Organizational
Management
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Discuss the nature and level
of planning and types of plans.
Organizational Management – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 6: Discuss the nature and levels of planning and types of plan.
First Edition, 2020
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Organization and
Management
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Discuss the nature and levels
of planning and types of plan
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Organizational Management – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery
Mode (ADM) Module on The nature and levels of planning and types of plan.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
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Notes to the Teacher
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the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
1
For the learner:
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Mode (ADM) Module on The nature and levels of planning and types of plan.
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What I Can Do
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3
What I Need to Know
This module is designed and created to help you as an adolescent to be
prepared for adult life by means of knowing various developmental tasks according
to development stages. This module also helps you to realize how to face the
challenges during adolescence and help you to clarify and manage the demands of
teen years.
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
1. Discuss the nature and levels of planning and types of plans;
2. Compare and contrast the different types of plans; and
3. Describe planning at different levels of the firm;
What I Know
Read the statement below. Choose the words that you think has a connection
to the planning and write it on the box below.
ABC Corporation a food industry that specialized in sardines and other
canned foods always anticipate things before the occurrence. They have a planning
team that keep on targeting their everyday quota and everyday situations. Prior to
the lockdown due to Pandemic (COVID19). The board discussed and plan their goals
to meet the demand of the public and to prevent the pandemic that can ruin their
business. They focus on their strategic plans – these plans establish the
organization’s overall goals and apply to the entire firm; they are broad in scope and
are the responsibility of the CEO, president and general manager of the company.
The President of the Corporation carefully define the goals and objectives to be
established during pandemic. When the Enhanced Community Quarantine happens.
The Corporation tried their best to stay and focus on their agenda, they stick to their
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plan, and during their daily meeting they follow the rules of wearing face mask,
proper hygiene and social distancing, they discussed the pros and cons as well as
they carefully plan for each unit and its called operational plan. They value the health
of all the employees as well as the health of their end user, they abide the law while
sticking to their plan.
Lesson
1
Discuss the nature and
levels of planning and types
of plans.
Planning is the first management function and a very essential component of
management.
Planning is a process that involves the setting of the organization’s goals.
Establishing strategies for accomplishing those goals and developing plans of action
or means that managers intend to use to achieve organizational goals.
DEFINITION AND NATURE OF PLANNING
Planning provides direction to all of the organization’s human resources – both
managers as well as employees. If they know what their firm or their work unit is
trying to achieve and what activities they should engage in to be able to contribute
to the achievement of the firm’s set vision, mission, goals and objectives, they would
coordinate their actions and collaborate well with one another.
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Planning is important because it reduces uncertainty; it compels managers to
consider future events that may affect their company. Anticipating changes and their
impact will help managers and other workers to react to such changes appropriately.
Minimizing of wastes will result if there is proper coordination of activities due
to planning; negative practices, ineffectiveness and inefficiencies could be easily
detected and can be corrected or eliminated.
Establishing goals and standards during planning may be used for controlling,
another necessary managerial function.
Without planning, goals and standards will be absent and controlling will not
be possible.
Goal- Setting – the identification of targets or desired ends that management
wants to reach.
Vision- a mental image of what the organization will be in the way future, as
desired by the company management and employees.
Mission – basic purpose of an organization and range of their operations.
Objectives – steps needed in order to attain desired ends.
RELATIONSHIP OF PLANNING TO INDIVIDUAL
AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE
Is there a clear relationship between planning and performance? Although
numerous researchers have shown a generally positive relationship between
planning and performance, it would not be advisable, however, to judge that
organizations or individuals who formally plan have better performance compared
to those who do not plan.
There are other environmental factors that also affect individual or
organizational performance, thus, result in reducing the impact of planning to
performance. This is safer to say that the relationship between planning and
performance is mainly due to association of systematic planning with the excellent
financial status of the organization and higher return of investments, higher income
and profit that could be traced to the excellent performance of its human race.
Finally, the planning-performance relationship could also be associated with
the time spent in preparing and executing a formal organizational or individual plan.
A well-thought-out plan must require a longer period of preparation; its execution or
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application must also be done for a certain period of time – months or years – before
it begins to affect performance.
Difference between Goals and Plans
Goals are the targets or desired ends that management wants to reach, while
plans are the actions or means that administrators/managers intend to use to
achieve organizational goals. In short, goals serve as the foundation of planning.
Goals precede plans because knowing the desired targets is a must before
establishing plans for reaching them.
TYPES OF PLANS
Organizational plans can be generally described in terms of
comprehensiveness, length of time covered or time frame, specificity and frequency
of use.
Comprehensiveness refers to the completeness of planning coverage; for
example; it may start from plans that cover the entire organization, called strategic
plans, up to operational plans that apply to a particular operational area only. The
more comprehensive the plan is, the better, as this could completely guide both the
employer and employee toward the fast achievement of company goals.
A plan may be long-term, or covering more than three years, or short-term,
covering one year or less. Top-level management usually sets the long-range plans,
while lower-level management focuses on short-term goals.
Specificity refers to very detailed, clearly defined plans wherein objective are
clearly stated and could easily be understood. Simple language must be used in
order to facilitate understanding of the plan.
Frequency of use refers to the number of times or instances a plan may be
used. For example, strategical plans have single use, while operational plans are
usually standing or are used frequently or for several times. Referring to set plans
is often necessary to ensure that all plans are carried out, thus, hastening the
achievement of the organization’s goals. Managers meet many planning challenges
as they go about their tasks and direct their company’s affairs. In some
organization’s goals. Managers meet many planning challenges as they go about
their task and direct their company’s affairs. In some organizations, the planning
environment is steady, but in others, it is dynamic, so, different types of plans are
made to meet organizational needs. Different types of planning include the following
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Strategic plans – plans that establish the organization’s overall goals and
apply to the entire firm; they are broad in scope and are the responsibility of the
CEO, president and general manager of the company.
Operational plans – plans that apply to a particular unit area only; their scope
is narrow; achievement of company goals may not be achieved if operational plans
are not clear.
Long-term plans – plans that go beyond three years; everyone must
understand the organization’s long-term plans to avoid confusion that may divers
the organization members’ attention.
Short-term plans – plans that cover one year or less; such plans must lead
toward the attainment of long-term goals and are the responsibility of the
unit/department heads.
Directional plans – plans that are flexible or give general guidelines only;
although flexible and general, these plans must still be related to the strategic plans.
Specific plans- plans that are clearly stated and which have no room for
interpretation; language used must be very understandable.
Single-use plans – plans used or stated once only as this applies to the entire
organization; refer to the operational plans of the firm.
Standing plans – plans that are ongoing; [rovide guidance for different
activities done repeatedly; refer to the identified activities of operational plans.
What’s In
Apply the correct letter to form the right word or words that fits to its
meaning.
1. G O _ L
S E T _ I N _ - The identification of targets or desired ends that
management wants to reach.
2. _ R G A N _ Z A T I O N A _
P _ _ N - A comprehensive plan for the entire
organization covering time frame, specific purpose, frequency of use, and others.
3. O _ E R A T I O N _ L
only.
_L A _
- Plan that apply to a particular unit area
4. _ T A N D _ N _ P L _ N S - Plans that are ongoing; provide guidance for
different activities done repeatedly; refer to the identified activities of operational
plans.
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5. D _ R E C T I _ N _ L
P _ A N S - Plans that are flexible or give general
guidelines only; although flexible and general, these plans must still be related to the
strategic plans.
6. _ R E _ U E N C _
may be used.
- Of use refers to the number of times or instances a plan
7. S _ R A _ E G _ C P _ A N S – plans that establish the organization’s overall goals
and apply tp the entire firm; they are broad in scope and are the responsibility of the
CEO, president and general manager of the company.
8. S _ O R _-T _ E R M P _ _ N S – plans that cover one year or less, such plans
must lead towards the attainment of long-term goals and are the responsibility of the
unit/department heads.
9. _ P _ C I F _ C P _ _ N S - plans that are clearly stated and which have no room
for interpretation; language used must be very understandable.
10. S _ I N G _ E – U _ E P _ A S - Plans used or stated once only at as this applies
to the entire organization; refer to the operational plans of the firm.
Notes to the Teacher
Ang modyul na ito ay naghahanda sa mga mag-aaral upang
makalikha at mailarawan ang mga hugis ng katawan ayon sa kung
paano ito ginagawa o inilalahad sa isang larawan.
What’s New
CROSSWORD PUZZLE : Answer the question below to form a word and meet with
other words to finish this puzzle.
1. Plans that are clearly stated and which have no room for interpretation; language
used must be very understandable.
2. Refers to the number of times or instances a plan may be used.
3. Plans that are ongoing; provide guidance for different activities one repeatedly;
refer to the identified activities of operational plans.
4. Plans that are flexible or give general guidelines only; although flexible and
general, these plans must still be related to the strategic plans.
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5. Plans that establish the organization’s overall goals and apply to the entire firm;
they are broad in scope and are the responsibility of the CEO, president and general
manager of the company.
What is It
STEPS IN PLANNING
Planning is a process and, as such, involves steps –from carrying out its
purpose, setting of goals/objectives, and determining what should be done to
accomplish them. Schermerhorn (2008) gave five steps in the planning process:
1. Define your goals/ objectives by identifying desired outcomes/results in
very specific ways.
2. Determine where you stand in relation to set goals/objectives; know your
strengths and weaknesses.
3. Develop premises regarding future conditions; anticipate future events,
generate alternative “scenarios” for what may happen; identify for each scenario
things that may help or hinder progress toward your goals/objectives;
4. Analyze and choose among actions alternatives; list and carefully evaluate
possible actions and choose the alternative, most likely to accomplish
goals/objectives.
5. Implement the plan and evaluate results; take corrective action and revise
plans as needed.
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PLANNING AT DIFFERENT
LEVELS IN THE FIRM
Different levels in the firm are all engaged planning; however, all the resulting
plans must be related to one another and directed toward the same goals. Planning
at the different levels of management include strategic planning, tactical planning
and operational planning.
Top-level Management Planning
(Strategic Planning)
As earlier mentioned, top-level managers are responsible for the organization’s
strategic planning which involves making decision about the organization’s long-term
goals and strategies. CEOs, company presidents, or the organization’s senior
executives develop and execute the said strategic plan, They, however, do not
formulate or execute the plan on their own; a management team supports and helps
top-level managers in carrying out these tasks.
Strategic planning starts with defining the organization’s goals/objectives, the
major targets related to the maintenance of the organization’s stability, and its
organizational culture, values and growth improving its productivity, profitability,
effectiveness and efficiency, among others.
Middle-level Management Planning
(Tactical Planning)
Tactical planning refers to a set of procedures for changing or transforming
broad strategic goals and plans into specific goals and plans that are applicable and
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needed in one unit/portion of the organization. I tis focused on major actions that
must be done by a unit in order to contribute its share for the achievement of the
strategic plan.
Strategic Planning
Tactical Planning
Operational Planning
Frontline/Lower-level Management Planning
(Operational Planning)
Operational planning involves identifying the specific procedures and
processes required at the lower levels of the organization. This also involves routine
at the lower levels of the organization. This also involves routine tasks or tasks
repeatedly done by the organization’s lower level units.
Integrating Strategic, Tactical and Operational Planning
The present organizational planning is not as rigid as the hierarchical planning. Managers in
different hierarchical levels of the organization may contribute their ideas or suggestions in developing
the strategic plan, a task originally assigned to the senior executives. Also, frontline managers may
make decision that could influence strategy formulation in the higher levels. All plan, however, must
be directed toward the achievement if the organization’s strategic goals.
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Finally, CEOs or company presidents must see to it that all communication lines in their
organization are open, that there is excellent dissemination of information to all levels, and they are
aware of everything that is happening in their firm.
What’s More
Arrange in chronological pattern the steps in planning. Write 1 to determine which
steps comes first, 2 which comes second, 3 which comes third, 4 next to the third and 5 to
the last. Write your answer on the line before the number.
__________ Determine where you stand in relation to set goals/objectives; know
your strengths and weaknesses.
__________ Implement the plan and evaluate results; take corrective action and revise
plans as needed.
__________ Develop premises regarding future conditions; anticipate future events,
generate alternative “scenarios” for what may happen; identify for each scenario
things that may help or hinder progress toward your goals/objectives;
__________ Define your goals/ objectives by identifying desired outcomes/results in
very specific ways.
__________ Analyze and choose among actions alternatives; list and carefully
evaluate possible actions and choose the alternative, most likely to accomplish
goals/objectives.
What I Have Learned
Rearrange the jumbled letter to form the correct words that fits to the
statement’s meaning on every number. Write your answer the underlined world after
the statement.
T A G C I T E R S A L P N 1.
Plans that establish the organization’s overall
goals and apply to the entire firm; they are broad in scope and are the responsibility
of the organization’s President or Chief Operating Officer and several managers.
_______________________.
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YSPTEICIFC
2. Refers to very detailed, clearly defined plans wherein
objectives are clearly stated and could easily be understood. Simple language must
be used in order to facilitate understanding of the plan. _______________________.
GNINNALP
3. Is a process that involves the setting of the organization’s
goals, establishing strategies for accomplishing those goals and developing plans of
action or means that managers intend to use to achieve organizational goals.
_______________________.
S S C O E N M P E V I S N E H E R 4.
Refers to the completeness of
planning coverage._________________________.
ONIISV
5. A mental image of what the organization will be in the future, as
desired by the company management and employees._______________________.
J C T B V S O E I E
6.
Steps needed in order to attain desired
ends._______________________.
MNSSIIO
7. Basic purpose of an organization and range of their operations.
_______________________.
SSTNAANADLIPGN
8. Plans that are ongoing; provide guidance
for different activities done repeatedly; refer to the identified activities of operational
plans._______________________.
GNALDPROINZALAATINO
9. A comprehensive plan for
the entire organization covering time frame, specific purpose, frequency of use and
others. _______________________.
LAPNLANOITAREPO
10. Plans that apply to a particular unit
area only; their scope is narrow and prepared by lower level managers.
_______________________.
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What I Can Do
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.
Write your answer on the blank provided to each number.
____________1. Operational plans are the plans that apply to a particular unit area
only; their scope is narrow; achievement of company goals may not be achieved if
operational plans are not clear.
____________2. Single-use plans are plans that are ongoing; provide guidance for
different activities done repeatedly; refer to the identified activities of operational
plans.
____________3. Standing plans are plans used or stated once only as this applies to
the entire organization; refer to the operational plans of the firm.
____________4. Long-term plans are plans that go beyond three years; everyone must
understand the organization’s long-term plans to avoid confusion that may divert the
organization members’ attention.
____________5. Directional plans are plans that are flexible or give general guidelines
only; although flexible and general, these plans must still be related to the strategic
plans.
____________6. Strategic plans refer to the number of times or instances a plan may
be used.
____________7.
Organizational plan is a comprehensive plan for the entire
organization covering time frame, specific purpose, frequency of use, and others.
____________8. Planning is a process that involves the setting of the organization’s
goals, establishing strategies for accomplishing those goals and developing plans of
action or means that managers intend to use to achieve organizational goals.
____________9. Vision is a mental image of what the organization will be in the future,
as desired by the company and employees.
___________10. Mission is a basic purpose of an organization and range of their
operations.
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___________11. Goal Setting is a steps needed in order to attain desired ends.
___________12. Objectives is the identification of targets or desired ends that
management wants to reach.
___________13. Planning is important because it reduces uncertainty; it compels
managers to consider future events that may affect their company.
___________14. Establishing goals and standards during planning may be used for
controlling, another necessary managerial function.
___________15. Without planning, goals and standards will be absent and controlling
will not be possible.
Assessment
IDENTIFICATION: Write the correct answer on the space provided before the number.
___________1. Basic purpose of an organization and range of their operations.
___________2. Is a process that involves the setting of the organization’s goals, establishing
strategies for accomplishing those goals and developing plans of action or means that
managers intend to use to achieve organizational goals.
___________3. The identification of targets or desired ends that management wants to reach.
___________4. A mental image of what the organization will be in the future, as desired by
the company management and employees.
___________5. A comprehensive plan for the entire organization covering time frame, specific
purpose, frequency of use and others.
___________6. Plans that establish the organization’s overall goals and apply to the entire
firm; they are broad in scope and are the responsibility of the organization’s President or Chief
Operating Officer and several managers.
___________7. Plans that cover one year or less; such plans must lead toward the attainment
of long-term goals and are the responsibility of the unit/department heads.
___________8. Plans that go beyond three years; everyone must understand the organization’s
long-term plans to avoid confusion that may divert the organization members’ attention.
16
___________9. Plans that apply to a particular unit area only; their scope is narrow;
achievement of company goals may not be achieved if operational plans are not clear.
___________10. Plans that are ongoing; provide guidance for different activities done
repeatedly; refer to the identified activities of operational plans.
___________11. Plans that are clearly stated and which have no room for interpretation;
language used must be very understandable.
___________12. Plans used or stated once only as this applies to the entire organization; refer
to the operational plans of the firm.
___________13. Plans that are flexible or give general guidelines only; although flexible and
general, these plans must still be related to the strategic plans.
___________14. Steps needed in order to attain desired ends.
___________15. Is the first management function and a very essential component of
management.
Additional Activities
WORD POOL Complete the statements using the correct words given in the box.
Write your answer on the blank provided for every number.
1.
are the targets or desired ends that management wants to reach, while 2.
are the actions or means that administrators/managers intend to use to achieve organizational
goals.
3.
It is the identification of targets or desired ends that management wants to reach.
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4.
Plans that are flexible or give general guidelines only; although flexible and general, these
plans must still be related to the strategic plans.
5.
Plans that are clearly stated and which have no room for interpretation; language used must
be very understandable.
6.
A mental image of what the organization will be in the future, as desired by the company
management and employees.
7.
Plans that establish the organization’s overall goals and apply to the entire firm.
The basic purpose of an organization and range of their operations is called 8.
9.
A
Plans that are ongoing; provide guidance for different activities done repeatedly; refer to the
identified activities of operational plans.
10.
It is the first management function and a very essential component of management.
11.
Plans that are clearly stated and which have no room for interpretation; language used must
be very understandable.
12.
Plans used or stated once only as this applies to the entire organization; refer to the
operational plans of the firm.
13.
Plans that are flexible or give general guidelines only; although flexible and general, these
plans must still be related to the strategic plans.
14.
Steps needed in order to attain desired ends.
15.
Is a process that involves the setting of the organization’s goals, establishing strategies for
accomplishing those goals and developing plans action or means that managers intend to use to
achieve organizational plans.
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Assesment:
1. Mission
2. Planning
3. Goal Setting
4. Vission
5. Organizational
Plan
6. Strategic Plan
7. Short – Term Plan
8. Long – Term Plan
9. Operational Plan
10. Specific Plan
What More:
2
5
3
1
4
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Assesment:
1. Mission
2. Planning
3. Goal – Setting
4. Vision
5. Organizational
Plan
6. Strategic Plan
7. Short – term Plan
8. Long – term Plan
9. Operational Plan
10. Standing Plans
11. Specific Plans
12. Single – use
Plans
13. Directional
Plans
14. Objectives
1. Planning
What I Can Do:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. True
What In:
1. Goal Setting
2. Organizational
Plan
3. Operational Plan
4. Standing Plans
5. Directional Plans
6. Frequency
7. Strategic Plans
8. Short-term Plans
9. Specific Plans
10. Single-use Plans
What New:
1. Specific Plans
2. Frequency
3. Standing Plans
4. Directional
Plans
5. Strategic Plans
What have I
learned:
1. Strategic Plan
2. Specifity
3. Planning
4.
Comprehensiveness
5. Vission
6. Objectives
7. Mission
8. Standing Plans
9. Operational Plans
10. Goal Setting
What I Know:
1. Plan
2. Goals
3. Strategic
Plans
4. Objectives
5. Operation
Answer Key
References
DepEd (2016). Kto12 MELC. Organization and Management
Business Dictionary.
20
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Region III,
Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)
Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph