COLOR CODE GUIDE
Genes as the determiners of what will
TITLE
be dominant; traits that will show in
KEYWORDS/ MAIN POINT
the offspring.
UTS REVIEWER
On Gender
Unpacking the Self Physical Self
reflected in any individual.
Gender is used to describe the
characteristics of women and men that are
socially constructed. This includes norms,
behaviors and roles associated with being a
woman, man, girl or boy, as well as
relationships with each other.
Body image
Gender identity
-is how one views the physical body,
whether one feels attractive and how others
like someone’s looks.
Gender identity is how a person sees
-If one has a positive body image, he/she
probably like and accept one’s self the way
she is, even if he/she does not fit the popular
notion “beautiful or handsome”
and personal experience of gender.
Factors in the development of the physical
communicates their gender based on
Self
societal factors, such as gender norms
Hereditary (nature)
and perceptions.
- transmission of traits or characteristics
from parents to offspring
Gender dysphoria
Physical Self
-refers to the body structure and the image
Environment (nurture)
- is the sum of the forces or experiences that
a person undergoes from conception to old
age.
On Heredity
Chromosomes are the carriers of
general hereditary characteristics thru
the egg and sperm cells
themselves. It is their internal sense
Gender expression
This includes all the ways a person
is when a child feels distressed because their
gender identity differs from their sex.
Gender and Development
GAD focuses on the socially constructed
differences between men and women, the
need to challenge existing gender roles and
relations, and the creation and effects of
class differences on development. The
purpose of GAD is to ensure that both men
and women can participate in, and benefit
from, development in a way that is
equitable.
Focus of GAD
2. women victims of domestic violence,
Gender and Development Program (GAD)
as the development perspective and process
that is participatory and empowering,
equitable, sustainable, free from violence,
respectful of human rights, supportive of
self-determination and actualization of
human potentials.
3. women in prostitution,
4. women in prison
5. single women
6. Maternal mortality and access to
reproductive health care services.
GAD focuses on Gender Mainstreaming
or a strategy for:
Unpacking the Self: Sexual Self
Making women’s as well as men’s concerns
and experiences an integral dimension of the
design, implementation, monitoring, and
evaluation of policies, programs and projects
in all social, political, civil, and economic
spheres so that women and men benefit
equally. Assessing the implications for
women and men of any planned action,
including legislation, policies or programs in
all areas and at all levels
Gonads: Testes and Ovaries
GAD in the Philippines
-produce egg cell
The Magna Carta of Women (Republic
Act No. 9710) defines Gender and
Development Program (GAD) as the
development perspective and process that is
participatory and empowering, equitable,
sustainable, free from violence, respectful of
human rights, supportive of selfdetermination and actualization of human
potentials. It seeks to achieve gender
equality as a fundamental value that should
be reflected in development choices and
contends that women are active agents of
development, not just passive recipients of
development.
-secrete estrogen which promote secondary
sexual characteristics in women
Gender issues in the Philippines
1. women in armed conflict,
Testes
- produce sperm cells for reproduction
(Primary sexual characteristic)
- secrete testosterone/androgen which
promote secondary sexual characteristics in
males.
Ovaries
- secrete progesterone necessary in the
thickening of uterine lining during
pregnancy.
Sex hormones
-promote the development of male and
female sex organs and regulate the
menstrual cycle. They also have activating
and organizing effects on sexual behavior.
Stages of physiological arousal:
1. Excitement phase- muscle tension
and blood flow increase in and
around the sexual organs, heart and
respiration increase and blood
pressure rises. Men and women
experience a "sex flush" on the skin
of the upper body and face.
Typically, a woman's vagina
becomes lubricated and her clitoris
becomes swollen. A male's penis
will become erect.
2. Plateau Phase- Heart rate and
muscle tension increase further. A
man's urinary bladder closes to
prevent urine from mixing with
semen. A woman's clitoris may
withdraw slightly and there is more
lubrication, outer swelling and
muscles tighten and reduction of
diameter
3. Orgasm Phase Breathing becomes
extremely rapid and the pelvic
muscles begin a series of rhythmic
contractions. Both men and women
experience quick cycles of muscle
contraction of lower pelvic muscles
and women often experience uterine
and vaginal contractions; this
experience can be described as
intensely pleasurable, but roughly
15% of women never experience
orgasm and half report having
faked it. A large genetic component
is associated with how often women
experience orgasm.
4. Resolution Phase Muscles relax,
blood pressure drops, and the body
returns to its resting state. Though
generally reported that women do
not experience a refractory period
and thus can experience an
additional orgasm, or multiple
orgasms soon after the first, some
sources state that both men and
women experience a refractory
period because women may also
experience a period after orgasm in
which further sexual stimulation
does not produce excitement. This
period may last from minutes to days
and is typically longer for men than
women.
Sexual Orientation
The directionality of one’s
sexual and romantic interests,
that is, whether one is
sexually attached to, and
desires to form romantic
relationship with members of
the other gender or of one’s
own gender.
Homosexuality
is the romantic or sexual attraction
to the same sex. People with a
homosexual orientation can express
their sexuality in a variety of ways,
and may or may not express it in
their behaviors.
Heterosexuality
Is the romantic or sexual attraction
to the opposite sex.
Bisexuality
People who have a romantic or
sexual attraction to both sexes
are referred to as bisexual. People
who have a distinct but not exclusive
preference for one sex/gender over
the other may also identify
themselves as bisexual.
Transexual / Transgender
Transgender people are those who
have a gender identity or gender
expression that differs from their
assigned sex. Transgender peopleare
sometimes called transsexual if they
desire medical assistance to
transition from one gender to
another. Transgender includes
transvestites /cross-dressers.
Queer
This is a radical and antiassimilationist stance that captures
multiple aspects of identities.
Asexual
A sexual orientation characterized by
not feeling sexual attraction
or a desire for partnered sexuality.
Pansexual/ Omnisexual
People who have romantic, sexual or
affectional desire for people of all
genders and sexes
Sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) are infections that are
passed from one person to another
through sexual contact.
The causes of STDs are bacteria,
parasites, yeast, and
viruses. There are more than 20
types of STDs
Most STDs affect both men and
women, but in many cases
the health problems they cause can
be more severe for
women. If a pregnant woman has an
STD, it can cause
serious health problems for the baby.
Chlamydia
is a common sexually transmitted
disease. It is caused by bacteria
called Chlamydia trachomatis. It
can infect both men and women.
Women can get chlamydia in the
cervix, rectum, or throat.
Genital herpes is a common sexually
transmitted infection caused by the herpes
simplex virus (HSV).
Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection that is
transmitted by sexual contact. Gonorrhea is
one of the oldest known sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs), and it is
caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae
bacteria.
HIV/AIDS
Acronym for the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus, the cause of AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV has also
been called the human lymphotropic virus
type III, the lymphadenopathy-associated
virus and the lymphadenopathy virus. No
matter what name is applied, it is a
retrovirus. (A retrovirus has an RNA
genome and a reverse transcriptase enzyme.
Using the reverse transcriptase, the virus
uses its RNA as a template for making
complementary DNA which can integrate
into the DNA of the host organism).
HPV
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is
primarily contracted through sexual activity
and is by far the most common sexually
transmitted infection.
The World Health Organization explained
that HPV infection is so common because it
can spread without penetrative intercourse –
it can be passed on simply through skin-toskin contact.
For most people HPV is an asymptomatic
condition that will go unnoticed, and in most
cases the body will kill off the virus
relatively quickly – in a matter of weeks.
The WHO elaborated that there are over 100
different strains of HPV. Some can lead to
bothersome yet benign conditions such as
genital warts, whereas other strains can be
far more.
Trichomoniasis (trich) is an infectious
disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas
vaginalis. When symptoms do occur they
typically begin 5 to 2 days after exposure.
Symptoms can include itching in the genital
area, a bad smelling thin vaginal discharge,
burning with urination, and pain with sex.
Methods of Contraception:
4. Cervical Mucus Method
The basis of this method is the changes in
the cervical mucus during ovulation. A
woman is ovulating if the cervical mucus is
copious, watery and thin. The woman should
avoid coitus during this time that mucus is
copious, thin and watery.
5. Symptothermal method
This is a combination of BBT and cervical
The natural family planning methods do not
include any chemical or foreign body
introduction into the human body
mucus method. The woman takes her
temperature every morning before getting up
and takes note of the changes in her cervical
mucus every day. She abstains from coitus 3
days after a rise in temperature or on the
fourth day after the peak of a mucus change.
1. Abstinence
6. Ovulation Detection
This involves refraining from
This method makes use of an over-thecounter kit that can predict ovulation
through the surge of lutenizing hormone that
happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation.
The kit requires the urine specimen of the
woman to detect the lutenizing hormone.
A. Natural methods:
sexual intercourse. As a method this is the
most effective natural birth control
and to avoid STDs.
2. Calendar/Rhythm Method
This involves abstaining from coitus during
the days when the woman is fertile.
According to the menstrual cycle, 3 or 4
days before and 3 or 4 days after ovulation,
the woman is likely to conceive.
3. Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
Basal body temperature is the woman’s
temperature at rest.BBT falls at 0.5 degrees
Fahrenheit before the dayband during
ovulation. Temperature falls because of
progesterone throughout the menstrual cycle
and this is the basis for the method.
7. Coitus Interruptus
During the coitus of the couple, the man
withdraws the penis from the female
reproductive organ the moment he emits
semen. The disadvantage of this method is
the pre-emission fluid that contains a few
spermatozoa may cause fertilization.
8. Lactation Amenorrhea Method
Through exclusive breastfeeding of the
infant, the woman is able to suppress
ovulation through the method of lactation
amenorrhea method.
Artificial Methods:
1. Contraceptives (pill, oral contraceptives)
2. Transdermal Patch
3. Vaginal Ring
4. Subdermal Implants
5. Hormonal Injection
6. Intrauterine Device
7. Chemical Barriers
8. Diaphragm
9. Cervical Cap
10.1. Male Condom
10.2. Female Condom
Surgical Methods:
11.1. Vasectomy
11.2. Tubal Ligation