8 Research I Quarter 1-Module 1: Week 1, Scientific Attitudes and Basic Science Process Skills Source: https://www.scientistlive.com Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines 1 Research I - Grade 8 Science Elective Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 - Module 1: Scientific Attitudes and Basic Science Process Skills Second Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Schools Division Superintendent: Dr.Rhea Mar A. Angtud, CESO VI Development Team of the Module Writer/Compiler: Mrs. Elizabeth B. Agbay, TIII, Talamban National High School Language & Content Editors/ Reviewers: Dr. Marchee T. Picardal, Cebu Normal University Mrs. Mary Ann D. Bacalso, MTII, Cebu City National Science High School Management Team: Chairperson: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent Members: Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS- LRMS Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS- Science Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Office Address: New Imus Avenue, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City Telephone Nos.: (032) 255-1516/(032) 253-9095 E-mail Address: cebu.city@deped.gov.ph ii 8 Research I Quarter 1-Module 1: Scientific Attitudes and Basic Science Process Skills This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at cebu.city@deped.gov.ph. We value your feedback and recommendations. Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page COVER PAGE COPYRIGHT PAGE TITLE PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS i ii iii iv Lesson 1 – Scientific Attitudes: What makes a scientist? What I Need to Know 1 What I Know 2 What’s In 3 What’s New 4 What is It 5 What’s More 6 Lesson 2 – Basic Science Process Skills What’s In 6 What’s New 7 What is It 7 What’s More 11 What I Have Learned 12 What I Can Do 12 Assessment 13 Additional Activities 15 Answer Key 15 References 17 iv What I Need to Know The world around us is greatly influenced by the researches, discoveries, and innovations of science and technology. It enables us to look for solutions to problems in the society and improve the quality of life. For instance, drugs and medicines were developed through various studies and procedures that help save lives. Moreover, access to services is enhanced through the discoveries of different modes of transportation and communication. Can you give some examples as to how your life is affected by science and technology? Correct, there are so many things to mention. Scientists, inventors, and researchers make these discoveries and innovations possible. What do you think are the needed characteristics of these individuals that enable them to succeed? This module is crafted to help you identify the different scientific characteristics that make innovations and discoveries possible. The module is divided into two lessons, namely: • • Lesson 1 – Scientific Attitudes Lesson 2 – Basic Science Process Skills After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. identify the different scientific attitudes and basic science process skills; 2. justify how scientific attitudes and basic science process skills are applied in one’s life; and 3. apply the different basic science process skills. 1 What I Know Directions: Read the questions carefully and then choose the correct answer. Write the letter corresponding to your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Ken does not claim the work of Alex as his own. Which of the following attitudes of a scientist is being shown by Ken? A. Curiosity C. Keen Observer B. Intellectual honesty D. Open-mindedness 2. What scientific attitude is displayed by someone when she always asks questions about the things in his/her surroundings? A. Curiosity C. Keen Observer B. Intellectual honesty D. Open-mindedness 3. Alexis listens to the ideas of others to better improve her work. She is __________. A. Curiosity C. Keen Observer B. Intellectual honesty D. Open-mindedness 4. Zyra does not believe in superstitions the occurrence of all things. Which of shown? A. Critical-mindedness B. Objectivity as she thinks that there is a reason behind the following attitudes of a scientist is being C. Perseverance D. Skepticism 5. When someone is still doing something despite the challenges, delays, and difficulties in achieving success, then that person has the trait of __________. A. Critical-mindedness C. Perseverance B. Objectivity D. Skepticism 6. Andy is not biased or prejudiced. He does not allow his judgment to be influenced by his likes or dislikes. What scientific attitude is being shown by Andy? A. Critical-mindedness C. Perseverance B. Objectivity D. Skepticism 7. Which of the following situations show open-mindedness? A. Liz avoids rush judgment. B. Kelcy alters the results of her study to fit to what she wants. C. Marie respects the ideas of others, even if it is contrary to her own. D. Anna believes that things are not permanent. They may be refuted as evidence arises. 8. Which of the following should NOT be done by scientists and researchers? A. Consider the idea of other people and colleagues B. Follow a systematic process in the conduct of one’s study C. Alter the actual result of the study to make one’s study sound new and interesting D. Repeat procedures to verify the accuracy and reliability of the results of one’s study 9. Which of the following is a quantitative observation? A. The substance feels slippery and itchy. B. Kieth is holding a cylindrical glassware. C. The color of the litmus paper changes to red. D. The temperature of the resulting solution is 105°C. 2 10. Mel discovered that the milk curdles and smells sour after a day that it is left unrefrigerated. What can you infer from the situation? A. It is still fresh. C. It is contaminated. B. It becomes spoiled. D. It reacted to its container. 11. What basic skill is used when someone grouped materials based on their similarities and differences? A. Classifying C. Measuring B. Communicating results D. Predicting 12. Which of the following is a qualitative observation? A. The object weighs 250g. B. The beaker is half-filled with a colorless liquid. C. The seedling grows to 10 centimeters in a span of 2 days. D. The color of the litmus paper changes to blue as it is soaked into a liquid mixture. 13. When a scientist shares her findings with other scientists, then she is _____. A. Classifying C. Measuring B. Communicating results D. Predicting 14. What skill is used by a scientist when she listens to the sounds produced by animals? A. Drawing conclusions C. Measuring B. Making observations D. Raising questions 15. Which of the following skills involved the use of one’s senses in obtaining information from his/her environment? A. Drawing conclusions C. Measuring B. Making observations D. Raising questions Lesson 1 Scientific Attitudes: What makes a scientist? Is there a time wherein you dream of becoming a scientist or engaging in a science-related career in the future? What are your reasons for dreaming to be one? What’s In The impact and influence of science, technology, and research are evident in our everyday lives. It can be seen and felt everywhere. Its products are used in doing our household chores easier and faster. It makes treatment of many illnesses possible and further helps in boosting our economy. Along with the process of conducting a scientific investigation, there are necessary characteristics that enable these scientists and innovators to be successful in their fields of discipline. Can you name one? To learn more, let’s do Activity 1.1. 3 What’s New Activity 1.1: Let’s Get to Know Who Directions: Read carefully the text about Thomas Alva Edison. Precautionary measures: Do not try performing what is stated in the written text at home. Electricity is very dangerous and could be fatal. Edison once noticed that when electricity flowed through a piece of iron wire, the iron wire became red hot. The wire glowed brightly, but not bright enough to light a room. When he used a thinner piece of iron wire and allowed electricity to pass through, the wire glowed. But he wanted greater brightness. He tried other metals. Finally, he discovered that a thin piece of tungsten wire could glow so bright that it can easily light a room. But he also realized that the glow did not last long. After a few minutes, the wire burned to ashes. He wondered why. Since oxygen is needed in burning, he reasoned that if only the wire would not come in contact with oxygen, it would not burn. He, therefore, pumped out air (containing oxygen) from a bulb using a machine. He then enclosed the tungsten wire in what he thought was already an oxygen-free bulb. He then tested the bulb. The wire glowed longer, but it also died out after a few minutes. Edison tried pumping out more air and tested the bulb again. When the glow on the wire died out, he repeated his experiment, pumping out larger amounts of air and making sure no air entered the bulb. This was his way of finding out whether the length of time before the wire ceased from glowing was dependent on the amount of air present in the bulb. He repeated this activity over and over again, getting many bulbs busted in the process. But he did not lose hope. He continued with the experiment. Each time, the wire glowed brighter and longer. Finally, the tungsten glowed steadily. Edison knew then that he had succeeded. He had invented the incandescent light bulb. Source: Adapted from Integrated Science (2004), p.6. Questions to ponder: 1. What makes Edison successful? 2. Is it possible for us to have these traits and characteristics? Let’s move forward for us to know more about the different scientific attitudes. 4 What is It In activity 1.1, you read a story about the challenges of Thomas Alva Edison and what he did to successfully invent the incandescent bulb. Indeed, he encountered many hardships in his journey towards the discovery of the incandescent bulb. However, he persevered and never gave up. As his famous quotation goes, “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10, 000 ways that won’t work”. He is a good observant and an explorer. These are just some of the characteristics of Edison that you may have answered for the questions above. Now, study the table below to learn more about the different scientific attitudes. Scientific Attitudes Careful worker Critical thinker Curiosity Fair-mindedness Intellectual honesty Objectivity Openmindedness Perseverance Skepticism Thorough Description When one makes his/her observations carefully and accurately. It is shown when one believes that there is a reason behind everything. He or she does not believe in superstitions. He or she asks questions and is eager to find the answers to these questions. It is displayed when one is not biased or prejudiced. He or she does not allow his or her judgment to be influenced by his or her likes and dislikes. When one does not claim the work of others as his/her own. The quality or character of being objective, lack of favoritism, and freedom from biases. He or she respects the ideas and opinions of others, even if they are contrary to his or her own. When one continues doing one’s tasks despite the challenges encountered. The attitude of doubting knowledge claims that are set forth in various areas. He or she avoids rash judgment. He or she does not accept a statement as a fact unless it has been well tested. He or she weighs evidence carefully before making a conclusion. Do you exhibit these traits? You don’t need to be a scientist to have these traits and not all traits listed above may be present in one person. But for sure, there is a trait above that you have as you could be a scientist in the making and maybe soon to be a modern-day Edison. These traits are also shown and are very important to researchers, inventors, and even to a student like you. Let’s have a little drill. Are you ready? Let’s go! 5 What’s More Activity 1.2: Thinking Like a Scientist Fill in the Blanks Directions: Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences below. 1. If I will be a scientist, I will ____________________________________________________________________. 2. I want to discover ____________________________________________________________________. 3. I want to discover it because ____________________________________________________________________. 4. I will do it by ____________________________________________________________________. 5. In case I fail once, I will _____________________________________________ because I am _______________________________________________________. Lesson 2 Basic Science Process Skills What’s In In the previous lesson, you had identified the different scientific attitudes that scientists and persons studying the realm of science and science-related fields must have. These scientific attitudes include but are not limited to being a careful worker, critical thinker, curious, fair-minded, intellectually honest, objective, open-minded, perseverance, skeptical and thorough. These attitudes enable individuals to discover and invent things that benefit the society. Moreover, skills are needed to enable someone to turn brilliant ideas into a reality. These skills are divided into two: basic science process skills and integrated science process skills. In this module, we will learn the basic science process skills. Fasten your seatbelt and let’s go. 6 What’s New Activity 2.1: See, Think, Wonder Directions: Study the given picture carefully. Write your answers to the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Questions to ponder: 1. What picture? do you see in the 2. What do you think is happening as shown in the picture? 3. What does the picture make you wonder? Photo Credits: https://www.similkameenspotlight.com/news/water-pools-alonghighway-3-causing-dangerous-conditions/ What is It In activity 2.1, you analyzed the given picture carefully and you answered the following questions: What do you see in the picture? What do you think happens as shown on the picture? What does the picture make you wonder? As you answered these questions, you were using some of the basic science process skills such as observing and making inferences. To know more, read the following discussion about the different basic science process skills. Making observations Looking back on the previous activity, you were asked to write what you see in the picture. Maybe, you answered the following: 1. The road is wet. 2. There is water on the road. 3. There are few vehicles on the road. In doing so, you use your sense of sight as you take a look at the picture. In this process, you are making observations. An observation is a fact learned directly through the use of the senses of sight, touch, hearing, taste, and smell. Making observation means using one or two of our senses to describe objects or events. Information or data can be gathered through observations. 7 Remember these tips when making observations: 1. Use as many senses as you can. Never taste unless you are told to do so. 2. When you pick up something or when you are watching an event, think about how you can use your senses to get information about that object or event. 3. Describe only what you observe directly through your senses. 4. Take notes of changes. Include observations before, during, and after the change. There are two types of observation. These are qualitative and quantitative observations. Qualitative observation is a subjective process of data gathering with the use of sensory organs. It uses appropriate words and adjectives to describe objects and events. On the other hand, quantitative observation is objective, and it made use of instruments like rulers, thermometers, barometers, balances, and the like to quantify information. Numbers and measurements were used in quantitative observations. For you to better understand, study the given examples. Qualitative Observations The road is wet. The liquid tastes salty. There is curdle in the milk. Quantitative Observations The seedling has five leaves. The beaker has 72ml colorless liquid. The temperature of the liquid is 80°C. Making inferences Observation is a personal experience obtained through one or more of the senses. Based on these experiences, we can make inferences. We make inferences when we use our past experiences to draw conclusions and make explanations about objects or events not observed. Making an inference means deriving additional information from observations by relating them to experiences or by reasoning out logically. Simply, inferences are logical conclusions based on observations and prior knowledge. To make good inferences remember the following: 1. Observe an object or event very carefully. 2. Based on past experiences, think of several inferences. 3. Decide which new observations would support these inferences. 4. Make new observations to determine if each of the inferences is an acceptable explanation Here is an example: Observation There is water on the road. Inference It might have rained in this area a while ago. The water tubes located near the area might be damaged. There are few individuals in The place is still under ECQ. the street. People are afraid to be infected with COVID19. Raising questions based 1. 2. 3. When we use our senses in our surroundings, we usually asked questions on what we observed. For an instance, we asked questions like: Why the sky is blue? Why do we experience heavy rains for a few days already? Why do the color changes in camote tops extract when vinegar is placed? 8 When questions are raised, we tend to find answers to these queries. This is one of the basic skills that lead to the discovery of new things and ideas. As long as there are questions asked, there will be new explorations and discoveries. Comparing and classifying Objects and organisms come in varied forms and shapes. For scientists to study them easily, they need to group them accordingly by observing their similarities and differences. Observing the similarities and differences among things and events are used by scientists and individuals to group and classify them. Objects and events with common characteristics are grouped together. They can be classified using one or multistage schemes. Kindly study the diagram below as an example. Photo Credits: https://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/typ/clas/msw.html Manipulating equipment Scientists and aspiring scientists performed activities inside a laboratory to test and verify observations. In doing so, it is very important that these individuals know how to manipulate and use the appropriate equipment and apparatuses for them to carry out the activity or experiment safely, accurately, and successfully. Measuring and estimating Another important basic science process skill is measuring and estimating. As you had learned a while ago, information about objects and events can be collected through making observations. Observations could be qualitative or quantitative. Quantitative data makes descriptions of events and objects more accurate. For example, when you observe a plant, you can notice that the plant had grown, however, if you say that the plant has 10 leaves and a height of 22 cm, you had given more accurate information as to what extent the plant has grown. Did you know that people long ago use to measure length by using body parts like using one’s arms? Do you think using one’s arm is accurate? Correct, it is not because different people have different arm lengths. These differences can cause conflict between individuals. For an instance, when a long-armed customer buys a piece of cloth from a short-armed seller, there will be disagreements. To avoid this, a standard of measurement is adapted in the country and that is the Metric system. 9 This is considered the International System of Unit (Systeme Internationale d’ Unites or SI units). Some units which are most commonly used are: Quantity Length Area Volume Speed Mass SI units kilometer (km), meter (m), centimeter (cm), millimeter (mm) square meter (m2), hectare (ha) liter (L), mililiter (ml), cubic meter (m3) kilometer per hour (kph), meters per second (m/s) kilogram (kg), gram (g) Quantitative observations and data can be acquired with the use of standardized measuring instruments like ruler, balance, graduated cylinder, protractor, thermometer, stopwatch, etc. Nonstandard items like cups and tablespoons can also be used. To make accurate measurements, remember the following: 1. Estimate the measurement. Making estimates will give you a frame of reference. 2. Compare your estimate using standard or nonstandard units. 3. Read the value shown on the instrument as accurately as possible. Collecting and Interpreting data Information gathered from observations, doing experiments, and measurements from standard and non-standard instruments are considered as data. These data can be recorded, organized, and interpreted. These data can be organized through tables and graphs. Data can be interpreted by analyzing, looking for patterns and relationships. In the next module, you will learn more about how to create visuals (tables and graphs) based on gathered data as well as how data can be interpreted. Predicting Predicting is the skill of anticipating the possible outcome or results of things and events based on previous experiences. For example, when the sky is dark, we often say that it is about to rain. This process involves predicting as before the rain occurs, you had anticipated that it will rain soon because of the dark clouds that you see. You were able to predict it as you had experienced the process before. Communicating In doing research, communication is very important both in the process of doing the study and in sharing the results of the study. In the real world, research conducted is beneficial if its findings are shared to others in different forms of communication. Research is often conducted collaboratively, that is two or more individuals are doing the study together. In this case, communication between and among researchers is very important as it is through this process that ideas are exchanged so that the study will be done accurately and successfully. New and better ideas result from communication and collaboration. In addition, researches, experiments, and studies conducted will better serve the society if its results and findings will be shared with others, this is also done through communication. Results 10 of the study can be communicated through presenting one’s study in science fairs, in research congress, and even in sharing it with your acquaintances and friends. Are the basic science process skills familiar to you now? Amazing, as these skills are the same skills that are useful in our everyday lives. Moreover, these skills can be improved and enhanced with practice and training. Alright, let’s check what you have learned. What’s More Activity 2.2. Directions: Study the picture below. Indicate which of the statements are observations and which are inferences by marking the appropriate columns with a checkmark. Then, classify which one is qualitative or quantitative. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Photo credits: http://www.shonscience.com/unit-0-scientific-inquiry1/category/inference Situation Observation Quantitative observation 1. There are three tomatoes. 2. The tomatoes are newly harvested. 3. The tomatoes are red. 4. The tomatoes have a mass of 15.5 g. 5. The tomatoes have high water content. 11 Qualitative observation Inference What I Have Learned 3-2-1 Exit Card Directions: Provide the information needed to complete the table below. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Name: ____________________________ 3 Things I have learned Section: __________________________ 2 Things I found interesting 1 Difficulty I had and what I did about it Comments about the entire module What I Can Do Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Self-Reflection 1. What scientific attitudes do you have as a person? Give situations demonstrating or manifesting such attitude. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. How do the basic science process skills help us in our everyday lives? Give specific situations showing such. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 12 Assessment Directions: Read the questions carefully and then choose the correct answer. Write the letter corresponding to your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. When someone is still doing something despite the challenges, delays, and difficulties in achieving success, then what scientific attitude is being shown by the person? A. Critical-mindedness C. Perseverance B. Objectivity D. Skepticism 2. Which of the following is a qualitative observation? A. The object weighs 250g. B. The beaker is half-filled with a colorless liquid. C. The seedling grows to 10 centimeters in 2 days. D. The color of the litmus paper changes to blue as it is soaked into a liquid mixture. 3. Which of the following should NOT be done by scientists and researchers? A. Consider the idea of other people and colleagues B. Follow a systematic process in the conduct of one’s study C. Alter the actual result of the study to make one’s study sound new and interesting D. Repeat procedures to verify the accuracy and reliability of the results of one’s study 4. Mel discovered that the milk curdles and smells sour after a day that it is left unrefrigerated. What can you infer from the situation? A. It is still fresh. C. It is contaminated. B. It becomes spoiled. D. It reacted to its container. 5. Kylie visited her garden. She notices that there are holes in the leaves of her plant. She questions why her plants are like this. She even wondered what causes it and what could be done to solve the problem. What trait is being displayed by Kylie? A. Curiosity C. Objectivity B. Intellectual honesty D. Open-mindedness 6. Ken does not claim the work of Alex as his own. Which of the following attitude of a scientist is being shown by Ken? A. Curiosity C. Objectivity B. Intellectual honesty D. Open-mindedness 7. Which of the following uses words and adjectives to describe the object or event as perceived by the senses? A. Classification C. Qualitative observation B. Inferences D. Quantitative observation 8. Which of the following situations show open-mindedness? A. Liz avoids rush judgment. B. Kelcy alters the results of her study to fit to what she wants. 13 C. Marie respects the ideas and opinions of others, even it is contrary to her own. D. Anna believes that things are not permanent. They may be refuted as evidence arises. 9. Which of the following is a qualitative observation? A. The plant grows to 2 meters. B. The substance feels slippery and itchy. C. There are two new leaves of the plant. D. The temperature of the resulting solution is 105°C. 10. In the metal recovery facility, wastes are segregated based on their characteristics. All metallic wastes like copper, aluminum, tin, and others were grouped. Recyclable wastes are also grouped. What scientific attitude is being practiced here? A. Classifying C. Measuring B. Communicating results D. Predicting 11. Mark, Joshua, and Kyle are studying the effects of soil acidity to plant production. They are done with the experiment, and they plan on joining the school investigatory project contest. They prepare an IP board where they indicate the different parts of their research. They presented and share the findings of the study to all the audiences in the said competition. What are they doing? A. Classifying C. Measuring B. Communicating results D. Predicting 12. Which of the following attitudes makes a scientist capable of accepting new and different ideas? A. Curiosity C. Objectivity B. Intellectual honesty D. Open-mindedness For numbers 13-15, illustration at the right. refer to the 13. Which of the following is a qualitative observation? A. A colored liquid is inside the graduated cylinder. B. The irregular, solid substance inside the cylinder is gold. C. The combined volume of the colored liquid and the irregular solid is approximately 19.8 ml. D. None of the above 14. Which of the following is an inference? A. A colored liquid is inside the graduated cylinder. B. The irregular, solid substance inside the cylinder is gold. C. The combined volume of the colored liquid and the irregular solid is approximately 19.8 ml. D. None of the above 14 Photo credits: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introdu ctorychemistry/chapter/measurementuncertainty-accuracy-and-precision/ 15. Which of the following skill is NOT used in analyzing the illustration above? A. Making inferences C. Measuring and estimating B. Making observations D. Predicting outcomes Additional Activities Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the scientific attitude or basic science process skill that is being described or referred to in the following statements. Choose your answers from the words placed inside the box below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Curiosity Making inferences Communicating results Making observations Intellectual honesty Measuring and estimating __________ 1. Means of quantifying information __________ 2. Recognizing the real owner of one’s research and discovery __________ 3. The act of raising questions to things in one’s surroundings __________ 4. Making conclusions based on observations and previous experiences __________ 5. Making use of sensory organs and instruments in getting information Answer Key Assessment What I Know 15 Additional activities 1. Measuring and estimating 2. Intellectual honesty 3. Curiosity 4. Making inferences 5. Making observations Activity 2.2 1. Observationquantitative 2. Inference 3. Observationqualitative 4. Observationquantitative 5. Inference 16 What I Have learned Answer varies What I Can Do Answer varies, possible answers: 1. Curiosity, I tend to ask a lot of questions about the things in my environment and I tend to find answers to these questions. 2. Basic science process skills help us in our everyday lives as all human activities made use of these skills. For example: - In purchasing goods in the market ( If you are not a good observer, you might buy goods that are not in good condition.) - In cooking ( You also make use of observing, measuring, and predicting skills in the conduct of this activity.) In traveling, in sorting things at home - Activity 1.2 • Answer varies Activity 2.1 • Answer varies, possible answers: 1. There are three cars on the road. There is water in the road. There are many trees on the area. 2. A group of friends or a family is on their way to a vacation or escapade. Maybe, it rains a while ago/ a broken water system is near the area/ a water body near the area overflows. The area is a rural or a protected area. 3. Is it safe to travel to that place at night? What actions did the government do to avoid untoward accidents in that area? Answer Key References Flores, Alvin, Josue,Evelyn, Obille, Eligio, Tan, Merle, and Tubal,Genelita. Integrated Science. Quezon City: Book Media Press, Inc., 2012. “Observations vs. Inferences”, Ms. Shon’s Spectacular Science (blog), October 6, 2013, http://www.shonscience.com/unit-0-scientificinquiry1/category/inference. “Quantitative vs. Qualitative Observations: 15 Key Differences”, formplus (blog), June 26, 2020, https://www.formpl.us/blog/quantitative-qualitativeobservation. Teaching the Science Process Skills. Accessed http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/images/sec6.processskills.pdf, 18, 2020. from: August https://www.forbes.com/sites/enriquedans/2019/07/21/stop-experimentingwith-machine-learning-and-start-actually-usingit/#4ae173da3365 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Cebu City Division Telephone Nos: (032) 2551516 E-mail Address: cebu.city@deped.gov.ph 17
