine was
successfully built. The effect of inclination angle on turbine efficiency has yet to be
determined experimentally.
The fabricated Screw Turbine can generate up to 5 Watts of electricity and easily light
an electric bulb. The turbine weighs approximately 8 kg, making it portable.
More research is needed to determine the best method for designing and fabricating a
screw blade on the shaft. Water overflow and leaks are also major issues that have an
impact on power generation, so they must be minimized.
xxxv
REFERENCES
[1] K. T. Blauwendraat, ""The Archimedean Screw-Pump"," Internation symposium
on history of machines and mechanism, pp. 181-194, 2004.
[2] N. D. a. R. C, " Nuernbe Analytical model for water inflow of an Archimedes
screw used in hydropower generation.," vol. 2, pp. 213-220, 2013.
[3] T. A. G. P. G. A. Dellinger G, "Dellinger G, Experimental investigation and
performance analysis of Archimedes screw generator.," pp. 1-13, 2016.
[4] A. Y. D. a. W. D. Lubitz., "Archimedes Screw Turbines: A Sustainable
Development Solutions For Green and Renewable Energy Generations".
[5] A. F. S. Afdhal Kurniawan Mainil, " Experimental study of screw turbine
performance based on different angle of inclination".
[6] A. G. Waters S, "Tidal range technologies and state of the art in review.," vol. 59,
pp. 514-529, 2016.
[7] "themechanicalengineering.com," [Online]. Available:
https://themechanicalengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Tongs.jpg.
[8] "Researchgate," [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/WilliamBiles/publication/265923596/figure/fig3/AS:669386406895620@1536605564234/
Common-lathe-operations_W640.jpg.
xxxvi
APPENDIX
The CAD drawings of part embedded in our product is shown below.
Figure : Side Views After Final Assembly
xxxvii