COMPUTER
9
“Module 3-6”
Subject teacher:
Mr. nico Gabriel o. mendoza
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INTRODUCTION:
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources,
and provides common services for programs.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
After going through this lesson, you would be able to:
 enumerate different kinds of operating system
 explain how common function of operating system works
 identify the different parts of operating system
INDICATIVE CONTENT



Platforms and operating system
Network Operating System
Different parts of operating system
DISCUSSION:
“PLATFORMS AND OPERATING SYSTEM”
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“OPERATING SYSTEM”
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OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) - is the core software that allows a computer to run as a
useful device. It manages the hardware, the user interface and all other software running on
the computer. without an operating system, a computer is just a collection of components
heating up the room as no-one would be able to make any practical use of the machine.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYTEMS:




Windows or Linux - for personal computers
Mac OS - for Macs
Unix - for mainframes
Symbian, Android, Blackberry OS, iOS - for mobile phones
COMMON FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
• Providing a user interface
• Managing the computer’s memory
• Managing the hardware
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Single-user Operating System
Multi-user, Multi-tasking Operating System
Interactive Operating System
Real-time Operating System
Batch Operating System
Distributed Processing Operating System
I.
SINGLE-USER OPERATING SYSTEMS CAN BE SPLIT INTO TWO TYPES:
1. Single-user, single application operating systems
2. Single-user, multi-tasking operating systems
Single-User, Single Application
 This type of operating system only has to deal with one person at a time, running one user
application at a time.
Example:
An example of this kind of operating system would be found on the older model of mobile phones or an
iPod. There can only be one user using the device and that person is only using one of its applications at a
time.
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Single-User, Multi-tasking


You will find this kind of operating system on a personal computer.
The operating system is designed mainly with a single user in mind, but it can deal with many
applications running at the same time.
Example:
Single User, Multi-tasking Writing an essay, while searching the internet, downloading a video file and also
listening to a piece of music.
II.
•
•
•
•
MULTI-USER, MULTI-TASKING OPERATING SYSTEM
This allows more than one user to log on and can use the computer and its resources at the same
time.
Furthermore, each person needs to be able to run more than one application at a time, so it needs to
be multi-tasking as well.
Most personal computers can't handle these kinds of tasks. Instead, a mainframe or supercomputer is
required for this kind of work.
Each person can draw on the vast power of the computer in a shared way.
Example:
Multi-user, multi-tasking operating system
• You are an engineer or scientist and want to run a very
complicated simulation.
• Flight simulation.
• You work at a University as an academic
along with hundreds of other academics
(Biometrics/Daily Time Record)
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Multi-user, Multi-tasking
Now the operating system has to manage
A. Each user logged on to the system, their workspace and so on.
B. Allocate resources to the jobs they want to run.
C. Keep logs of how much processing time and resources they use.
D. Work out the most efficient use of computer processing cycles.
E. Maintain security.
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Example:
Real-time Operating System
• Washing Machine
• Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
• Soda Dispenser
• Microwave Oven
V. BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM
•
•
This kind of operating system is optimized for running jobs without user interaction.
A 'job' consists of a set of input data files to be processed at a later time.
Example:
Batch Operating System
• Payroll System
• Electric Bills
VI. DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
•
•
•
This is a form of parallel processing.
A single task is split up into a number of smaller tasks. Each of these is run on a separate computer.
The results are then gathered together.
A distributed operating system co-ordinate all the activity.
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ACTIVITES:
Identification: Write your answer on the space below.
1. This is a form of parallel processing. A single task is split up into a number of smaller tasks.
2. It is a group of technologies that are used as a base upon which other applications, processes or
technologies are developed. _________________
3. This kind of operating system is optimized for running jobs without user interaction. __________
4. It generally means the operating system and computer hardware only. _____________
5. These computers are often integrated into electronic control equipment. They provide the data
processing power to handle incoming data. ______________
6. It is the core software that allows a computer to run as a useful device.
7. It allows the user to directly interact with the operating system whilst one or more programs are
running. _______________
8. It is a standard personal computer running a single user, multi-tasking operating system that is
connected to a network. __________
9. A powerful computer needs this type of operating system to make maximum use of the machine.
10. This type of operating system only has to deal with one person at a time, running one application at a
time. _______________
11. These type of computer costs millions to buy and maintain. There is no way that such an expensive
machine could be used by just a single person. __________________
12. This type of operating system is designed mainly with a single user in mind, but it can deal with many
applications running at the same time. ________________
Enumeration:
13 - 16. Give at least four examples of operating system.
17 - 18. Give the two types of single-user operating system.
19 – 23. Give at least five types of operating system.
Tue or False:
24. Without an operating system, a computer is just a collection of components heating up the room as noone would be able to make any practical use of the machine.
25. New standards-based interfaces and open interfaces allow applications programs to run on multiple
platforms.
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REFERENCES:
https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/7/8/9/0789732548.pdf
http://www.depedbataan.com/resources/9/k_to_12_entrepbased_pc_hardware_servicing_learning_module.pdf
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“Module 4”
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DISCUSSION:
The History of Windows Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems. We look at the history of Microsoft's Windows operating
systems (Windows OS) from 1985 to present day.
The Windows operating systems (Windows OS) are more formally called Microsoft Windows and is a family
of operating systems for personal computers. Windows dominates the personal computer world, running, by
some estimates, more than 90 percent of all personal computers – the remainder
running Linux and Mac operating systems.
Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support
for many peripheral devices. In addition to Windows OS for personal computers, Microsoft also offers
operating systems for servers and personal mobile devices.
Source: Market Share Statistics for Internet Technologies
Windows OS Versions
 MS-DOS
 Windows 1.0 - 2.0
 Windows 3.0 – 3.1
 Windows 95
 Windows 98
 Windows ME - Millennium Edition
 Windows NT 31. - 4.0
 Windows 2000
 Windows XP
 Windows Vista
 Windows 7
 Windows 8
 Windows 10
 Windows Server
 Windows Home Server
 Windows CE
 Windows Mobile
 Windows Phone 7-10
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Microsoft Windows Operating Systems for PCs
The following details the history of MS-DOS and Windows operating systems designed for personal
computers (PCs).
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)
Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was
the standard operating system for IBM-compatible personal
computers. The initial versions of DOS were very simple and
resembled another operating system called CP/M.
Subsequent versions have become increasingly sophisticated
as they incorporated features of minicomputer operating
systems.
Windows 1.0 – 2.0 (1985-1992)
Introduced in 1985, Microsoft Windows 1.0 was named due to the computing boxes, or "windows" that
represented a fundamental aspect of the operating system. Instead of typing MS-DOS commands, windows
1.0 allowed users to point and click to access the windows.
In 1987 Microsoft released Windows 2.0, which was designed for the designed for the Intel 286 processor.
This version added desktop icons, keyboard shortcuts and improved graphics support.
Windows 3.0 – 3.1 (1990–1994)
Windows 3.0 was released in May, 1900 offering better icons, performance and advanced graphics with 16
colors designed for Intel 386 processors. This version is the first release that provides the standard "look and
feel" of Microsoft Windows for many years to come. Windows 3.0 included Program Manager, File Manager
and Print Manager and games (Hearts, Minesweeper and Solitaire). Microsoft released Windows 3.1 in 1992.
Windows 95 (August 1995)
Windows 95 was released in 1995 and was a major upgrade to the
Windows operating system. This OS was a significant
advancement over its precursor, Windows 3.1. In addition to
sporting a new user interface, Windows 95 also includes a number
of important internal improvements. Perhaps most important, it
supports 32-bit applications, which means that applications
written specifically for this operating system should run much
faster.
Although Windows 95 can run older Windows and DOS
applications, it has essentially removed DOS as the underlying
platform. This has meant removal of many of the old DOS
limitations, such as 640K of main memory and 8-character
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filenames. Other important features in this operating system are the ability to automatically detect and
configure installed hardware (plug and play).
Windows 98 (June 1998)
Windows 98 offers support for a number of new technologies, including FAT32, AGP, MMX, USB, DVD,
and ACPI. Its most visible feature, though, is the Active Desktop, which integrates the Web browser (Internet
Explorer) with the operating system. From the user's point of view, there is no difference between accessing
a document residing locally on the user's hard disk or on a Web server halfway around the world.
Windows ME - Millennium Edition (September 2000)
The Windows Millennium Edition, called "Windows Me" was an update to the Windows 98 core and
included some features of the Windows 2000 operating system. This version also removed the "boot in DOS"
option.
Windows NT 31. - 4.0 (1993-1996)
A version of the Windows operating system. Windows NT (New Technology) is a 32-bit operating system
that supports preemptive multitasking. There are actually two versions of Windows NT: Windows NT Server,
designed to act as a server in networks, and Windows NT Workstation for stand-alone or client workstations.
Windows 2000 (February 2000)
Often abbreviated as "W2K," Windows 2000 is an operating system for business desktop and laptop systems
to run software applications, connect to Internet and intranet sites, and access files, printers, and network
resources. Microsoft released four versions of Windows 2000: Professional (for business desktop and laptop
systems), Server (both a Web server and an office server), Advanced Server (for line-of-business applications)
and Datacenter Server (for high-traffic computer networks).
Windows XP (October 2001)
Windows XP was released in 2001. Along with a redesigned look
and feel to the user interface, the new operating system is built on
the Windows 2000 kernel, giving the user a more stable and
reliable environment than previous versions of Windows.
Windows XP comes in two versions, Home and
Professional. Microsoft focused on mobility for both editions,
including plug and play features for connecting to wireless
networks. The operating system also utilizes the 802.11x wireless
security standard. Windows XP is one of Microsoft's best-selling
products.
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Windows Vista (November 2006)
Windows Vista offered an advancement in reliability, security,
ease of deployment, performance and manageability over
Windows XP. New in this version was capabilities to detect
hardware problems before they occur, security features to
protect against the latest generation of threats, faster start-up
time and low power consumption of the new sleep state. In
many cases, Windows Vista is noticeably more responsive than
Windows XP on identical hardware. Windows Vista simplifies
and centralizes desktop configuration management, reducing
the cost of keeping systems updated.
Windows 7 (October, 2009)
Windows 7 was released by Microsoft on October 22, 2009 as
the latest in the 25-year-old line of Windows operating
systems and as the successor to Windows Vista (which itself
had followed Windows XP). Windows 7 was released in
conjunction with Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 7's
server counterpart. Enhancements and new features in
Windows 7 include multi-touch support, Internet Explorer 8,
improved performance and start-up time, Aero Snap, Aero
Shake, support for virtual hard disks, a new and improved
Windows Media Center, and improved security.
Windows 8
Windows 8 was released on August. 1, 2012 and is a completely redesigned operating system that's been
developed from the ground up with touchscreen use in mind as well as near-instant-on capabilities that enable
a Windows 8 PC to load and start up in a matter of seconds
rather than in minutes.
Windows 8 will replace the more traditional Microsoft
Windows OS look and feel with a new "Metro" design system
interface that first debuted in the Windows Phone 7 mobile
operating system. The Metro user interface primarily consists
of a "Start screen" made up of "Live Tiles," which are links to
applications and features that are dynamic and update in real
time. Windows 8 supports both x86 PCs and ARM processors.
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Windows 10
Windows 10 is Microsoft's Windows successor to
Windows 8. Windows 10 debuted on July 29, 2015,
following a "technical preview" beta release of the new
operating system that arrived in Fall 2014 and a "consumer
preview" beta in early 2015. Microsoft claims Windows 10
features fast start up and resume, built-in security and the
return of the Start Menu in an expanded form. This version
of Windows will also feature Microsoft Edge, Microsoft's
new browser. Any qualified device (such as tablets, PCs,
smartphones and Xbox consoles) can upgrade to Windows
10, including those with pirated copies of Windows.
ACTIVITES:
ENUMERATION:
GIVE THE 18 OPERATING SYSTEMS.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
GIVE AT-LEAST 2 OPERATING SYSTEM THAT WE ARE USING NOWDAYS.
1.
2.
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IDENTIFICATION:
1_______ was released on August. 1, 2012 and is a completely redesigned operating system that's been
developed from the ground up with touchscreen use in mind as well as near-instant-on capabilities that
enable a Windows 8 PC to load and start up in a matter of seconds rather than in minutes.
2_______ was released by Microsoft on October 22, 2009 as the latest in the 25-year-old line of Windows
operating systems.
3_______ a "technical preview" beta release of the new operating system that arrived in Fall 2014 and a
"consumer preview" beta in early 2015.
4______ offered an advancement in reliability, security, ease of deployment.
5_______ is an operating system for business desktop and laptop systems to run software applications.
6_________ was released in 1995 and was a major upgrade to the Windows operating system.
7_________ Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard operating system
for IBM-compatible personal computers.
8_________ was released in May, 1900 offering better icons, performance and advanced graphics with 16
colors designed for Intel 386 processors.
9_______ offers support for a number of new technologies, including FAT32, AGP, MMX, USB, DVD, and
ACPI.
10_______ was an update to the Windows 98 core and included some features of the Windows 2000
operating system.
REFERENCE:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckboyrXSgH8
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“Module 5”
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DISCUSSION:
“System specification”

CACHE - It is a form of very fast memory integrated into the processor chip, and used to store up
instructions (work for the processor)

CLOCK SPEED - The speed of a computer's processor chip IS TECHNICALLY KNOWN BY
THIS.

ARCHITECTURE - It is the most important factor to determine the processor performance

GIGAHERTZ - The speed of a computer's processor chip (technically known as its "clock speed")
is measured.

ON-BOARD GRAPHICS. Graphics systems integrated into the motherboard is also known.
Whenever you purchase software or hardware for your computer, you should first make sure your
computer supports the system requirements. These are the necessary specifications your computer must have
in order to use the software or hardware.
For example, a computer game may require your computer to have Windows XP or later, a 2.0 GHz
processor, 512 MB of RAM, a 64 MB graphics card, and 500 MB or hard drive space. If your computer does
not meet all of these requirements, the game will not run very well or might not run at all.
Most hardware and software products have the system requirements printed on the side or bottom of the
product packaging. When you are shopping for computer software or hardware, it is a good idea to first find
out exactly what your system's specifications are and write them down on a piece of paper. The important
information to record includes:
1. Operating System (i.e. Windows XP, SP 2 or Mac OS X 10.3.8)
2. Processor Speed (i.e. Pentium 4, 3.2 GHz or Power PC G5, 2.0 GHz)
3. Memory, a.k.a. RAM (i.e. 512 MB)
4. Graphics Card (i.e. ATI Radeon 9800 w/ 256 MB video memory)
5. Hard Disk Space (i.e. 80 GB available)
6. I/O Ports (i.e. USB, Firewire, Serial, Parallel, SCSI, VGA, DVI ports)
In broad terms, the performance of a computer depends on four factors:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The speed and architecture of its processor or "central processing unit" (CPU),
How much random access memory (RAM).
Its graphics system, and
Its internal hard drive speed and capacity.
Also, of importance to most users will be the specification of its Internet connection.
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WINDOWS 10 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor or SoC.
RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit.
Hard disk space: 16 GB for 32-bit OS 20 GB for 64-bit OS.
Graphics card: DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver.
Display: 800x600
“Processor speed and architecture”
The speed of a computer's processor chip (technically known as its "clock speed") is measured in
gigahertz (GHz), with the fastest modern processors currently running at up to 4.7GHz. However, for most
computing tasks, including web browsing, sending e-mails, word processing and spreadsheet work any
processor running at 1GHz or more remains perfectly sufficient.
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ARHCHITECTURE
The architecture of a processor is the most important factor to determine its performance, and refers
to its basic design and complexity. Some processors are simply more sophisticated than others, with Intel
(for example) producing "basic" processors called Celerons and Pentiums, as well as more powerful
processors under its "Core" processor family. The later include the Core 2, Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7,
with the last of these being the most powerful.
CACHE
Cache is a form of very fast memory integrated into the processor chip, and used to store up
instructions (work for the processor) so that it has to slow down as little as possible between tasks. Cache is
measured in megabytes (MB), with (for example) low-end Celeron processors having as little as 0.25MB of
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cache (256KB), and high-end Itaniums having up to 24MB. The simple message is, the more cache the
better- though high levels of cache still come at a very significant price.
What are the benefits of clearing the cache?
The prime purpose is to improve the performance by reducing the data processing and fetching. With
a sizeable amount of cache stored, the speed and performance of machine is hampered. Enhancing system
and application performance is one of the benefits of clearing cache
Front side bus (FSB)
Front side bus (FSB) speed is a measure of how fast a microprocessor communicates with the
computer's main circuit board (or "motherboard") into which it is physically connected. Again, the higher
the measure the better for overall performance, with FSB speeds currently ranging from 533MHz (still
perfectly sufficient for the vast majority of applications) up to 1600 MHz.
Random-access Memory (RAM)
To a large extent, the more RAM a computer has the faster and more effectively it will operate.
RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB), as detailed on the storage page. Just how much
RAM a computer needs depends on the software it is required to run effectively.
A computer running Windows XP will usually function quite happily with 1GB of RAM, whereas
twice this amount (ie 2GB) is the realistic minimum for computers running Windows 7.
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“Ram vs Cache”
What is the difference between RAM and Cache Memory?
In the memory hierarchy, cache memory is the closer memory to the CPU when compared with the
RAM. Cache memory is much faster and also expensive when compared with the RAM. But the capacity of
the RAM memory is larger than the capacity of the cache memory. Further, the cache memory is also
organized as a hierarchy as L1, L2 and L3 caches that differ in speed, cost and capacity.
Graphics system
A computer's graphics system determines how well it can work with visual output. Graphics systems
can either be integrated into a computer's motherboard, or plugged into the motherboard as a separate "video
card".
Graphics systems integrated into the motherboard (also known as "onboard graphics") are now quite
powerful, and sufficient for handling the requirements of most software applications aside from games
playing, 3D modeling, and some forms of video editing.
A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a single-chip processor primarily used to manage and boost the
performance of video and graphics.
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ACTIVITES:
ESSAY:
At least 50 words.
1. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM AND CACHE MEMORY? IN
YOUR OWN UNDERSTANDING?
2. WHAT IS FUNCTION OF GRAPHICS PROCESSOR UNIT?
3. WHAT IS A SYSTEM SPECIFICATION?
REFERENCE:
http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-l1-and-vs-l2-cache/
Prepared by:
MR. NICO GABRIEL O. MENDOZA
(Bachelor Secondary Education Major in MAPEH)
Computer Hardware Servicing NC II (Associate Graduate)
Computer Systems Servicing NC II (New TR)
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“Module 6”
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DISCUSSION:
“CREATING A LETTER IN MICROSOFT WORD”
The typing template usually uses Microsoft word to do the job. Microsoft Word also has many
options that you can use to spice up the page for your love letter writing. You can add different colors
both on the background and on the front interface. You can also customize the font type and size to
suit your needs. After writing, you can print the letter before sending it to y our significant other. If your
Microsoft word is not enough for you, you can opt to use any other word processor that you think suits
you.
Example:
Here's a guide to writing a standard love letter from someone who has admittedly written too many of
them. Woo someone today and learn the craft!
1) Begin with a salutation.
This dictates the tone of the letter and the writer's perception of his or her relationship with the
reader.
Some examples:
Dear (name),
Dearest,
To my lovely crush,
To you, girl behind the cappuccino maker at my favorite coffee shop who writes my name on the cup even
before I reach the counter
2) Start with the beginning, because there always is one, and it reminds the recipient that you were
paying attention and that moment was as pivotal for you as it was to them (and if it wasn't, this is your
chance for you to make it so, at least in your collective memory).
When I first met you, you were wearing a fedora hat during a Manila typhoon. I saw you crossing the
street with your hand holding down the feather in your hat, and I thought, "There's nobody else like her."
You were a (generous description of your beloved) and I was a (humble, self-effacing description of
yourself).
3) Describe your situation now, showing appreciation for everyday details and the seemingly
irrelevant aspects of your relationship.
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But now that we have lived our lives as a married couple, I cannot be more grateful for what we have and
how we have grown with each other...
4) Mention something in you that has changed because of the recipient.
You have taught me that being a husband and a father are the most rewarding things in my life. You
have made me both, and for that I will always be grateful.
5) Express a commitment to continue the love story, or your undying longing for the reader.
They say I should be tired of you by now, or that 5 years after a wedding, a couple's happiness begins to
decrease. Yet I still wake next to you with the same eagerness I had when I realized that you would
always be mine.
6) Describe the state of misery you'll be in without her or him.
Should you ever change your mind about us and lose your way, know that I will be one of those pathetic
people who never seem to move on.
7) Closing line must leave a little bit hanging and make the reader want more of you.
Always be mine. I love you, and I can't wait to show you exactly how I do.
ACTIVITY:
FOR MODULAR:
CREATE A SIMPLE LOVE LETTER AND WRITE IT ON YOUR LONG COUPON BOND.
FOLLOW THE EXAMPLES ABOVE.
A cover letter should be:
 200–350 words
 About half a page
 Three paragraphs
 Put a margin
FOR ONLINE CLASS (For those students who has an available Microsoft Office Word in their computer)
A cover letter should be:






200–350 words
About half a page
Three paragraphs
Have line spacing of 1.5
Use 10–12-point font
Use an easy-reading font like Arial, Times New Roman, Calibri, or Georgia.
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Reference:
https://medium.com/@arwendel93/mediums-minimalism-a-love-letter-8c966ff387a2
Prepared by:
MR. NICO GABRIEL O. MENDOZA
(Bachelor Secondary Education Major in MAPEH)
Computer Hardware Servicing NC II (Associate Graduate)
Computer Systems Servicing NC II (New TR)
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