ABSTRACT
The present study was
conducted to investigate the feeling about job satisfaction og
Government employee and private sector employee in Rajasthan and a comparative study about
their level of satisfaction. The purpose of the present study was to compare occupational stress,
job satisfaction & mental health among employees of government and non-government sectors.
In the present study the data was collected from government and non-government sectors
(schools, colleges, companies & banks)
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study included 30 retired persons aged between 60 to 80 (both men and women).
The tools used was UCLA Loneliness Scale (1978) and Subjective wellbeing inventory (SWBI)
,(WHO -1992) . Google form prepared as per the UCLA and SWBI tools and forwarded
through Whatsapp
to 45 persons.
30 persons submitted complete response, thus, data
automatically collected on my Google drive.
RESULTS
Mean loneliness score was 24.70 and standard deviation 17.456 on UCLA scale (20 item
scale) . This means average retired persons “sometimes felt loneliness”. Similarly mean
subjective wellbeing inventory (SUBI a standard 40 item scale), score was 91.80 and standard
deviation 15.632.This means average retired persons felt higher degree of subjective wellbeing.
No significant difference in gender-wise average score of loneliness and wellbeing was noticed.
No significant difference in loneliness and wellbeing score of joint and nuclear families
noticed. The Pearson’s Correlation between
was
loneliness and wellbeing score was noticed (-)
0.726.
CONCLUSION
Average loneliness score was 24.7 and subjective wellbeing score was
91.80.The
Pearson’s Correlation between in loneliness and wellbeing score was noticed (-) 0.726.
Keywords: Retired, Loneliness, subjective wellbeing
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INTRODUCTION
The Job satisfaction may be defined as any combination of physiological, psychological
and environmental circumstances that cause a person to truthfully say that he is satisfied with his
job (Hoppock, 1935) . Job satisfaction can also be defined as the extent to which a worker is
satisfied with the rewards, he/she receives out of his/her job, particularly in terms of intrinsic
motivation (Statt, 2004)
Schermerhorn (1993) defined the job satisfaction level attached to emotional, sentiments,
feeling, reactions and many characteristics of an employee's job. The factors that contribute to
job satisfaction include a person's position within the organization, the quality of their managers
and supervisors, their relationships with their colleagues, the nature of their work, their salary
and other benefits, their chances of economic progress, and the physical conditions of their
workplace.
Job satisfaction includes work, compensation, and supervision, as well as engagement,
organizational commitment to excellence, and work climate (Lum et al., 1998). Job satisfaction
is the path to recognition, salary, promotions, and many other tasks that lead to a feeling of
happiness Field (2002). The financial security granted by stable employment is related to a life of
fulfillment and satisfaction. Choosing a job of your preference and enjoying it to the maximum
makes work more pleasurable. According to Kaliski (2007), job satisfaction provides an
individual with a happy, successful, and financially stable life as well as a socially satisfied life.
Benge and Hickey (1984) explained that Job satisfaction is the combinations of attitudes that an
employee has about their current workplace situation.
Pestonjee (1991) defined “job satisfaction as “summation of employees' feelings in four
important areas, namely, job, management, personal adjustment and social relations. The first
two areas encompass factors directly connected with the job (intrinsic factor) and the other two
include factors not directly connected with job but which are presumed to have a bearing on job
satisfaction (extrinsic factors)”. Job satisfaction is a way of measuring how an individual's
experience regarding one's job position (Spector, 2008).
According to the current World Health Organization‘s (WHO) definition, ―Occupation
or work related stress is the response, people may have, when presented with work demands and
pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability
to cope. Nearly every one agrees that occupational stress results from the interaction of the
worker and their conditions of work.
Job satisfaction is on attitude that employees have about their work and based on
numerous factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic to the individuals. Job satisfaction is important
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from the retaining the appropriate employees within the organization: it is about fitting the right
person to the right job in the right culture and keeping them satisfied.
L. NAHAR ET AL. (2013 investigated relationship of job satisfaction, job stress and
mental health on government and non-government employees. And found job satisfaction among
male employees was better than female employees but job stress and mental health found equal
in both sex. Non government employees found to feel more job stress than government
employees. But in job satisfaction and mental health both are equal. And mental health for the
Government employee is little bit higher than non-government employee and also by sex job
stress and mental health and sex was a negative relationship, but not significant.
Enough study have been conducted by scholars about the job satisfaction of employee
working in Govt sector as well as private sector, globally as well as in Indian scenario.
However, study regarding employee working in Govt. sector as well as private sector and
residing in Rajasthan state has not been noticed. Therefore, there appeared need to study “job
satisfaction of employee working in Govt. as well private sector living in Rajasthan”.
The broad areas for study to be covered were survey , analysis and comparison of job
satisfaction of (i) Govt sector employee
(ii) Private sector employee living in Rajasthan.
JOB STISFACTION
Job satisfaction is a broad term ,it is the path to recognition, salary, promotions, and many other
tasks that lead to a feeling of happiness. It is affected by salary received , dignity inside
department , dignity outside department , self satisfaction , work pressure, promotional avenues,
perks and allowance ,attitude of subordinate staff, attitude of higher officers, opportunities of
higher studies, career advancement, freedom to take decision , job security, retirement benefits
and many more factors. These factors have also been considered to analyze and compare the job
satisfaction . The job satisfaction for male and female also vary. Therefore , comparative gender
study has also been included.
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BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATUREKatoch, Om Raj.(2012) studied "Job satisfaction among college teachers: A study on
government colleges in Jammu (J&K)." .Both male and female employee were reported be
satisfied with handsome salary. 1.
Akhtar, Zaki, and Hoori Nadir(2012) studied "Job satisfaction and job involvement among
private and government bank employees." The result revealed that government employees are
more satisfied as compare to private banks employees. Whereas, private banks employees tend to
be more involved with their job as compare to their counterpart. Further, job satisfaction and job
involvement are significantly correlated with each other.2
Reddy, Janga Hari Saikrishna, and Mounica Vallabhaneni.(2023), conducted "A study of faculty
job satisfaction and its impact on student satisfaction in management institutes of Nashik district
affiliated to university of Pune and conclude that there is a strong positive correlation between
employee (faculty) satisfaction and customer (students) satisfaction. Employee and customer
experiences need to be managed together, not as separate entities.3
Yadav, Hansraj, and Ganga Shyam Gurjar (2023) conducted study -"A comparative analysis of
job satisfaction among physical education teachers of government and private schools”. The
study demonstrated that female physical education teachers were found more satisfied with their
job in comparison to male physical education teachers. Similarly, physical education teachers of
government schools found more satisfied while compared with private school physical education
teachers. Male physical education teachers of private schools showed the least amount of job
satisfaction while female physical education teachers of government schools were at the highest
level of job satisfaction.4.
Lotwala, Vishal, and Janki Mistry(2023) conducted study on -- "Based Comparative Study of
Government and Private School Teacher’s Job Satisfaction."The study shows that job
satisfaction of the teacher would differ on various factor like gender, and subject taught by the
teacher type of school, salary chance of promotion etc. 5
Khaparde, Sudarshan Devidas(2023), studied measures the level of job satisfaction among
different cadres of employees working in rural areas such as Gram Sevak, Patwari (Talathi),
Anganwadi Sevika, Nurse, Teachers, Peon etc. and locates the factors which cause job
satisfaction among them..—6
Raja, S., et al. (2023)- conducted study on - "JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES IN
BAHWAN CYBER TEK (INDIA)." The findings show that there is a significant positive
relationship between the factors mentioned and job satisfaction of Bahwan cyber Tek(India) and
there is a significant influence of the factors mentioned and job satisfaction of Bahwan cyber
Tek(India).7.
4
Kumar, S. Praveen.(2022) "A Survey on Job Satisfaction among Employees in Private Banks in
Chennai City." Observed that -In Private Sector Banks odds of self-improvement high however
now and again they are limited by favoritisms and debasement which lessens the resolve of
representatives and job satisfaction additionally the measurements and level of job satisfaction of
bank workers of Chennai are not uniform. However in the wake of introspecting a few of
parameters and measurements, it turns out to be clear that no single measurement or component
can please person completely.8
Noori, Abdul Qawi. (2023)- conducted a study on -- "Job satisfaction variance among public and
private school teachers: A case study." And cpnculeded that - The finding of the study showed
that almost half of the respondents were satisfied with their profession. The study found
statistically significant differences in the satisfaction level of teachers by their schools, teachers
in private schools were more satisfied with most of the variables than their counterparts in public
ones. However, public school teachers were more satisfied with their job security than private
schools. The findings of the study will help educational authorities and policymakers to improve
strategies for school leadership and teachers’ job satisfaction.9
Rathnayake, R. M. L., and D. J. Jagoda.(2023) conducted to examine the determinants of job
satisfaction among teachers in government schools in Sri Lanka. The study was conducted in the
Nuwara Eliya district. The multiple binary logistic regression model results indicated that
community factors, school factors, gender, and educational qualification were significant in the
model to explain the teachers' job satisfaction.10..
Nanda, Subhransu Mohan, et al.(2022), conducted a comparative study of job satisfaction elvel
of employee working in Orisa and West Bengal state. Significant difference (p<0.01) existed
between the field veterinarians basing on the cadre of their specific job. It was noticed that, the
veterinarians of older age group (>50 years) were vary significantly in satisfaction level than the
young (<35 years) and middle age (36-50 years) groups with respect to cadre of the job, work as
per job chart, dignity outside the department, self-satisfaction, promotion avenues and perks and
allowances. The satisfaction level of field veterinarian was slightly higher in West Bengal than
Odisha.11
Khudaniya, Kapildev S., and S. M. Kaji.(2014), conducted study on "Occupational stress, job
satisfaction & mental health among employees of government and non-government sectors to
compare occupational stress, job satisfaction & mental health among employees of government
and non-government sectors. In the present study the data was collected from government and
non-government sectors (schools, colleges, companies & banks). The finding showed that there
is no significant difference in occupational stress, job satisfaction and mental health with respect
to both sectors and gender. Result also showed that job satisfaction and mental health (0.149)
dimensions were found positively correlated and job satisfaction (-0.186) and mental health (0.108) were found negatively correlated with occupational stress.12
5
Sharma, Jai Prakash, Naval Bajpai et. al(2011) studied , . "Organizational citizenship behavior in
public and private sector and its impact on job satisfaction: In terms of organizational citizenship
behavior; a significant differences noticed between public sector and private sector organization.
As expected, public sector employees have exhibited higher degree of OCB as compared to
private sector employees. Most importantly, organizational citizenship behavior is being proven
as the catalyst for enhancing job satisfaction level of employees.13
Bhardwaj, Deepak, Shilpa Chouhan et.al.(2014) "Job satisfaction and organizational
commitment among public and private engineers." conducted study of 215 Gov.t engineers and
25 private engineers and noticed that their is significant difference in job satisfaction and
organizational commitment. 14.
Qazi, Sayeeduzzafar, and Vikram Jeet.(2017) conducted study on "Impact of prevailing HRM
practices on job satisfaction: A comparative study of public and private higher educational
institutions in India." . The results indicates that faculty member of government higher
educational institutes has a moderate level of satisfaction with the overall HRM practices.
Employees were more satisfied with training, teamwork and employee participation and satisfied
to small extent with performance appraisal and compensations. The study also revealed that there
is no significant difference between the government and private educational institution’s faculty
scores on all HRM practices. A significant positive correlation has been obtained among the job
satisfaction with the dimensions of the human resources management in both government and
private higher educational institution’s faculty members.15
Rani, Rachna (2022) conducted study on "Comparative Analysis of Job Satisfaction between
Government v/s Private Primary School Teachers of Haryana, India." . In this study , The Job
Satisfaction Scale (JSS) Inventory by Spector (1994) was used to collect information. The
findings revealed that there was a significant difference between government and private
primary school teachers. There was a higher level of satisfaction among government school
teachers compared to private primary school teachers.16.
Nathial, Mandeep Singh(2012), conducted . "„A study of job satisfaction among coaches in
government and private jobs‟. It were concluded that the private working coaches were more
satisfied in comparison to the government coaches and there was significant difference among
the highly satisfied male coaches of government and private school coach.17.
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OBJECTIVE/ RESEARCH QUESTION
Enough study have been conducted by scholars about the job satisfaction of employee
working in Govt sector as well as private sector, globally as well as in Indian scenario.
However, study regarding employee working in Govt. sector as well as private sector and
residing in Rajasthan state has not been noticed. Therefore, there appeared need to study “job
satisfaction of employee working in Govt. as well private sector living in Rajasthan.”
The broad areas for study to be covered were survey , analysis and comparison of job
satisfaction of (i) Govt sector employee (ii) Private sector employee living in Rajasthan.
Therefore, I find a scope to find something new or confirm earlier findings, if any.
Accordingly, following are the objective/ research questions:-.
1. To find out the job satisfaction in Govt. employee .
2. To find out job satisfaction if Private sector employee .
3. To compare between level of job satisfaction of Govt. as well as Private sector employee .
4. To compare job satisfaction level in male and female employee, of both sector.
HYPOTHESIS
1. There will be higher level of job satisfaction in Govt. employee.
2. There will be Lower level of job satisfaction in private sector employee.
3. There will be significant difference in level of job satisfaction in Govt. and private sector
employee .
4. There will be significant difference in level of job satisfaction in male and female employees.
METHOD
A study about 60 male/ female employee working in Govt. and Private sector living in
Rajasthan was proposed to find out correctness of hypothesis.
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UNIVERSE OF STUDY
All employee working in Govt. and private sector living at Rajasthan .
SAMPLE
“Purposive sampling” technique was used for sampling. Samples were
collected from 60
persons, who were working in Govt./ Private job and living in Rajasthan.
TOOLS FOR DATA COLELCTION
Questionnaire prepared on the basis of factor affecting job satisfaction as defined above
…………………
DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND TABULATION
The data have been collected by providing questionnaire to people and manually collection of
questionnaire .The data collected were processed with the help of EXCEL/SPSS software.
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RESULT
9
DISCUSSION
10
CONCLUSION
11
REFERENCES
1. Katoch, Om Raj. "Job satisfaction among college teachers: A study on government colleges in
Jammu (J&K)." Asian Journal of Research in social science & Humanities 2.4 (2012): 164-180.
2.Akhtar, Zaki, and Hoori Nadir. "Job satisfaction and job involvement among private and
government bank employees." Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing 7.2 (2016): 236
3.Abu-Tineh, Abdullah M., et Reddy, Janga Hari Saikrishna, and Mounica Vallabhaneni. "A
study of faculty job satisfaction and its impact on student satisfaction in management institutes of
nashik district affiliated to university of pune." NEW RESEARCH IN HUMAN ESOURCE
MANAGEMENT & EMPLOYMENT WELFARE 12 (2023): 101.
4. Yadav, Hansraj, and Ganga Shyam Gurjar. "A comparative analysis of job satisfaction among
physical education teachers of government and private schools." (2023).
5. Lotwala, Vishal, and Janki Mistry. "Based Comparative Study of Government and Private
School Teacher’s Job Satisfaction." Reimagining Management in the post VUCA World (2023):
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6. Khaparde, Sudarshan Devidas. "Job Satisfaction Among Employees Working in Rural
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8.Kumar, S. Praveen. "A Survey on Job Satisfaction among Employees in Private Banks in
Chennai City."(2022)
9. Noori, Abdul Qawi. "Job satisfaction variance among public and private school teachers: A
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Government School Teachers in Nuwara-Eliya District of Sri Lanka." EDITORIAL
NOTE (2023): 11.
12
11. Nanda, Subhransu Mohan, et al. "Job satisfaction of veterinarians in relation with various
socio-personal variables in Odisha and West Bengal states of India." The Pharma
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in public and private sector and its impact on job satisfaction: A comparative study in Indian
perspective." International Journal of Business and Management 6.1 (2011): 67.
14 Bhardwaj, Deepak, Shilpa Chouhan, and Subhash Meena. "Job satisfaction and organizational
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satisfaction: A comparative study of public and private higher educational institutions in
India." International Journal of Business and Management 12.1 (2017): 178-187.
16 Rani, Rachna. "Comparative Analysis of Job Satisfaction between Government v/s Private
Primary School Teachers of Haryana, India." Indian Journal of Positive Psychology 13.4 (2022):
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17. Nathial, Mandeep Singh. "„A study of job satisfaction among coaches in government and
private jobs‟." International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences 2.1
(2012): 257-262.
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