Worksheet # 03
Name: Michael Jon A. Tolentino
Course/ Year: BS ARCH 4A
I.
Date: 10/10/2023
Professor:
Define each of the following words or terms.
1.
Parasitism - Parasitism is generally defined as a relationship between the
two living species in which one organism is benefitted at the expense of the
other.
2.
Mutualism - Mutualism, association between organisms of two different
species in which each benefits.
3.
Symbiosis - A symbiosis is an evolved interaction or close living
relationship between organisms from different species, usually with benefits to
one or both of the individuals involved.
4.
Predation - Predation, in animal behavior, the pursuit, capture, and killing
of animals for food.
5.
Competition - Competition is a relationship between organisms in which
one is harmed when both are trying to use the same resource related to growth,
reproduction, or survivability.
6.
Pollination - Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the
male anther of a flower to the female stigma.
7.
Endoparasites - A parasite that lives in the internal organs or tissues of
its host
8.
Ectoparasites - A parasite that lives outside the body of the host
9.
Predator - An organism that preys upon other organism
10. Parasites - A parasite is an animal or plant that survives on or within a
host organism.
II.
Completion.
1.
Symbiosis
refers to any relationship in which two species
live closely together. Species always live together in communities, but
some species interact in a much more intimate way.
2.
Competition happens when organisms of the same or different
species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same
time.
3.
Some plants are better able to compete than others in a given
portion of an ecosystem. These species exclude their competitors from that
part of the ecosystem; this is called
competitive exclusion.
4.
Predator refers
to
the
organism that kills and
consumes and Prey is an organism turns into someone's dine.
5.
Commensalism
happens when one member of the
association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Commensalism means literally 'at table together'.
6.
It must be emphasized that parasite and host interact and that
excessive harm done to a host, which makes it less competitive
, also
endangers the survival of the parasite species.
7.
Theory predicted either that mutualist populations became
infinite in size or that an equilibrium was unstable (tended to go to extinction
when perturbed from equilibrium point)
8.
Parasitism can be differentiated into ectoparasites and
endoparasites, depending respectively, on whether they live on or in the host.
Lice, flea, ticks, etc. are examples of ectoparasites .
9.
Woody plants
are usually too hard for the haustoria to
be able to penetrate. If plants are densely packed, dodder will spread
rapidly to adjacent plants. It can cause a great deal of damage to wheat or
lucerne fields.
10. Cercariae are produced after several generations of sporocysts. The
cercariae make their way into the water and make contact with a human.
III.
Discussions
1.
Discuss the following comprehensively:
1.
Dispersal Mutualisms
In dispersal mutualism, the interaction of species
are a mutually beneficial relationship. These includes the
dispersal of spores, seeds, and other propagules that move
from one place to another. When propagules disperse, it
can also reproduce and make a new ecological relationship
in a new area. Birds is a good example of a dispersal agent
wherein it conumes fruits and disperse them in air through
dropping. Dispersal mutualism benefit both the dispersal
and reproduction that aids in a functioning ecosystem.
2.
Cleaning Mutualisms
In cleaning mutualism, the interaction between
species are a mutual beneficial relationship through
cleaning services. Species called “cleaner” will remove
unwanted substances from another species which is called
“client.” A good example of this is a cleaner fish that
cleans parasites from larger fish. Birds that get off ticks
from mammals. These interactions helps in the health an
well being of the client and the cleaner served as their
food source.
3.
Parasitism in Plants
Parasitism in plants is a type of ecological
relationship where one plant, known as the parasite,
benefits at the expense of another plant, known as the
host. The parasite derives essential nutrients, water, or
physical support from the host plant, often causing harm
or even death to the host. This interaction is detrimental to
the host plant and is an example of a one-sided, negative
relationship in nature. Some well-known plant parasites
include mistletoe and dodder.
4.
Parasitism in Animals
Parasitism in animals is a type of ecological relationship
where one animal, known as the parasite, benefits at the
expense of another animal, known as the host. The
parasite relies on the host for resources such as food,
shelter, or a place to reproduce, often causing harm to the
host in the process. This interaction is typically one-sided,
with the parasite benefiting while the host is negatively
affected. Examples of animal parasites include ticks, fleas,
and tapeworms.
IV.
Assignment.
Discuss the issue on “Biodiversity's Response To Ecosystem Productivity
Depends On Historical Plant And Animal Relationships”.
Biodiversity, or the variety of life in an ecosystem, can be influenced
by how productive that ecosystem is. The response of biodiversity to
ecosystem productivity depends on the historical relationships between plants
and animals within that ecosystem. These historical relationships often involve
coevolution, where plants and animals have evolved together, each influencing
the other's survival and reproduction. For example, in some cases, highly
productive ecosystems may support a greater diversity of species because
certain plants and animals have specialized interactions that benefit one
another. Understanding these historical plant and animal relationships is
essential for managing and conserving biodiversity in ecosystems.