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1.
Prehistory
The past before the invention of writing; the unwritten past
of humans and human ancestors.
2.
Writing
a technology for storing, manipulating, and communicating information
3.
Cultural Anthro- deals with living people, societies, and their cultures
pology
4.
Linguistic anthropology
5.
Physical or bigenetics, fossil record of human evolution, human biology
ological anthropology
6.
Archaeology
Study of ancient things that are the byproducts of human
activities
7.
Material culture
refer to the physical manifestations of culture
8.
Excavation
Digging up things archaeology
9.
Artifact
portable objects of material culture; objects used or made
by human beings in the past.
deals with human language
10. Ecofact
Remains of animals or plants that result from human
activities but were not intentionally modified
11. Feature
artifacts that are not portable. Like pyramids of machu
picchu
12. Site
accumulations of artifacts, features, ecofacts, and/or human skeletal remains that represent places where people
lived, died, or carried out certain activities.
13. Fossil
petrified remains of one-living organisms
14. Midden
prehistory deposits of garbage, normally food waste. Most
common type of site.
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15. Human skeletal
remains
remains of humans or human ancestors resulting from either accidental or intentional burial or some other preservation activity (ex. Mummification)
16. Association
the proximity of an archaeological artifact or feature to
other artifacts or features in the same matrix
17. Context
the relationship between an artifact and its setting
18. Stratigraphy
The layering of soils or rocks. Stratum (one of my any
layers). Strata (many layers).
19. Law of superpo- in a sequence of layers, the deeper layer is the older layer
sition
20. Relative Dating
Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing
its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock
21. Three Age System
Youngest: Iron Age (3200 years ago)
Intermediate: Bronze Age (5000-3200 years ago)
Oldest: Stone Age (2.5 million- 5000 years ago)
22. Paleolithic
"old stone age"
23. Neolithic
"new stone age"; when farming was invented
24. Cenozoic
Era: 65 million years ago to today; The age of mammals
and birds
25. Quaternary
More recent period in the cenozoic era. 2.0 million years
ago to present.
26. Miocene 25-5.5
MYA
First epoch in the cenozoic era. 25-5.5 MYA
27. Pliocene 5.5-2.0 Second epoch in the cenozoic era; the end of the Tertiary
MYA
period.
28.
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Pleistocene 2.0
million-12,000
years ago
The third geological epoch; the Ice Age; the beginning of
the Quaternary period.
29. Holocene 12,000 The final epoch of the cenozoic era. From the Greek
years ago to pre- word "recent". Refers to the millennia since the end of the
sent
Pleistocene (Ice Age) about 10,000 BC
30. Dendrochronolo- tree ring dating. Essentially you can count the rings in a
gy
tree. Lumber used in a structure. Second most accurate
dating method. Only works in a place where wood preserves (significant limitations). Most of the world's archaeological records come from stone and bones
31. Radiocarbon
dating
Revolutionized archaeology Invented in 1949 by Libby.
We can get dates from organic objects. Unstable isotope
of carbon (carbon 14). It is constantly produced in the
atmosphere, and there is a large stable carbon 12, but
only a little bit of carbon 14. The ratio of carbon of living
creatures is the same as the atmosphere, but dead things
are constantly decaying. You can only date things that
were once alive (limitation). Also, we cant go back farther
than 50,000 years (limitation).
32. Potassium-argon dating
radiometric technique using the decay of K to Ar in potassium-bearing rocks; estimates the age of sediments in
which fossils are found.
33. Biological evolu- the evolution of us. Refer to ourselves as homo sapition
ens sapiens (generous, species, subspecies). Went from
chimpanzee to Australopithecus to homo sapien sapiens.
34. Natural selection In the struggle for survival, those organisms most well
adapted to prevailing conditions will pass on their superior characteristics to succeeding generations with more
frequency. Random genetic mutations that sometimes
create different morphologies in an organism. Organisms
with those advantageous morphologies dominate those
without them
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35. Colonization
earliest stages of evolution took place in Africa. Homo
sapiens sapiens left Africa and colonized 5 out of the 7
continents.
36. Adaption
the process of adjusting to new environmental circumstances to accomplish subsistence and basic survival.
(ex. Farming, hunting & gathering)
37. Social complexi- more complex social organizations; distribution of labor,
ty
labor specialties & small amount of people with power
38. Bipedalism
ability to walk on two legs
39. Gracile Australo- Australopithecus africanus (3.0-2.5 MYA) Taung baby,
pithecines
Taung Limestone Mine South Africa 1925 (reported by
Raymond Dart) Acceptance stalled by Piltdown Man. In
comparison to robust line, the gracile line has a slightly
larger brain and a less prognathic skull.
40. Robust Australo- In contrast with A. africanus this is a line of very robust
pithecines
(larger, more thickly boned, with big teeth and heavy jaws)
Australopithecines, represented by two similar species.
They had heavy builds and specialized teeth used for
chewing coarse plant foods. Sometimes referred to as
Paranthropus. Not in the direct line of homo sapiens
41. Basal Paleolithic 2.5-1.8 mya; Period marked by Oldowon tools and flakes
made by A. Garhi
42. Lower Paleolithic 1.8-2 mya: age where handaxes and choppers were
made by H. Erectus
43. Upper Paleolithic 35-12 kya
(Revolution)
-extensive use of stone blade, bone needles, manufacture
objects from bone/ivory/wood, and hunting weapons
44. Pleistocene climate
"the ice age"; series of cold periods (glacials) and warmer
periods (interglacials); lower sea levels.
45. Glacial
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series of cold periods where there were northern ice
barriers
46. Interglacial
series of warmer periods during the Ice Age times
47. Diluvium
geological deposits of gravel and clay that marked the
flood. That layer of strata represented the time when
humans appeared. Should not be any remains of humans
or artifacts underneath the layer of diluvium. John Frere
dug below the diluvium and found Acheulian Hand Axes,
proving that humans existed before the flood
48. Incest taboo
incest assumed as possible lifestyle for homo erectus
49. cannibalism
this is assumed for homo erectus because skull remains
were found to be bashed in
50. Gender division Lifeway of Middle Homo: The division of work into two
of labor
categories based on sex, or gender. The result is that men
and women do different kinds of work.
51. Knuckle walking A form of movement used by chimpanzees and gorillas
that is characterized by all four limbs touching the ground,
with the weight of the arms resting on the knuckles of the
hands
52. Earliest social
organization
{text}
53. Creation myth
stories and explanations which describe the beginnings
of humanity, earth life, and the universe {text}
54. Darwin, the voy- reading
age of the Beagle and On the
Origin of the
Species
55. Scopes trial
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1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William
Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution
in public schools
56. Kitzmiller versus ...
Dover School
District Court
Case
57. Great Rift Valley Area in northern Africa where many human skeletal remains were found
58. Supraorbital tori brow ridges
59. Prognathic
Horizontal skull. Modern humans have less than early
homos
60. Piltdown hoax
Charles Dawson; fragments of a skull and jawbone
thought to be the fossilized remains of an unknown form of
early man; exposed in 1953 as forgery; jawbone belonged
to an orangutan and had been deliberately combined
with the skull of a modern human; had been stained with
chemicals to give it the appearance of age; thought to be
the "missing link" between apes and human
61. Biological clas- Primates
sification: Order
of humans and
their ancestors
62. Biological clas- Hominidae
sification: Family
of humans and
their ancestors
63. Biological classification: Tribe
(Sub family) of
humans and
their ancestors
Hominini
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64. Biological classification: Genera
of humans and
their ancestors
Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
Australopithicus
Homo
65. Sahelanthropus 7 to 6.1 mya in Chad; 360 cc; Michel Brunet; bipedalism,
tchadensis
huge brow ridge, small canines, It is the oldest known
hominid or near-hominid species.
66. Ardipithecus
ramidus
4.5 mya; Tim White; bipedalism but quadrupedal in the
trees; prognathic
67. Australopithecus africanus
3-2 mya; slightly larger body size/teeth than afarensis;
non-prognathic
68. Australopithecus garhi
2.5 mya; Kada Gona, Ethiopia; possibly made tools
69. Homo habilis
(Early homo)
was first recognized by the Leakeys at Oldavi Gorge in the
1960s, where it dates to about 2.5-2.0 MYA. In the same
layer were stone tools. Name means handy person. Very
first homo representative of our genus. Name translates
to "Handy man". Less prognathic
70. "Lucy"
40% complete female found at Hadar in the Rift Valley in
Ethiopia . It is approximately 3.2 million years old. Discovered in 1974 by Donald Johanson. Traits included: size
variation, bipedal with robust curved arms (ass. with tree
climbing), prognathous profile, human life hands, chimp
sized brain (415 cc), sexual dimorphism.
71. "Ardi"
Found in the Awash area of the Great Rift Valley in
Ethiopia. Dated 4.4 MYA . Reported by Tim White from
U. C. Berkeley who argues that the species was bipedal
but also spent a lot of time in trees. Known as "Ardi"
Cranial capacity: 350 cc As opposed to Sahelanthropus
tchadensis, we have obtrained a remarkably complete
fossil skeleton of the Ardipithecus ramidus. "Ardipithecus
ramidus" translates to "root ape"
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72. Late Homo
100,000 ya - present; modern humans; Evolved in Africa;
(Homo sapiens) made advanced tools in
"Upper Paleolithic Revolution"
-extensive use of stone blade(long/thin)
-bone needles
-manufactured objects from bone, ivory, and wood
-increased # of tools that were used to make other tools
-increased # of hunting weapons: Javelin, harpoon, spear,
clubs, bows/arrows
-first grinding tools developed
-long distance trade(sea shells/ stone)
73. Middle Homo
(Homo ergaster,
Homo erectus,
and the Dmanisi
skulls)
Was in Africa about 1.8 million years ago.
Traits:
robust
massive brow ridges
thick cranial wall
no forehead
no chin
almost fully modern post-cranially
Lifeways:
fire
clothing
improved stone tool technologies
wooden spears
gender division of labor
incest taboo
cannibalism
Dmanisi Skulls
- found in sw asia
-5 skulls discovered by David Lordkipanidze
-carnivore den
74. Homo heidelber- .6-.4 mya; Found in Heidelberg, Germany; European varigensis
ant of homo erectus.
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75. Homo sapiens
idalto
160,000 ya; 1450cc; Found in Africa; between erectus and
sapien.
76. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
150-30 kya; Evolved from h. heidelbergensis; brow ridges;
robust appearance; 1450-1850cc; hunters; middle paleolithic
77. Anatomically
refers to fossils that are the same as we are today
Modern Homo
sapiens sapiens
(AMSS) (Cro
Magnon)
78. Core
The objective piece (The piece that is struck)
79. Flake
The thin piece that is removed
80. Hammerstone
The stone used to hammer
81. Oldowan tool
(Pebble tool)
Pebble from which two or three flakes are removes to
make a tool; Found in Oliduvai Gorge near A. Garhi
82. Hand axe
stone hand axe used in lower paleolithic
83. Chopper
a pebble tool with an irregular cutting edge formed
through the removal of flakes from one side of a stone;
lower paleolithic tools
84. Projectile Point
pointed tip of a stone tool, sharp
85. Blades
long, thin, and sharp stone tool made in the upper paleolithic revolution
86. Bone needles
thin needles used by homo sapiens in upper paleolithic
revolution
87. Venus figurines Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may
have had religious significance
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88. Composite
weapons
weapons made up of various parts or elements, i.e. thrusting spears, true projectiles
89. Projectiles
...
90. Grinding tools
...
91. Wooden spears
...
92. Brixham cave
Proclaimed by the British Royal Society in 1859; Found
remnants of bears below diluvium; Proclaimed that man
has been on Earth for a very long time.
93. Hadar
location in present-day Ethiopia where 3.2 million-year-old hominid skeleton "Lucy" was discovered
94. Laetoli
site in Tanzania where hominid footprints were found
95. Olduvai Gorge
Site where the oldowan tools and A. Garhi were found
96. Taung
A. Africanus found here in this south african site by Raymond Dart.
97. Trinil
first h. erectus found at site on Java Island in SE Asia;
1.7-.8 mya; called the java man;
98. Sangiran
Poorly dated, but some parts of this site are 1.8My by K/Ar
dating. Jaw, skull with teeth, juvenile jaw, child's skull cap).
No definite tools have been found yet at Sangiran. Also on
Java
99. Zhoukoudian
H. erectus call the peking man found in china; .6-.4 mya
100. Clacton
tools found; hand axe called "clactonian chopper"; .25
mya.
101. GBY
An Israeli team found concentrations of charcoal & ash
dating to 800,000 BP
102. Dmanisi
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Site where male/female skulls of H. Erectus were found in
association with choppers and flakes
103. Schoningen
site of 400,000 YA remains, wooden yew spear remains
in a horse
-perfectly balanced for throwing. clearly hunters
(Homo Heidelbergensis)
104. Ambrona and
Torralba
perfectly alligned elephant bones found; cut/butchering
marks found on bones; .2-.4 mya.
105. Maur
a mandible called the heidelberg jaw was found here. the
jaw was dated .5 mya
106. Gran Dolina
excavation in Spain in 1994; found h. heidelbergensis in
a collapsed cave; .8 mya
107. Sima de Los Hue- found > 30 human skeletons; .5-.35 mya
sos
108. Neander Valley
at this site the first fossil of a non-modern human(neanderthal) was found.
109. Shanidar Cave
Ralph Soleki started investigations here in the
1950s.100,000-300,000 years old. Suggested that these
people used mouths to hold on to things
110. Cave of Spy
Site in belgium where two neanderthal skeletons were
found.
111. La Quina
This is where the last neanderthals were found.
35 kya
112. Skhul
Cave site in SW asia where homo sapien remains(90 kya)
were found
113. Lascaux, France Fantastic cave discovered in 1940 in southern France .
Cave paintings are about 17,000 years old. This is the
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olithic (Beautiful depictions of animals, many of them now
extinct from Europe
114. Herto, Ethiopia
at this site a modern skull with a few primitive traits was
found: dated to 160,000 years ago
115. Laos (site of
Homo sapiens
sapiens dating
63,000 BP)
...
116. Grotte de Chau- site where 55 bear skulls were found in a circle on a
vet, France
platform: possibly for a ritual
Recently discovered cave art in France, 36,000-25,000
years B.P.
117. Abri Pataud,
France
Site of a rock shelter used by upper paleolithic foragers in
southwestern france during the late ice age. Famous for
its evidence of Reindeer hunting.
(cro magnon)
118. Cosquer Cave
An underwater cave in the french Mediterranean: homo
sapien art was found: handprint
119. Dolni Vestonice
a site in the czech republic where mammoth bones were
found
120. Medival Concept everything was created at once and all life was that same
of Order
as it was 6000 years ago [no evolution]
121. Natural selection In the struggle for survival, those organisms most well
adapted to prevailing conditions will pass on their superior characteristics to succeeding generations with more
frequency ; there are rdm genetic mutations, some of
these create diff features to diff organisms, those w/ better
adapted features = dominate species
122. Uniformitarianism
processes that are observable today shaping the Earths
surface are the same processes that have been in effect
throughout time. Means that the earth is vuuuurrry old
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123. Cladistics
An analytical system for reconstructing evolutionary relationships that emphasizes diversity over homogeneity.
124. Killer Ape hypothesis- Raymond Dart
The first major hypothesis that stated that one thing that
distinguished these hominids from apes was that they
killed each other on a daily basis for food. Theory was
wrong ; they were hunters
125. Scavenging hypothesis C.K.
Brain
hypothesis that stated Australopithecus were scavengers,
not hunters. Went against Raymond Dart's "killer ape"
theory
126. James Ussher
Archbishop of Ireland; Early 1600s; Said the Earth was
created in 4004 B.C.
127. Louis and Mary
Leakey
these people found a robust australopithecine; found H.
erectus called Lake Turkana Boy(nearly full skeleton)
128. James Hutton
Believed in Uniformitarianism; Concluded that the Earth
was more than 6000 years old.
129. Eugene Dubois
Found Java Man
130. Georges Cuvier Discovered prehistory; Compared mammoth fossils to
elephant fossils.
131. William Buckland
Equated catastrophes with the biblical flood
132. Donald Johanson
the man who found "lucy" in 1974
133. C.K. Brain
famous taphonomist that analyzed fossil assemblages
from the cave sites in the Sterkfontein Valley. was able to
disprove the "killer ape theory".
134. Mary Leakey
found three sets of footprints dating about 3.5 million
years ago--probably left by Australopithecines. Found in
1976, dated by potassium argon. Demonstrate bipedal
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walking.; This pebble industry was labeled the Oldowan
by her
135. Tim White
The man who found A. garhi in kada gona, Ethiopia
136. Raymond Dart
the man who found Taung baby(A. africanus) from South
Africa; also came up with "the killer ape hypothesis"
137. Ralph Solecki
Excavated Shanidar Cave in Northern Iraq. Found evidence of Neanderthals living environment. THings such
as blacked fire showing how they used spac
138. Stringer and
Gamble
Came up with the "Out of Africa" theory in 1993
139. Richard Green
Took DNA from 3 Neanderthals to develop the neanderthal Genome
140. Wolpoff et al.
Came up with the multi-regional theory of 1984
141. Middle Paleolith- 200-35 kya stone tools made by neanderthals; Greater
ic
use/modification to flakes; levallois technique(core reduction)
142. Levallois technique
Stone core reduction
143. Oxygen Isotope through this ananlysis you can determine sea levels in
Analysis
periods of time by comparing ratios of O-16 to O-18 in
ocean floor.
144. Palynology
Study of finding fossilized pollen in sediments to discover
dates
145. Belief in afterlife ...
146. Lifeways of Neanderthals
...
147.
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Out of Africa The- the theory that homo sapiens evolved from homo erectus
ory: Stringer and in south africa and spread out.
Gamble 1993
148. Multi-regional
theory Wolpoff
et al. 1984
the theory that H. sapiens evolved from homo erectus in
a number of places and all the populations inbred so all
modern humans are similar.
149. Cro Magnon life
ways and technological advances
They were the earliest form of European Homo Sapien.
Lifeways: Successful adaptation to harsh and unpredictable conditions- especially winters. Sites like Abri
Pataud (reindeer) produce abundant bones from large
animals . Recent research is also showing that these people also collected and processed plant foods. They must
have had storage capabilities. There art demonstrates
sophisticated symbolic expression and communication.
Technological Advances and "Upper Paleolithic Revolution" (35k-12kya)
-Extensive use of stone blades
-Manufacture of objets from a wider variety of raw material
(bone, ivory, wood)
-Greater specialization and standardization of tools
-Increase in the number of tools used to make other tools
-Great increase in hunting weapons
-Grinding tools first developed
-Long-distance trade (shells and stone)
-Fantastic art (cave painting)
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