Internet of Things Dr. Samar A. Said Instructor Information Dr. Samar A. Said • E-mail: samar_said@h-eng.helwan.edu.eg Course Information • • • • Name : Internet of Things Code: CSE3206 Lecture Hrs. : 2 Hrs/week, Tutorial: 1 Hrs/week Course Assessment • Total Degree 100 • Grading: • Midterm Exam • Quizzes • Assignments • Participation • Final Exam 30 marks 70 marks Points to be covered: • Course Objectives • IoT Definition • IoT Characteristics • IoT Building Blocks • IoT Architecture • IoT Connectivity Network Topology • IoT Application Areas • IoT Future Challenges • Outline of course content Course Objectives OBJECTIVES: • Study the fundamentals about IoT. • Explore IoT technologies, architectures, standards, and regulation. • Understand the design methodology and different IoT hardware platforms. • Explore the basics of IoT Data Analytics and supporting services. • Study about IoT case study. IoT Definition • What is IoT? IoT is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. • IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration between the physical world and computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit. What are the “Things” in the IoT? • Could be anything • Physical • Virtual Sensor Devices are Widely Available IoT characteristics IoT characteristics ▪ Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thingrelated services within the constraints of things, such as privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical things and their associated virtual things. In order to provide thing-related services within the constraints of things, both the technologies in physical world and information world will change. • Interconnectivity: With regard to the IoT, anything can be interconnected with the global information and communication infrastructure. IoT characteristics ▪ Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through different networks. ▪ Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed. Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically. ▪ Enormous scale: The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be at least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. IoT characteristics ▪ Safety: As we gain benefits from the IoT, we must not forget about safety. As both the creators and recipients of the IoT, we must design for safety. This includes the safety of our personal data and the safety of our physical well-being. Securing the endpoints, the networks, and the data moving across all of it means creating a security paradigm that will scale. Why IoT ? Why IoT ? The IoT will touch nearly every segment in industrial, enterprise, health, and consumer products. The impact from IoT or any technology comes in the form of: • • • • • New revenue streams (green energy solutions) Reducing costs (in-home patient healthcare) Reducing production loss (theft, spoilage of perishable) Increasing productivity (machine learning and data analytics) Reducing time to market (factory automation) IoT Forecast Source: www.statista.com @ Nov 22, 2022 - Almost triple - from 9.7 billion in 2020 - to more than 29 billion IoT devices in 2030 Number of IoT connected devices worldwide 2019-2021, with forecasts to 2030 IoT Building Blocks IoT Building Blocks Sensors • The front end or the things of the system Processors • Process the data captured by the sensors and provide intelligence on realtime basis • Controlled by applications which are also responsible for securing the data Gateways • Route the processed data and send it to proper locations for proper analysis and utilization. Applications • Form another end of an IoT system • Typically cloud-based • Controlled by users IOT Architecture IoT Architecture Basic IoT architecture layers IoT Architecture Basic IoT architecture layers ● Perception/Sensing layer: also known as the device layer Involves “things” or endpoint devices that serve as a conduit between the physical and the digital worlds. Consists of multiple elements – sensors, cameras, actuators, and similar devices that gather data and perform tasks. For collecting, accepting, and processing data over the network. IoT Architecture Basic IoT architecture layers ● Network/Transport layer: It is necessary to transmit and process the data collected by the sensor devices. It allows these devices to connect and communicate with other servers, smart devices, and network devices. As well, it handles all data transmissions for the devices (e.g., on-site sensors, cameras, actuators) to an on-premise or cloud data center. IoT Architecture Basic IoT architecture layers ● Middleware layer (Support/Processing): The brain of the IoT ecosystem. Typically, data is analyzed, pre-processed, and stored here before being sent to the data center, where it is accessed by software applications that both monitor and manage the data as well as prepare further actions. This is where Edge IT or edge analytics enters the picture. IoT Architecture Basic IoT architecture layers ● Application layer: User interaction takes place at the application layer, which delivers application-specific services to the user. Examples: smart cities, smart homes, and smart health. IoT Connectivity Network Topology IoT Connectivity – Network Topology • There can be no Internet of Things (IoT) without the network topology to support it. • The networking standards being used today in IoT can be categorized into three basic network topologies. • Before explaining the different topologies, you need to understand the characteristics, capabilities, and behavior of the basic network topologies. Network Characteristics, Capabilities and Behavior • Latency The time it takes for a packet of data to travel from the sensor node through the network to the gateway node, or visa-versa. Generally speaking, latency reflects the speed of the network: the faster the network, the lower the latency. • Throughput The amount of data that can pass through network per second (or other time segment). Relatively high throughput is required for audio or video streaming. • Fault resiliency The degree to which a wireless network, if interrupted, will recover or reconfigure, and deliver a packet of data to its destination. Network Characteristics, Capabilities and Behavior • Scalability The number of nodes that can be included in a single network. • Hops The transmission of a data packet from one node to another. The “number of hops” refers to the number of nodes through which a data packet travels. Three Basic Network Topologies 1. Point-to-Point Network • A point-to-point network establishes a direct connection between two network nodes. • Communication can take place only between these two nodes, or devices. • An example of this type of network is a Bluetooth link between a cell phone and an ear piece. • The advantages of point-to-point networking are its simplicity and low cost. • The primary limitations spring from the one-to-one relationship that exists between two devices; the network cannot scale beyond these two nodes. The range of the network is therefore limited to one hop, and defined by the transmission range of a single device. Three Basic Network Topologies 2. Star Network • A star network consists of one central hub (a.k.a. gateway node), to which all other nodes (e.g., the sensor nodes) in the network are linked. • This central hub acts as a common connection point for all other nodes in the network. • All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central hub only. • An example of this topology is the WiFi network hub in your house. • There are a few important advantages to a star topology. • First, the performance of the network is consistent, predictable and fast (low latency and high throughput). • Second, there is high overall network reliability due to the ease with which faults and devices can be isolated. Each device utilizes its own, single link to the hub. This makes the isolation of individual devices straightforward and makes it easy to detect faults and to remove failing network components. • The disadvantages of this network type are similar to the point-to-point network. The range is limited to the transmission range of a single device. Three Basic Network Topologies 3. Mesh Network A mesh network consists of three types of nodes: • A gateway node as in a star network, provided so data can reach the outside world. • Simple sensors nodes. • Sensor/router nodes, which are sensor nodes with repeater/routing capability. • Mesh network nodes are deployed such that every node is within transmission range of at least one other sensor/router node. Data packets pass through multiple sensor/routers nodes to reach the gateway node. • The primary advantages • This networking topology is used for many applications requiring a long range and broad area coverage. Applications include building automation, energy management, industrial automation, and asset management, etc. Because the network range is not limited to the transmission range of a single device, the network range can be very broad, covering large areas, such as a building or campus. • The primary disadvantage is that mesh networks are more complex than point-to-point or star network topologies. IoT Application Areas Fig. 2 IOT Application Areas [3] A. IOsL (Internet of smart living) • Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the information available on a Smartphone app. Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely, and. Kitchen ranges with interface to a Smartphone app allowing remotely adjustable temperature control and monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning feature, • Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents and save energy, • Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity, temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain levels with ability to transmit data over long distances, • Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe in their daily life at home • Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and violations to prevent intruders, • Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources, & many more… B. IOsC ( Internet of smart cities) • Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges and historical monuments. Appling intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights, • Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city making residents able to identify and reserve the closest available spaces, • Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public announcement systems, • Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning messages and diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams, • Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash collection routes. Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see when garbage has been put out C. IOsE (Internet of smart environment) • Air Pollution monitoring: Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by cars and toxic gases generated in farms, Weather monitoring: weather conditions monitoring such as humidity, temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain, Earthquake Early Detection, Water Quality: Study of water suitability in rivers and the sea for eligibility in drinkable use, • Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive fire conditions to define alert zones, • River Floods: Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and reservoirs during rainy days, • Protecting wildlife: Tracking collars utilizing GPS/GSM modules to locate and track wild animals and communicate their coordinates via SMS. D. IOsI (Internet of smart industry) • Maintenance and repair: Early predictions on equipment malfunctions and service maintenance can be automatically scheduled ahead of an actual part failure by installing sensors inside equipment to monitor and send reports. • Explosive and Hazardous Gases: Detection of gas levels and leakages in industrial environments, surroundings of chemical factories and inside mines, Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to ensure workers and goods safety, Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in storage tanks and Cisterns, • E. IOsH (Internet of smart health) • Patients Surveillance: Monitoring of conditions of patients inside hospitals and in old people’s home, • Medical Fridges: Control of conditions inside freezers storing vaccines, medicines and organic elements, Fall Detection: Assistance for elderly or disabled people living independent, • Dental: Bluetooth connected toothbrush with Smartphone app analyzes the brushing uses and gives information on the brushing habits on the Smartphone for private information or for showing statistics to the dentist, • Physical Activity Monitoring: Wireless sensors placed across the mattress sensing small motions, like breathing and heart rate and large motions caused by tossing and turning during sleep, providing data available through an app on the Smartphone. G. IOsA (internet of smart agriculture) • Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and vegetables and its quality, • Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in open pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements, Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to ensure its survival and health, • field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management of the agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing, electricity and watering. Future Challenges For IoT Future Challenges For IoT • A. Privacy and Security New challenges identified for privacy, trust and reliability are: • Providing protection mechanisms for vulnerable devices. • Providing secure exchange of data between IoT devices and consumers of their information. B. Cost versus Usability IOT uses technology to connect physical objects to the Internet. For IOT adoption to grow, the cost of components that are needed to support capabilities such as sensing, tracking and control mechanisms need to be relatively inexpensive in the coming years Future Challenges For IoT C. Data Management Data management is a crucial aspect in the Internet of Things. When considering a world of objects interconnected and constantly exchanging all types of information, the volume of the generated data and the processes involved in the handling of those data become critical. D. Device Level Energy Issues One of the essential challenges in IoT is how to interconnect “things” in an interoperable way while taking into account the energy constraints, knowing that the communication is the most energy consuming task on devices. Outline of course • Contents going to be covered during course: • Fundamentals of IoT • Design of IoT : Physical Design of loT • Networking Standards and Technologies • IoT Protocols • Logical Design of loT • IoT Communication APIs • IoT Enabling Technologies • IoT Deployment Templates • IoT Deployment Levels • Sensors and Actuators • Hardware platforms for your IoT projects • IoT Gateway • IoT Design And Development • Case Study and IoT Applications
